Abstract:考察了三峡库区嘉陵江岸5种耐水淹植物的根系在土壤表层(0-30 cm)的分布特征,从抗冲性和抗蚀性两个方面明确了它们对土壤抗侵蚀的增强效能,并对其根长密度(RLD,root length density)进行了分析。研究发现:(1)狗牙根、空心莲子草、牛鞭草和野古草的根系生物量主要分布在土壤上表层(0-10 cm),荻根系生物量在土壤表层分布比较均匀;(2)狗牙根、牛鞭草和野古草的RLD及D(直径)≤1 mm RLD在土壤上表层分布较多,荻和空心莲子草的RLD及D≤1 mm RLD在上、中表层(10-20 cm)之间无显著差异;(3)5种耐水淹植物的根系对土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性都有显著的增强效应;(4)土壤抗冲性增强值,抗蚀性增强系数与5种耐水淹植物的RLD及D≤1 mm RLD关系密切,符合线性回归。结果表明,5种耐水淹植物均能在三峡库区消落区植被构建中发挥较强的抗侵蚀效应,其中荻的增强效应最明显;RLD,特别是D≤1 mm RLD能很好地表征植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的增强效能。

Abstract:根据雨季不同时段,降雨入渗后的土壤含水状况观测以及泉水季节性变化,详细分析了蒋家沟1987-2001年雨季不同时段的167场泥石流侵蚀产沙的特点。结果表明:在雨季中期(7-8月),无论是泥石流暴发频率、产沙量还是规模都是最高值,分别占总样本的70.65%和占总产沙量的78.88%。雨季初期(5-6月)和雨季后期(9-10月)的泥石流,分别占总产沙量的16.16%和4.97%。雨季初期5月的雨沙比(R/s,mm/万m3)高达82.26,6月为3.49;而雨季中期的7月R/s仅为1.32,8月为1.67。这一研究可提高雨季不同时段泥石流降水警戒值确定的精度。

Abstract:By wind tunnel test,the sand preventing mechanism of geo-grid cell sand-barrier,stone-checker sand-barrier and vegetation sand-barrier are studied.The wind velocity profile,wind velocity flow field and structural features of wind sand flows are analyzed.The sand preventing effects of three different sand-barriers are compared.The results showed that the vegetation has prominent effect on wind prevention,and the affection enhanced gradually with the increase of the coverage.Meanwhile,the change of wind speed also related to the luxuriance degree of plants.But to stone-checker sand-barrier,because stone block composing stone-checker is irregular,the experimental result had certain differences on the general regularity.Generally speaking,the protection effect of vegetation is far superior to geocell and stone-checker.To the low wind speed,the geocell and stone-checker is effective,but to the high wind speed,the vegetation is much suitable.For stone-checker and geocell,the protective efficiency of stone-checker is slightly better than geocell.

Abstract:利用河北省境内68个气象站、105处水文站1956-2000年近50年的气象数据、地表水资源评价数据,分析了气象要素和径流量的变化规律。20世纪60年代以来,河北省年平均气温逐渐上升,90年代比60年代升高0.9℃。从年代上看,河北省年平均水面蒸发量总体上呈现下降趋势,平均每10年下降62 mm。全省多年平均降水量,随年代逐渐减少,90年代比50年代减少60 mm。全省多年平均地表径流量为120.2×108m3,从20世纪50年代至90年代呈逐渐减少的趋势,平均每10年减少19.4×108m3。地表径流量随降水量的减少而减少,随气温的升高而下降,用回归方法建立的径流量与气象要素之间的模型为对数型非线性模型。通过灵敏度分析,降水量变化对径流量的影响明显大于气温、水面蒸发量变化对径流量的影响。根据未来气候变化情景对径流量的预测,2030年全省地表径流量为114.36×108m3~138.24×108m3;2050年为106.8×108m3~137.8×108m3。

Abstract:Water property of runoff in seven planting patterns was conducted in runoff area of Gezigou watershed,Yubei,Chongqing.The results show that: compared with the un-harnessed area,the comprehensive planting patterns in middle and foot slope runoff sections with high vegetation cover are harnessed effectively,the signal planting patterns in the middle slope but comprehensive planting patterns in the foot slope runoff sections with lower vegetation cover are worst.The content of Cd in the comprehensive planting patterns in the foot slope runoff section with oranges planted recently and the content of Pb in the signal planting patterns in the middle slope but comprehensive planting patterns in the foot slope runoff sections with lower vegetation cover are the highest.The contamination degree in the comprehensive planting patterns in the foot slope runoff section with oranges planted recently is the least,but the most contamination degree appealed in the comprehensive planting patterns in middle and foot slope runoff sections with high vegetation cover.There are remarkably correlation between TN,TP,Pb,Cd,COD and sedimentation in surface runoff;there are also remarkably correlation between the content of COD and TP,sedimentation,moreover the content of TN is the principal factor affected COD in surface runoff.

Abstract:通过具有壤中流观测功能的径流小区的定位观测,结合人工降雨模拟试验,对常规施肥条件下紫色土坡耕地径流特征、过程及影响因素进行长期监测。结果表明:(1)紫色土坡耕地地表径流过程呈多峰特征,受瞬时雨强的影响明显;而壤中流过程则表现出明显的单峰、产流时间滞后、持续时间长等特点;(2)玉米灌浆成熟-收割期径流量明显高于其它生育期,地表径流、壤中流径流量分别为(65.06±5.94)mm,(86.36±3.27)mm,分别占3年地表径流、壤中流年均径流量的67.92%,79.82%;(3)坡耕地地表径流和壤中流径流量与降雨量的相关性显著,但与降雨强度的相关性不显著。坡耕地地表径流系数随坡度的增加而增加,而壤中流径流系数随坡度的增加而明显降低。(4)坡耕地径流分配特征明显。3年地表径流年平均径流量为95.78 mm,壤中流平均流量为108.19mm,分别占总径流量的46.96%,53.05%。

Abstract:A study on the physicochemical property and soil erosion of different vegetation patterns in Xichong county of southeastern Yunnan was conducted by ocean weather station observation.The results showed that the land capacity of closing hillsides soil is the highest and the land capacity of cultivation land is higher,which resulted by closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation for many years,and balance fertilizing of cultivation land.As returning land for farming to forestry,the physicochemical property and land capacity of soil has been greatly improved after three years.Cultivation land is the most severe type from water and soil erasion analysis,the planted forest lands are the smallest.Closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and returning land for farming to forestry are good approaches of land capacity improvement and soil and water conservation in karst mountains desertification soil of southeastern Yunnan.

Abstract:The soil and water conservation effects of Pennisetum alopecuroide and Arundinella hirta grass hedgerows were studied by simulating rainfall under different rain intensity(22,36,63 mm/h) and slope gradients(5%,10%,15%,20%).The results showed that the runoff and sediments of the plots with Arundinella hirta hedgerows decreased by 7% to 37% and 49% to 63% respectively,and the runoff and sediments of the plots with Pennisetum alopecuroide hedgerows decreased 30% to 72% and 69% to 89% respectively.It is indicated that the runoff and soil erosion were significant reduced by Arundinella hirta and Pennisetum alopecuroide grass hedgerows,and the decreased degree of Pennisetum alopecuroide hedgerow was higher than Arundinella hirta.In addition,grass hedgerow,rain intensity and slope gradients were significant correlated to runoff and soil erosion by multiple regressions.Among those factors,the grass hedgerows were the dominated factor that control runoff and soil erosion.

Abstract:以福建省永安市天宝岩自然保护区典型的毛竹纯林(Ⅰ)、竹阔混交林(Ⅱ)和竹针混交林(Ⅲ)为研究对象,对其土壤渗透性能及影响因子进行了研究。结果表明,在0-40 cm土层中,初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透总量的排列顺序为:Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ;在40-60 cm土层中,初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率、渗透总量的排列顺序为:Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ,即不同层次毛竹纯林的土壤渗透性能最好,初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量平均分别为10.73,7.68,8.94 mm/min和354.23 ml/cm2。土壤物理、化学、土壤酶活性对土壤渗透性有重要影响,土壤渗透性指标与土壤容重、最大持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、排水能力、全氮、水解氮、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶极显著相关,与毛管孔隙度、全磷、速效钾显著相关。对影响土壤渗透性的指标进行因子分析表明,三个主分量的方差累积贡献率为86.952%,基本解释了总方差,信息损失量较少。

Abstract:The effects of the greenbelt system on soil characteristics are evaluated in peri-urban Karamay.The emphasis in this paper is to measure the soil nutrients and salinity properties between protective greenbelt and desert zone.The results indicate that the soil nutrients at the protective greenbelt are improved noticeably than the one of desert zone,especially nitrogen matter content of the soil.The total salt content significantly increased,reaching 90.8%,compared with the greenbelt and the desert zone.The soil pH decreased by 0.98,from the strong alkaline soil into alkaline soil.There are slight changes in the main ion composition which from 4 of the desert zone to 2 of the greenbelt,and soluble salt mainly concentrated in the 40-60 cm.In the vertical direction,organic matter and available soil nutrients are mainly at the surface of the soil,and the soil nutrients reduced along with the increasing of soil depth,regardless of the greenbelt or the desert zone.

Abstract:通过田间试验,研究了临港开发区滨海盐碱林地集雨措施下的水盐运动。结果表明:在大于2 mm降雨量时,集雨林地单位面积集水量是降雨量的7.5~8.7倍,集雨措施显著提高降雨的利用效率;集雨措施明显抑制了表层土壤(0-10 cm)的积盐和返盐;在没有持续大雨的情况下,集雨处理的可保持0-40 cm土层盐分变化平稳;集雨处理还抑制了降雨和蒸发对土壤剖面水盐运动的强烈影响。

Abstract:Modulation effects of CaCO3 application on Cd migration and distribution in a red soil-soybean system and on changes in contents of several nutrient elements in this system were studied through a pot experiment.The results indicated that CaCO3 application enhanced pH values and exchangeable Ca contents in the soils,and significantly reduced soil exchangeable Cd contents,so that adsorption and transfer of soil Cd to soybean plants were effectively reduced.Therefore,CaCO3 application could be used to remedy Cd polluted soils.With increasing in applied amounts of CaCO3,contents of exchangeable K,Mg,Zn,Mn in soils and those elements in soybean leaves decreased.Due to decreasing activity of soil Cd,CaCO3 application effectively restrained movement of Cd from the under-earth to the over-earth in the red soil-soybean system,significantly decreased Cd contents in different organs of soybean plants.However,people should pay attention to the phenomena of decrease of nutrient elements in soybean leaves caused by CaCO3 application.

Abstract:To proble into effects of phosphogypsum on growth and nutrient balance of broomcorn and soil available nutrient in strongly acidic soil,pot cultivated trials were conducted to investigate why phosphogypsum was better than lime in amelioring acidic yellow soil.Results showed that even if sufficient nutrient was supplied broomcorn grown in strongly acid yellow soi1 were severly affected by A1 toxicity broomcorn seedlings had not grown well after germination without application of phosphogypsum or lime.However,plant growth was improved by application of phosphogypsum(x1) or lime(x2)which could increase soil pH decrease the concentration of exchangable A1 in strongly acidic soil.The regresstion equations were below: y=6.88 11.92x-1.65x2,R=0.983;y=6.88 6.39x-0.72x2,R=0.996.Lime was superior to phosphogypsumin alleviating A1 toxicity and raising contents of calcium,and was inferior to phosphogypsum in increasing available nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium in broomcorn plant.The content of phosphorus in plant by application of phosphogypsum was more 117.0%~200.0% than that by application of lime.Compared to application of lime,application of phosphogypsum could increase contents of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and calcium,and sustain moderate N/P,N/K and K/P and improve balance of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and calcium in broomcorn plant.Moreover,phosphogypsum was also superior to lime in increasing available nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium in strongly acidic soil.

Abstract:This paper reports the efficiency of a biosurfactant tea-saponin on removing heavy metal from contaminated soils.Batch experiments were performed to test the influence of tea-saponin concentration,pH and ionic strength on the removal efficiency.The results showed that the removal efficiency of heavy metals could be enhanced with the increase of the added tea-saponin concentrations.By adding 7% of tea-saponin,the removal efficiency of heavy metals in the tested soil samples can reach the maximum and could finally reach 96.36%,71.73%,43.71% and 20.56% for Cd,Zn,Pb and Cu respectively.The removal efficiency gradually decreased with the increase of pH values.The suitable pH scope should about 5.0.The ionic strength slightly had a negative influence on the removal efficiency of Zn,Cd,but no efforts on Pb,Cu.Comparing the transformation of heavy metals' chemical forms before and after tea-saponin treatment by BCR method,it was found that heavy metals in acetic acid extractable fraction are more easily to remove,the second is hydroxide-bound fraction,heavy metals in organically-bound fraction and residual fraction are difficult to remove.

Abstract:The effects of sulfur on growth,cadmium absorption and accumulation in hyperaccumulator-Sedum alfredii Hance were investigated in hydroponic culture.Biomass,Cd contents and amounts of Cd accumulated of leaves,stems and roots of Sedum alfredii Hance were in the order of leaves>stems>roots and Cd100>Cd10,showed Sedum alfredii Hance hyperaccumulated charactreristics of Cd.With increasing S supplies from 1.5 to 2.25 mmol/L,biomass,Cd contents,amounts of Cd accumulated in leaves,stems and roots,total amounts of Cd accumulated of Sedum alfredii Hance were increased significantly.It was also found that there were a higher ratio of shoot Cd accumulation /roots Cd(S/R>1) in any S and Cd treatments,suggesting that appropriate S application enhanced Cd absoption,translocation from root to shoot in Sedum alfredii Hance.From these results indicated that "sulfur-induced Cd requirement"was evident in Sedum alfredii Hance.With respect to phytoremediation,the application of S at appropriate rates may be useful approach to enhancing the growth and Cd accumulation in Sedum alfredii Hance for phytoremediation of the Cd-contaminted soils.Cd uptake efficiency and translocation efficiency of Sedum alfredii Hance were increased with increasing S supplies and the relationship coluld be described by logarithmic equation and linear equation,respectively.

Abstract:Select three macrophytes Iris tectorum,Ranunculus sceleratus L.and Rumex acetosa L.cultivating with no soil to study their growth characteristics and their ability to removal main pollutants from domestic wastewater.The experiments went on during late spring to early summer,the results show that the test plants grow well.When the retention time is 7 d,the contribution rates of Iris tectorum on the removal of COD,TP,TN are 46.74%,17.71%,11.33%;while Ranunculus sceleratus are 39.82%,28.59%,8.88%;Rumex acetosa are 54.69%,20.26%,7.47%.After the treatment the quality of wastewater is improved prominently,which indicates that these three macrophytes applied to constructed wetland are feasible.

Abstract:The effect of unbanlance between iron and manganese on Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.root exudates were investigated with hydroponics under eight experimental group(Fe0Mn-,Fe0Mn ,Fe-Mn0,Fe-Mn-,Fe-Mn ,Fe Mn0,Fe Mn-,Fe Mn ) and one control group(Fe0Mn0).The soluble sugar,amino acid,pH value and membrane permeability of root exudates were determinated.The results were showed as follows: The soluble sugar content of Fe-Mn-was a little more than control,but the others were less than control,and thoese of Fe0Mn and Fe Mn reached significant level.The amino acid content of most of treatments was higher than control,Fe-Mn0 was most and showed significant difference to control.The pH values of all of treatments significantly increased except Fe0Mn ,the increasing rate of Fe Mn0,Fe Mn ,Fe Mn-were biggest.what's more,they made the membrane permeability of root increase.In all,both deficiency and overdose of iron and manganese resulted in changing of root exudates,and the effection of iron stress and manganese toxicity was bigger.In addition,compared to individual iron or manganese treatment,root exudates were also affeced by interaction of iron and manganese.

Abstract:Taking shaanxi heihe river watershed as study region,AnnAGNPS(Annualized Agricultural non-Point Source Model) foundation database was established using GIS(Geographic Information System) and relevant data to extract parameter.The model was calibrated and validated using observed stream flow,sediment load,inorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus month data from 1991 to 1998 at the Heiyukou section,which was used to judge the adaptability of the model in typical watershed in semi-arid region of Northeast of China.The results showed that the model could be used to long term simulation of the watershed NSP(non-point source pollution).Subsequently,Sensitivity of main parameters of the model was analyzed.Finally,the validated model was used to simulate the management measures.The result showed that the reforestation project,which simultaneously minified the amount of runoff,sediment,total nitrogen and total phosphorus should be adopted in Heihe watershed in order to control NSP.

Abstract:Decomposition and nutrient release of fine root in Alnus formosana woodland covered with two herbages(Lolium multiflorum lam and natural grass) as well as mixed decomposition of grass root and fine root in woodland with intercropping system of Alnus formosana and Lolium multiflorum lam was studied by buried bag experiment at Danling county in Sichuan province last year.The results showed that the rate of dry weight loss and nutrient release of fine root were different between intercropping system and natural system,after one year's decomposition,the remaining percentages of N,K,Ca in intercropping system were significantly lower than them in natural system,but the remaining percentages of P,Mg and dry weight had no significant difference between the two systems.Mixed root decomposition rate and the release rate of N,P,K,Ca lay between the decomposition rate of single fine root and single grass root,however,its release rate of Mg was higher than them in intercropping system.After one year's decomposition,mixed decomposition significantly enhanced the decomposition rate as well as the release rate of P,K,Mg except for N,Ca.Moreover,the interactions between fine root and grass root were different in the different phase of mixed decomposition.

Abstract:A field plot experiment was carried out to study the effects of different fertilization on yield and quality of lettuce.The results indicated that the yield of lettuce was increased from 19.4% to 66.4% in adding nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,boron and organic fertilizer on the basis of N15P5K10(CK),and the effects were all in advance of CF treatment.The best yield was obtained in the rapeseed cake treatment.However,only the application of peat and rapeseed cake brought down the content of nitrate in lettuce stem,and the decrease rates were 9.3% and 18.0%,respectively.The content of Vc in lettuce leaf and stem were all increased in different treatments.The highest content of Vc in lettuce leaf was appeared in adding rapeseed cake treatment(16.5%),and the highest content of Vc in lettuce stem was appeared in adding rapeseed cake and peat treatments.The highest content of reductive sugar was appeared in adding potassium fertilizer treatment in lettuce leaf,and the increase rate was 10.0%.The treatment adding phosphorus fertilizer got the highest content of reductive sugar in lettuce stem.The content of EAA(Essential amino acid) was increased in lettuce leaf(except CF treatment),the proportion of Met/Leu by application of boron was higher than other treatments.The best effects on proportion of Met/Leu,sweet amino acid/TAA(Total amino acid) and fresh amino acid/TAA were appeared in adding peat treatment.The highest fertilization profit of lettuce was appeared in applying rapeseed cake.The output/input ratio of applying potassium fertilizer was higher than other treatments.

Abstract:Based on the long-term position experiment in Hailun Agricultural Ecology Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences,the characteristics of soil fertilities in black soil under different land uses and management were investigated.The results showed that there was great significance among the soil fertilities under different land uses.Soil fertility in NF sharply decreased cause of removal of vegetation.Soil total C,total N and available N in natural restoration were enhanced significantly.Soil fertilization management could prevent the decreasing of soil fertility.Organic manure increased the content of soil nutrition pools,and improving soil fertility.There may be qualities unique to each cover crop that increasing the activity of special enzymes.Special factors of different land uses could influence different soil enzymes activities.Natural restoration influenced the activity of invertase and phosphatase more than soil fertilization(C,N and P).Both natural vegetation restoration and long-term fertilization are importance in increasing soil organic C and N pools,and improving soil fertility.

Abstract:Efficient use of the Loess Plateau dammed land is consolidate the results of returning farmland to forest and grassland one of the important means.the test is base of the dammed land of Zhifang Valley in Jin river,and analyzed the soil moisture,soil level between the organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and available nutrient,such as differences in physical and chemical properties.The results showed that with the close crop of available nutrient content of the average performance for advanced age dammed land> lowed dammed land > terrace> wasteland slopes;and from the soil profile in different parts of soil,between the level of organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and available nutrient,The discrepancy was less,in the soil available nutrient supply capacity of more persistent,dammed land silt and sediment accumulation more nutrients available,and showed that the dammed land have greater potential to increase production.

Abstract:To evaluate the chemical characteristics of sediment in Heshui reservoir,contents of several nutrients and heavy metals in 19 sediment samples were analyzed.The results showed that,reservoir sediment were abundant in nutrients of total potassium,available calcium and magnesium which were 26.01 g/kg,1 466.06 mg/kg and 200.71 mg/kg respectively.The pH values of sediments were lower than 7.00 and displayed slightly acid in general.Contents of organic matter,total nitrogen and phosphorus,available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in sediments were moderate.The mean value of cation exchange capacity of sediment was 10.91 cmol/kg which indicated a better fertilizer holding capacity.Based on the second reference values for soil pollution specified in the GB15618-1995,contents of Cu,Zn,Pb and Cr in all sediment samples were not polluted.Cd content of sediments in the sample which was near the reservoir dam had exceeded the second level of the national standard while Cd contents in other samples were not polluted.As estimated by single-factor and multifactor way,among the 19 sediment samples,most of the samples were clean except that one sample was polluted by Cd.The results of eveluation showed that there was no adverse impact for the agricultural utilization of sediments resource on the environment.These results indicated the sediment resources can be used in soil improvement which was an effective way for the sediment utilization.

Abstract:This essay was about the law of slope-directive variation of soil basic attributes in the eastern of Jinsha River of the northern Henduan mountains region,including from Erlangshan to Queershan et al.The results indicates that soil bio-accumulation and base leaching in windward slope(WS) are commonly more intense than that in leeward slope(LS),because water condition in WS is more preferable than that in LS.These mainly embodies that soil organic substance and total nitrogen,soil total phosphorus in surface layer,CEC,available potassium content in WS are higher than those in LS,however soil pH and cation saturation,the degree of calcify and alkalization in piedmont base belt in WS are lower than those in LS.In level orientation,the soil slope-directive variation between WS and LS are the most distinct in Erlangshan,and become weak with the weakness of monsoon to the west till Queershan;In vertical orientation,they are the most distinct in piedmont base belt,and gradually minish or even are the same.Slope-directive variation of soil basic attributes between WS and LS in mountains deriving from water condition of meteorological factors are different from those of vertical zonality deriving from heat condition of meteorological factors,and those of between shady and sunny slope.

Abstract:运用空间代替时间的方法研究了25年生柳杉人工林(对照)采伐后形成的柳杉人工幼龄林、经济林、苗圃地、皆伐迹地、农耕地5种土地利用类型初期土壤有机碳含量和碳储量变化。结果表明,5种土地利用类型和对照的土壤有机碳含量和碳储量均随土层的加深而降低;除经济林外,苗圃地、柳杉人工幼龄林、农耕地和皆伐迹地的土壤平均有机碳含量分别比对照降低了10.8%,28.1%,37.8%,40.1%;5种不同土地利用类型土壤碳储量排序为:皆伐迹地(214.2±17.0 t C/hm2)>经济林(191.3±13.4 t C/hm2)>柳杉人工幼龄林(173.5±15.1t C/hm2)>苗圃地(171.9±9.2 t C/hm2)>农耕地(132.7±12.1 t C/hm2),分别比对照(272.9±21.8 t C/hm2)减少了21.5%,29.9%,36.4%,37.0%,51.4%。人工林采伐后形成的不同土地利用类型,土壤有机碳含量和碳储量减小的程度与采伐后紧接着采取的人为措施有关。

Abstract:On the base of first order dynamic model,combining with a laboratory soil incubation experiment,the dynamics of soil organic carbon(SOC) decompositions,three carbon pool sizes and average turnover time are analyzed,including swamp soil,meadow soil,othic yellow brown soil and brown rendzina.The results show that these four soil types total soil organic carbon are 8.48~24.53 g/kg in the surface soil and 4.02~16.77 g/kg in the subsoil.The size of active SOC pool from surface and subsoil respectively accounts to 0.99%~5.01% and 1.31%~1.91% of total soil organic carbon,and the average turnover time is 8.8~14.3 days.Slow SOC pool,15.88%~59.04% and 20.43%~48.36%,1.3~29.1 years.Passive SOC pool,39.97%~79.11%,50.31%~77.66%.All the three pool sizes of those four soil types are more in the surface soil than subsoil.Cumulative emission of CO2 during incubation for 91 days is 165.99~2 429.57 mg/kg in the surface soil and 108.04~743.02 mg/kg in the sub soil.Decomposition rate order of these four soil types is swamp soil,meadow soil,brown rendzina and othic yellow brown soil,which direct interrelated with active SOC carbon percentage content.Curve fitting of SOC cumulative release amount during incubation showed that cubic equation can describe change trend,and the correlation has reached high significant level(P<0.01).

Abstract:The soil organic carbon(SOC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) content of intensive management Moso bamboo(Phyllostachy edulis) plantation in Huitong forest region,Hu'nan Province were analyzed in this paper.The results showed that the Moso bamboo plantation(0-60 cm layer)soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon content averaged were 1.727% and 551.84 mg/kg,respectively.There were very significant differences in different soil layer of soil organic carbon(SOC) and microbial biomass carbon.The soil organic carbon content in 0-20 cm layer were 2.607%,which is 1.67 times and 2.57 times than that in 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layer,respectively.The microbial biomass carbon content in 0-20 cm layer account for 58.9% of the total microbial biomass carbon,which is 2.69 times and 3.08 times than that in 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layer,respectively.There were not significant differences in different season of soil organic carbon,however,there were very significant differences of microbial biomass carbon.The microbial biomass carbon content showed an increasing tendency from January to July and showed the downtrend from August to December.Soil microbial quotient in Moso bamboo plantation was 1.118 6%,as same as 40-60 cm soil layer,slightly higher than the 20-40 cm soil layer.That is to say,different Moso bamboo soil layer had similar abilities to accumulated soil organic carbon.

Abstract:By the method of scholar Warning,flooding culture mineralization characteristics of N in sediments were studied in various ponds and mineralized nitrogen were simulated in the method of one-order dynamic model.By the method of scholar Bremner,various components of organic nitrogen were determined to define the relation between mineralized nitrogen and components of organic nitrogen by path analysis.The results showed that the processing of nitrogen mineralization was different in strength and capacity when treatment groups and control group were compared,for control group was much higher.The group adding zeolite had the lowest mineralization contents and strength.Mineralization contents and strength of the group adding urease enzyme inhibitors was much higher than those of the group adding microbial.Ammonium-N in the overlying water came from the sediment mineralization,acid amide N was mineralized most,ammonium nitrogen and amino sugar N were mineralized less and unidentified N was mineralized least.By experimental results,there existed no relation between unidentified N and mineralized nitrogen inhydrolizable N,there existed a significant direct path coefficient between acid amide N,ammonium nitrogen,amino sugar N and unidentified N and mineralized nitrogen,which showed that the above nitrogen all had a contribution to mineralized nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen had a significantly high path coefficient to mineralized nitrogen,which showed that ammonium nitrogen contributed most to ammonium-N in overlying water.

Abstract:Greenhouse tomato experiment was conducted in Shouguang,Shandong province in order to investigate the effects of different water and nitrogen strategies on fruit yield and soil inorganic nitrogen of greenhouse tomato.Compared with conventional water and nitrogen management(CWN),optimize water and nitrogen management(OWN) is real-time control of rootzone N management and related target values were used to optimize N sidedressing,and irrigation up to field capacity by employing with bubbler irrigation system during the growing season,and applied for Calcium Cyanamide mixed with wheat straw in summer-fallow,Recommended water and nitrogen management(RWN) is sidedressed 100 kg/hm2 at the duration of first,third and fifth fruit ear enlargement separately.The result showed that there were no significant differences on tomato fruit yield of the OWN and RWN with 36.5% and 50% of sidedressed N input in comparison with conventional water and nitrogen management during two season greenhouse tomato system,in addition,the OWN decreased the irrigation water by 44% and 39% in two growing seasons,but the fruit yield increased by 10% significantly.Conventional nitrogen input made the content of soil inorganic nitrogen kept in a high level during the tomato growing season;The residue of soil inorganic nitrogen above 200 kg/hm2 in every layer and the total residue of soil inorganic nitrogen more than 1500 kg/hm2 in 0-180 cm soil depth after harvesting.The residue of soil inorganic nitrogen is 1/2 of CWN after the OWN and RWN improved the water and nitrogen management,significantly reduced the risk of nitrogen leaching and the effects of unreasonable water and nitrogen management on environment.

Abstract:Pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different NO-3-N/NH 4-N ratios on nutrient and yield of amaranth in different condition of water.The results showed that the N,P,Fe contents of amaranth increased and the K and Ca decreased with the increasing of NH 4-N/NO-3-N ratio in the same irrigation amount.The yield of amaranth increased with the increasing of NO-3-N/NH 4-N ratio in the same irrigation amount.The N,P,Fe contents of amaranth increased with the increasing of irrigation amount;the K,Ca contents and yield of amaranth were highest in middle irrigation amount.

Abstract:The effects of different cutting roots and fertilization measure on soil nutrient,microbe quantity and enzyme activity both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil in I-107 poplar plantation were studied by field plot experiment.Results showed that the pH value in rhizosphere soil of same treatments poplar plantation was lower than that in non-rhizosphere soil,but the content of organic,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available K,utility cuprum and utility zincum were all higher than those in non-rhizosphere soil.The available nutrient content of cutting roots fertilizer treatment was significant more than other treatments both in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil.Cutting roots fertilizer treatment increased the activity of soil urease,invertase,catalase,polyphenol oxidase,peroxidase significantly,compared with CK.Five soil enzyme activities by fertilizer treatment increased little,but cutting roots treatment decreased the activity.The quantities of microbe were orderly followed as cutting roots fertilizer,fertilizer,cutting roots,CK.The results implied that the measure of cutting roots fertilization may improve the root soil environment and enhance the plantation soil fertility.

Abstract:The variation of soil nutrient and microbe on different erosion position of hilly Slope in the latosolic red soil region were studied.The result showed that changes of soil pH,organic matter,total N,alkali-hydrolyzable N,available P and K were very obvious,but total P and K were not significant in different erosion position.With intensifying of soil erosion and vegetation destroyed,soil microbial quantity decreased gradually,and intensity of soil basal respiration(SBR) and substrate induced respiration(SIR) declined significantly.Under no grassland vegetation,artificial Schima superba can not conserved obviously soil and water.Grass vegetation should be very necessary in soil and water conservation.

Abstract:The contents of soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC),microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN),microbial biomass quotient value(qMB),respiration intensity and microbial metabolic quotient value(qCO2) in three kinds of alfalfa fields at different soil depths(0-10 cm,10-20 cm) have been preliminarily analyzed through experiments.The results indicat that,in the tilled land with the depth of 0-20 cm,the age for alfalfa growth has effect on the contents of MBC and MBN contained in soil.Comparatively,the field where alfalfa has been planted for four years has maximized content of microbial carbon and nitrogen,followed by one-year cultivated land of alfalfa.The difference is obvious in Microbial biomass quotient value(qMB),respiration intensity and microbial metabolic quotient value(qCO2) between different fields where alfalfa has been planted,relatively,the longer the years of cultivation is,the larger the difference in Microbial biomass quotient value(qMB) and so on between different fields is.Correlation analysis show that soil physical-chemical property affect the microbial characters,in which soil organic matter and total nitrogen have obvious positive relevance with MBC and MBN while negative relevance with bulk density.Without extraneous fertilizer,the quality of the four years alfalfa field is the best in all the alfalfafields relatively.

Abstract:The effect of the soil inorganic nanometer particle(SINP)on several enzyme activity in the corn stalk decomposition process was deserved.The results suggest: The influence of SINP on enzyme activity was significant after the addition of SINP into the decomposing stalk,but the influence was various with the sorts of enzyme.All phosphatases activities were increased and increased significantly in the former and latter decomposing process and the same as to protease.The effect of SINP on urease was an increase trend in the whole process.However,the SINP previously increased invertase activity in the former and inhibited it in the middle-latter decomposing process.Therefore,enzyme activities in stalk decomposing process were increased by SINP.

Abstract:Seasonal dynamics of soil catalase(CAT),peroxidase(PEX),polyphenol oxidase(POX),protease(PRO),invertase(INT) and alkali phosphotase(ALP) activities in west Songnen alkali degraded grassland are examined.The results indicate that the changing patterns of PEX,PRO,INT activities vary from season to season,while CAT,POX,ALP activities bear the same changing tendency and their peak value appears in August or September in alkali spot,severe,moderate and mild degraded soils.Enzymatic activities of different seasons have the various ranges in different degraded types of soil.Changing ranges of CAT,POX and ALP in moderate and severe salinization soil are more than that in mild soil.However,changing ranges of PEX,PRO and INT activities in moderate and severe salinization soils are less than that in mild soil.There is seasonal relevance between different enzymatic activities,but they are different in different types of soil.

Abstract:The effects of DBP and DEHP on microbial biomass,soil basal respiration,catalase activity and its kinetics parameters(Km and Vmax) in agro-soil contaminated artificially with DBP and DEHP were studied.The results showed that there were little effects on them with no more than 10 mg/kg DBP or 20 mg/kg DEHP in soils.Soil basal respiration was significantly activated with 20 mg/kg DBP in soil.However,Microbial biomass C,basal respiration and catalase activity were all inhibited with other treatments and the greater inhabitations were exhibited with the higher concentrations of compounds in soils.When soil concentrations of compounds were 100 mg/kg,the restoration tendencies of catalase activities were no detected within incubation term.The kinetics parameters of catalase activities further analysis showed that Km,Vmax and Vmax/Km were insignificantly changed compared with the controls,which reflected the compounds,whether DBP or DEHP,had little effect on the kinetics characters of catalase activities in soils.

Abstract:以中亚带常绿阔叶林和杉木林为对照,对闽北典型竹林土壤微团聚体分形维数变化特征及其与土壤物理性质、化学性质、土壤酶活性及微生物数量的关系进行了研究,结果表明:>0.25 mm和0.05~0.01 mm颗粒含量越高,0.25~0.05 mm,0.005~0.001 mm和<0.001 mm颗粒含量越低,分形维数越小。土壤肥力与土壤分型维数有显著的相关性,土壤微团聚体分形维数与上述颗粒含量之间存在极显著或显著的回归关系;分形维数还与20个土壤肥力指标(土壤理化性质和生物活性指标)中的11个指标存在极显著负线性相关,与土壤容重极显著正相关,与毛管孔隙度、水解氮含量和过氧化氢酶活性之间存在显著的线性关系。说明土壤微团聚体分形维数能很好地表征试验林分的土壤理化性质和土壤生物活性,可作为评价土壤肥力的一项综合性定量指标。

Abstract:以典型黑土耕地表层土壤为对象,通过对溅蚀量、水稳性团聚体组成、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)以及团聚体富集率(ER)等指标的测定、计算与分析,研究了人工模拟降雨条件下典型黑土溅蚀过程中团聚体粒级分布及其分选特征。结果表明:溅蚀盘内不同收集区域(上坡、下坡)溅蚀量及净迁移量均与溅蚀距离呈显著指数递减关系,R2值达0.834 4~0.991 1;土壤团聚体富集率的变化幅度范围为0.00~1.79,溅蚀对团聚体产生富集作用与损耗作用的临界粒级为1.0 mm;溅蚀颗粒土壤水稳性团聚体组成上表现出在水平空间上随距离的增加,小粒级团聚体比例逐渐增加的趋势,2~5 mm粒级的团聚体只出现在上坡的0~5 cm和下坡的0~10 cm范围之内,1~2 mm粒级的团聚体在上坡的最大分布距离仅为28 cm;MWD变化幅度为0.32~0.80 mm,并随溅蚀距离的增加而减少,其中下坡10~17cm范围内的MWD分别与0~10 cm和17~40 cm范围内MWD的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。研究结果为进一步系统研究黑土侵蚀发生规律与水土流失治理提供了参考。

Abstract:在对呼伦贝尔沙地形成的历史背景进行系统分析的基础上,通过大量的野外调查,研究了呼伦贝尔沙地植被资源状况、特征及植被演替规律。结果表明,在过度放牧所引起的逆行演替中,固定沙地、半固定沙地和流动沙地的植物群落物种组成从31种锐减到了2种,盖度从61%降低到8%,群落的物种丰富度逐渐降低,流动沙地的物种丰富度分别是半固定沙地和固定沙地的0.25倍、0.065倍,多样性指数分别为2.464,1.584,0.554,固定沙地最大,为流动沙地的4.45倍。物种均匀度分别为0.497,0.528,0.554。流动沙地最大,是固定沙地的1.11倍。植被高度及生物量亦均呈递减趋势,优势种和建群种发生更迭,群落结构趋于简单。对不同封育年限植被进行研究,得出植被的恢复演替规律为:以沙米为优势种的一年生先锋植物群落以糙隐子草为优势种其他多年生禾草伴生的过渡型植被群落冰草 糙隐子草过渡型植被群落羊草 冷蒿亚稳定型群落,同时,土壤的结构、理化性质得到改善。

Abstract:To analyze the effect of forest growth years,litter and soil depth at different slope positions to the formation of seed banks,soil seed banks changes and vegetation succession of 8 forest communities in 20 years were studied in Liupan mountain.The results indicated that seed reserves followed the order of mid-slope>underside slope>upside slope for different layers.Seed bank reserves in litter layer was larger than that in 0-15 cm soils.The seed reserves in soils of 8 forest communities presented the order of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest>Pinus armandii forest>Quercus liaotungensis forest>Populus davidiana forest>Betula platyphylla forest>shrubbery land>grass land.The maximum accumulation age of seed reserves varied greatly with vegetation communitites.The times for the approach of the maximum seed reserves was about 30 to 40 years for Pinus armandii and P.tabulaeformis communities,20 years for Larix principis-rupprechtii community,15 to 20 years for Quercus liaotungensis,Populus davidiana,and Betula platyphylla communities,and 10 to 20years for shrubbery and grass communities..The relationship between forest growth times and seed bank reserves changes followed an exponential equation and the relation was significant at p<0.05.Soil seed banks at different vegetation communities were rich in species composition,and that was higher in grass and shrubbery species than that in arbor species.Only 3 to 5 species of seed banks were arbor species and the majority of arbor species were invasive species.The frequently occurred species of grass,shrub,and arbor species are Artemisia,Spiraea pubescens and Hippophae reamnoides,and Quercus liaotungensis,respectively.Therefore,these species are the driving and pioneering species during the succession and natural renovation course.

Abstract:An experiment was conducted in the laboratory by cultivating the herbages for highway slope protection in pots to assess the effect of different soil matrix on the growth performance of the plant community.The results indicate the growth rate of the herbages increased with the increasing contents of sludge compost in the soil matrix(p<0.05),while the thickness of soil matrix did not affect the growth rate(p>0.05).Increased sludge compost in soil matrix can benefit the height,density and cover of plant community(p<0.05),and increased thickness of soil matrix can promote the height,density and cover of plant community(p<0.05).Increased sludge compost can promote the aboveground and belowground biomass of plant community(p<0.05),while reduce the root and shoot ratio of plant community.With increasing thickness of soil matrix,the aboveground and belowground biomass of plant community increased but the root and shoot ratio of plant community decreased(p<0.05).To promote growth and cover of the plant community and increase their capacity of controlling soil and water on the slope,right amount of sludge compost should be added in the soil matrix and enough thickness of soil matrix should be kept.

Abstract:对大兴安岭7种典型林分林冠层降水分配进行了研究,结果表明,2007年5-9月,大气总降水量为236.62 mm,平均每次降雨量11.27 mm;随着降雨量的增加,穿透雨量、茎流量和林冠截留量都增加,林冠截留率降低;7种林分穿透雨量分别为151.48 mm,156.16 mm,141.40 mm,162.11 mm,182.35 mm,148.69 mm,156.29mm,分别占林外降雨总量的64.02%,66.0%,59.76%,68.51%,77.06%,62.84%,66.05%;7种林分单株树干茎流量分别为4.99 mm,2.45 mm,0.82 mm,1.28 mm,3.30 mm,2.94 mm,1.67 mm,分别占降雨总量的2.11%,1.04%,0.35%,0.54%,1.39%,1.24%,0.71%;以线性回归方程来拟合穿透雨(y)和林外降雨(x)之间的关系最好;树干茎流与林外降雨的关系用线性回归方程拟合较好,但是树干径流与林外降雨之间关系不如穿透雨与林外降雨之间关系紧密;林冠截留量与降雨量之间存在紧密的正相关关系.

Abstract:Soil water infiltration measurement is helpful to investigate the adjustive effects of epikarst on rainfall resource in karst area.Tension disc permeanmeter(d=20 cm,h0=-20 mm) was used to determine soil water infiltration in the typical soil profiles in karst depression of northwest Guangxi.The results showed that the differences of soil infiltration capability were obvious in the soil profile,and it had a tendency to decrease with the increase in soil depth.However,infiltration rate of 50-80 cm soil layer was lager than that of 20-50 cm soil layer in vegetable land.The approximate hydraulic conductivity in 0-10 cm soil layer was 5.2 times higher than that in 20-50 cm soil layer in vegetable land,and it was 3.1 times higher in 0-16 cm soil layer than that in 55-70 cm soil layer in corn land.Soil specific gravity and initial water content had a close relationship with soil infiltration,and their correlation coefficients with hydraulic conductivity were-0.676* and-0.841*respectively.

Abstract:对胶南沿海沙质海岸5种植被梯度带下9种植被模式的水分物理性状及土壤蓄水功能进行了研究。结果表明:①随着从沿海至内陆的过渡,胶南沙质海岸带营造灌草带-基干林带-丘陵水土保持林-经济林带-农田林网模式的沿海防护林生态网络体系,对改善该地区的土壤水分物理性质起了积极作用,且土壤层蓄水性能均优于海边草甸。②对沙质海岸来说,沿灌草带、基干林带、丘陵水土保持林带、经济林带和农田林网5个不同的梯度带,土壤物理性状逐渐变好,渗透能力逐渐减弱,土壤层的蓄水能力逐渐增强。③各梯度带内,随着植被类型的不同,其土壤水分物理性状及土壤层蓄水功能表现出一定差异。紫穗槐 草本模式是灌草带值得推广的模式;刺槐是基干林带值得推广的树种;丘陵土保持林带配置应优先考虑以黑松 麻栎为主的针阔混交林模式。

Abstract:以第二次全国土壤普查资料为基础,调查了东北黑土区黑土类中23个土种的典型剖面,测定了土壤凋萎湿度及相关理化性质,在分析黑土土种凋萎湿度特征及其与土壤理化性质关系的基础上,建立了分别利用土壤理化性质和最大吸湿水计算土壤凋萎湿度的两种方法。研究区23个土种的土壤凋萎湿度变化为9.45%~22.67%,平均为14.90%,随厚度略有增加,但变化不大。3个黑土亚类中,黑土的凋萎湿度最大,白浆化黑土最小。土壤凋萎湿度与机械组成,土壤容重和有机质含量有显著的相关性,可分别利用粘粒含量一个指标,粘粒含量与砂粒含量两个指标,粘粒含量、砂粒含量和容重3个指标计算估算土壤凋萎湿度,且选取变量越多估算效果越好。也可利用土壤最大吸湿水估算土壤凋萎湿度:PWP=1.4742×MH 0.6292。对这些估算方法的检验结果表明,利用土壤理化性质和利用最大吸湿水估算的土壤凋萎湿度与实测结果没有差异,建议方法是可行的。

Abstract:研究了夏大豆不同种植方式下土壤水分、产量及水分利用效率变化。结果表明,进入生殖生长阶段以后,随耗水量的增加,土壤含水量和土壤贮水量有下降趋势,且降雨越少,各处理间差异越明显;土壤含水量在各生育阶段曲线特征与降雨有关,浅层土壤含水量变化幅度高于深层土壤。产量、WUE与行距均呈显著负相关,A,B处理产量和WUE显著高于E处理(P<0.05)。研究表明,在适宜密度条件下,适当缩小行距、扩大株距可提高雨灌夏大豆生产能力和水分利用效率。

Abstract:Based on two years of continuous located observation of soil moisture of Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii woodland with different site conditions in Yanchi,Ningxia province,this paper discusses the spatiotemporal dynamic change of soil water content and soil moisture characteristics of sandy land grown on different parts of sandy region and different site conditions.The results showed that Caragana korshinskii woodland have the lowest soil bulk density,but the highest water retention capacity.Water distribution along soil profile different research samples showed obvious layered features,there are three layers:low-level layer,active layer and stable layer,and the thickness of each layer is different because of different site conditions.

Abstract:The survey of Karez in Qitai county,including the distribution,depth,length,direction,distance between wells,geology,water lever,the process of rise and decline,and analysis of social economic data,indicate that Karez in Qitai county were begun to dig from 1949,at 1960's the amount of Karez reach the most,at early 1980's,all the Karez were abandoned.This change is caused by excessively use groundwater and make groundwater level declined.While the basic reason of groundwater level decline is population increasing and agriculture development.The trend of quantity change of Karez is contrary to that of the population and ploughland.When population reached 90 000 and irrigable land was 50 000 ha,average groundwater level was about 5 m,Karez began to decline.The average groundwater level was about 8 m when all the Karez had been abandoned,and exploitable quantity of groundwater per person only was 1 300 m3,agricultural irrigation water was almost equal to the exploitable quantity of groundwater