Abstract:Soil erodibility serves as a major parameter for soil erosion prediction and land use planning,re- flects the sensitivity of soil during the erosion process.The paper focused on the black soil in northeast Chi- na,studied the soil particle distribution under different land use,and calculated the soil erodibility using the empirical formula.And then the correlation analysis between soil erodibility and interrill erodibility,rill erodibility,critical shear were carried in order to apply predicted models well.The results show:(1)The change of soil clay content in every layer is not obvious,and along with the soil layer increasing,the silt con- tent reduces but the sand content increases;(2) Expect for the artificial forest,the soil erodibility of the oth- ers land use profile,presents the enhanced trend along with the increasing soil depth;(3)For cropland,the soil erodibility (K) are significantly correlated with the rill erodibility (K_r) and the critical shear (T_c),but the correlation between soil erodibility (K) and interrill erodibility (K_i) is reduced.

Abstract:采用变坡实验水槽在较大流量(0.5～2.0 L/s)和坡度(8.7%～46.6%)范围内,系统研究了坡面薄层水流输沙率与土壤分离速率之间的耦合关系。结果表明:不同坡度与流量组合条件下,土壤分离能力、挟沙力与坡度和流量均呈良好的线性关系,土壤分离速率与输沙率之间也呈良好的线性相关关系,随着输沙率的增大土壤分离速率逐渐减小。研究证明:由Foster和Meyer提出的土壤分离速率与输沙率呈线性关系的假定是正确的,可作为描述土壤分离与径流输沙关系的控制方程,应用于土壤侵蚀过程模型的建立。

Abstract:为分析景观格局对流域土壤侵蚀的影响,本文应用基于GIS的修订通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),计算了吉林省中低山水蚀区辉发河流域的土壤侵蚀量。选择聚集度、Shannon多样性等6个景观指数,在RS、GIS和Fragstats软件平台下得到两个尺度的土地利用数据和二级土地利用类型的景观指数数据。以流域内29个子流域为样本,用SPSS软件计算侵蚀模数和景观指数的相关性。把29个子流域分为低强度侵蚀区和高强度侵蚀区,分别探讨景观格局对低、高强度侵蚀区土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)辉发河流域的土壤侵蚀主要为微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀,占流域总面积的90.27%。流域平均侵蚀模数为13.89 t/hm~2·a.为轻度侵蚀,但远超过土壤容许流失量。(2)在各种植被类型区中,草地的侵蚀较为强烈,平均侵蚀模数为31.28 t/hm~2·a,高出流域平均侵蚀模数125%,侵蚀贡献水平达到1.74.成为辉发河流域土壤侵蚀的风险区。(3)6个景观指数与侵蚀模数间均存在显著的相关性,除斑块密度外,均与土壤侵蚀模数高度相关。其中聚集度与侵蚀模数的相关性最大,相关系数为—0.602,聚集度和侵蚀模数间有较强的非线性关系。(4)研究区低、高强度侵蚀区的景观格局对土壤侵蚀的影响不同,在低强度侵蚀区的影响更为显著。

Abstract:根据野外调查、历史文献记录和106个样品的粒度分析,对草滩渭河沉积剖面的洪水变化进行了研究。结果表明,渭河300年来洪水沉积分层明显,对洪水的发生和短期降水量变化反映清楚,分辨率高,能够作为很好地指示洪水和降水量变化的指标。CT剖面厚度约4.5 m,为古洪水沉积层,剖面随深度变化具有明显的粗细变化节律。共分为21个沉积层,指示了21次较大规模的洪水。CT剖面反映的21个阶段的洪水深度和规模由大到小的变化顺序为:第13阶段>第5阶段>第17阶段>第14阶段>第12阶段>第6阶段>第2阶段>第1阶段>第18阶段>第4阶段>第3阶段>第10阶段>第11阶段>第8阶段>第21阶段>第9阶段>第15阶段>第20阶段>第19阶段>第16阶段>第7阶段,其中第13,5,17,14,12,6,2,1阶段为特大洪水阶段,第18,4,3,10,11,8,21,9,15,20,19,16,7阶段为大洪水阶段。CT剖面粒度成分显著大于120年来的洪水沉积,反映了草滩剖面洪水发生时,水动力强,流量大,指示当时降水量应当较多。西安草滩CT剖面第1,2,5,6,12,13,14,17层沉积时,高出河床之上的洪水深度大于6.5 m,其余15个阶段的洪水深度等于或小于6.5 m。

Abstract:通过样地调查,对比研究了不同林龄刺槐林地和撂荒地土壤水分年际变化特征及样地生物量特征。结果表明,刺槐林地土壤水分含量及储水量随林龄增长降低,过熟林的剖面含水率接近凋萎湿度;0—140 cm土层生长季土壤水分变异系数遵循过熟林>成熟林>幼龄林>撂荒地的规律,而140—500 cm土层则基本与上述规律相反。成过熟刺槐林下植物群落地上部生物量略高于撂荒地,土壤水分与地上部生物量仅存在微弱的负相关关系。说明刺槐生长虽然消耗了大量土壤储水,但未显著降低林下植物群落的生产力。研究表明,将刺槐作为先锋树种用于黄土高原森林草原区的植被恢复有助于迅速形成植被覆盖,发挥刺槐林的水土保持功能。同时,林下植物群落的健康发育可以保证刺槐衰退后的生态系统持续稳定地发挥其生态功能。

Abstract:采用实地调查和水浸法,研究了王朗保护区7种典型生态系统(草地(GL)、灌丛(SH)、白桦林(BF)、混交林(MF)、冷杉林(FF)、云杉林(SF)和方枝柏林(CF)的地被物层贮量吸水过程与最大储水量,并以此为基础评价该区域地被物层的水源涵养能力。结果表明:(1)不同生态系统地被物层贮量及其最大储水能力差异较大,其顺序依次为SF>FF>MF>CF>BF>SH>GL和SF>FF>MF>CF>SH>BF>GL;(2)在地被物的吸水过程中,储水量(Q)和吸水速率(S)与浸泡时间(t)的关系可分别用Q=c ln(t) d和S=a t~(-b)拟合(R~2>0.9);(3)王朗保护区各种生态系统的地被物层累积贮量为5.36×10~5 t,最大储水量为2.20×10~6 t。从退化生态系统或采伐迹地的植被恢复过程中的水源涵养效益角度分析,亚高山植被恢复过程中的地被物层水源涵养潜力较大。

Abstract:利用实测气象数据采用Thornthwaite模型对岷江上游区域蒸散时空格局进行了模拟,同时引入山区日照时数算法对模型进行校正以提高模拟精度。结果表明.校正后的Thornthwaite模型模拟误差在0.13%～20.72%之间,与未校正结果0.72%～46.72%的误差相比有显著降低,误差平均降低5%左右。研究表明,近30年来,研究区域多年蒸散呈现先上升后下降的趋势。1970s初期生长季蒸散量为307.11 mm;而1980s中期上升为315.84 mm,上升8.73 mm,相当于1970s初期生长季蒸散量的2.8%。1980s中期岷江上游蒸散上升到峰值,之后开始逐步下降。到1990s末期岷江上游生长季蒸散下降为305.72 mm,与1980s中期相比下降10.12 mm,为1980s中期生长季蒸散的3.2%。

Abstract:通过测定长武塬区2005年降水水样的氢氧同位素组成,分析了该区降水氢氧同位素组成的基本特征。结果表明,长武塬区大气降水线方程为δD=7.44δ~(18)O 1.69,其斜率和截距与全球以及我国大气降水线相比均偏小,这与研究区地理位置和气候条件有关;降水氘盈余d值4—6月份较大,大于或接近10,7—10月份则小于10;以天为时间单位采集的次降水,其氢氧同位素组成的温度效应和降水量效应均不显著,而连续2 d长历时降水的雨量效应极显著;降水氢氧同位素组成季节变化明显,春季降水的氢氧同位素值较高,夏季同位素值降低,秋季同位素值最小,这在以次降水量为权重的加权平均值中表现得更加明显。

Abstract:通过定点长期激光雨滴谱(LNM)观测,对北京密云山区油松林内外降雨动力学特征进行了对比研究。结果表明,林外天然雨滴平均直径和雨滴中数直径都有随降雨强度的增加而增加的趋势;林外的雨滴直径较林内分布范围小,林外雨滴直径与累积雨量之间的关系曲线较林内平滑;小雨强(≤0.55 mm/h)气候条件下,林内降雨动能显著高于林外降雨动能,可初步认为在小雨强时林冠层对降雨能量有增大作用。

Abstract:In order to provide scientific basis for vegetation restoration and reconstruction of removal lands in hilly-gully region,based on the data of Ansai in the typical semiarid loess hilly-gully region,we studied the effects of environmental factors on the community distribution,species diversity and biomass in four typical communities.The results showed that coverage,aboveground biomass and underground biomass increased a lot with the increase of abandoned time,soil water content and clay particle content had the same trend.Or- dination technique of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine the relationship between the communities and environmental factors.Results showed that environmental factors compositively affected the distribution and variety of communities,among which organic matter,abandonment ages,clay particle content,aspect,altitude,nitrate nitrogen had main effects on the change of typical communities of abando- ning land at the level of p<0.01.Multi-analysis and pathway analysis indicated that total phosphorus had the largest direct positive effect on the ecological dominance of communities;total nitrogen and organic mat- ter respectively had the largest direct positive effect on underground biomass and aboveground biomass.

Abstract:根据94个样点表层土壤(0—20 cm)氮素的化验数据,在ArcGIS 9.0平台上运用地统计学方法研究了川中丘陵区清流河流域土壤全氮和速效氮的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区土壤全氮和速效氮含量总体水平较低,二者平均值分别为(0.85±0.03)g/kg和(63.8±25.4)mg/kg。土壤全氮含量总体上呈条带状或斑块状分布,高值区(>1.12 g/kg)主要分布于东部大清河下游的石子镇、苏家、互助一带,并以此为中心向北和向西逐渐降低,向西南呈现出先逐渐降低至沱江流域后又有所上升的趋势,低值区(<0.88 g/kg)主要分布于北部的大冶乡、凤天乡、双桥乡以及西部的安全、靖民、郭北一带;研究区土壤速效氮含量空间分布特征和全氮基本一致。研究区土壤全氮和速效氮含量与土壤母质、地形、土地利用方式、灌溉方式、土壤侵蚀、土壤pH和土壤质地等因素密切相关,其中在不同土壤母质、地形、土地利用方式、灌溉方式、土壤侵蚀状况和土壤质地下土壤全氮和速效氮含量差异达极显著或显著水平。

Abstract:为进一步明确推荐施氮的优势所在,并为春玉米制定合理的施氮策略,本文在高肥力土壤条件下,通过设计不同氮肥管理模式.研究了春玉米季0—150 cm土体土壤NO_3~-—N动态和氮素矿化的特征。结果表明,经验施氮0—90 cm土层NO_3~-—N含量呈单峰曲线变化,峰值一般在400 kg/hm~2以上,90—150 cm土层则富积了大量的NO_3~-—N,潜在淋洗量很大。不施氮条件下,土壤表现出较强的净矿化势,并且净矿化速率和玉米生长速率有较好的协同性,二者同在大喇叭口至吐丝期达到最大值,但土壤供氮能力逐年下降。推荐施氮使得0—90 cm土层NO_3~-—N总体保持在100～200 kg/hm~2范围内,既确保作物的吸收又减少了氮素淋洗损失。研究表明,三年来推荐施氮共节省氮肥475 kg/hm~2,氮肥利用率提高了14%。

Abstract:A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate leaching regimes of nitrogen (N) and phos- phorus (P) from four fertilizers,i.e.,organic compound fertilizer,inorganic compound fertilizer,pig ma- nure compost and peanut cake applied individually and in combination in latosolic red soils of South China. Results showed that leaching loss rates of fertilizer N ranged from 43.2% to 74.8% and those of fertilizer P ranged from 0.01% to 0.08%,exhibiting severe leaching loss of N and marginal leaching loss of P in latosol- ic red soils in South China.Leaching loss amounts of inorganic N were similar to those of organic N in the treatments where fertilizer was individually applied,but higher than those of organic N in the treatments where fertilizers were applied in couple.Particulate P (PP) was the main form of phosphorus leaching loss in all the treatments.The combined application of two fertilizers increased leaching loss amounts of ammonium and inorganic N,but at the same time reduced organic and total N leaching loss amounts.When pig manure compost was applied together with compound fertilizer,PP and total P (TP) leaching losses were reduced, but when peanut cake was applied with compound fertilizer,the leaching losses of PP and TP were elevated. Dissolved P (DP) leaching was reduced in all the combined fertilization treatments.Significant interaction effects of combined fertilization were found on leaching losses of N and P in latosolic red soils.

Abstract:研究了不同施肥模式下红壤性水稻土中磷的分布及其有效性。结果表明,随团聚体粒径从大到小的变化,红壤性水稻土全磷含量在不同施肥模式下均表现出先上升后下降的趋势,在5～2 mm粒径团聚体中出现一个峰值;有效磷含量表现出先缓慢上升后迅速下降的特征,在5～2 mm粒径团聚体中出现一个大峰值;在施磷处理中,磷的有效率表现出先缓慢上升后迅速下降的特征,分别在5～2 mm和0.5～0.25 mm粒径团聚体中出现一个大峰值和一个小峰值,但在无磷处理中,磷的有效率表现出逐渐下降的趋势,只在0.5～0.25 mm粒径团聚体中出现一个小峰值。研究表明,长期施加磷肥,尤其与有机物还田相结合,会促使土壤全磷富集于>1 mm粒径团聚体,显著提高>2 mm粒径团聚体中有效磷含量与磷的有效性;在磷肥不足的情况下,减少磷肥施入量,结合有机物还田也能取得较好的效果;即使没有磷肥施入,实行秸秆还田也能在一定程度上提高土壤磷的有效性。

Abstract:Adsorption processes of Cu~(2 ) to dark-brown soil were studied by batch equilibrium technique under different pH,ionic strength,temperature,Cu~(2 ) concentration and contact time.The results showed:(1) The adsorption rate of Cu~(2 ) increased with an increase of solution pH.When the solution pH was 8,the ad- sorption rate achieved 91%.(2)With an increase of ionic strength,the adsorption of Cu~(2 ) reduced firstly, and then increased.(3)The amount adsorbed increased with an increase of the Cu~(2 ) concentration,and in- creased rapidly at low concentration.The Langmuir model was better than the Freundlich and Temkin mod- els for describing the Cu~(2 ) adsorption isotherms.According to k_L value of Langmuir model,the thermody- namic parameters were calculated,which indicated that the reaction was a spontaneous and endothermic process,but its disorder was the same.(4)The kinetics of adsorption experiment could be divided into two stages,rapid and slow adsorption.The dual-constant models can be the best model that used to describe the Cu~(2 ) adsorption rate on dark-brown soil.According to k_Dvalue from the first-order kinetic model,activation energy and thermodynamics parameter were calculated,which confirmed a fact that increasing temperature was propitious to improve the reactive rate.

Abstract:采用ICP-AES法测定了九龙山自然保护区(JL1,JL2,JL3)3个代表性样地长序榆根、茎、皮、叶内的金属元素含量,并与土壤中对应的金属元素含量及肥力因素进行了相关性研究。结果表明:(1)大部分金属元素虽然在群落间存在一定的差异,但差异没有达到显著水平;Mn元素在群落之间却存在显著差异。(2)长序榆不同器官元素含量存在一定差异,各元素在不同器官中的变化趋势和变异程度呈现不一致现象。(3)长序榆植物体内11中元素中,两两之间存在极显著的正相关有Mg,Mn和Mo 3种元素;Fe和Cr之间、Sb和Mn,Cr之间、Ca和Th均存在极显著的正相关;其他元素之间存在一定的相关性。Ca和Th均有很大的富集系数,且两者之间存在极显著的正相关,说明长序榆对Ca和Th的吸收具有特殊性。(4)Mg和Mn这两种元素相对于植物体内的其他元素和土壤各元素间相关性显著;长序榆植物体元素含量与土壤中的肥力因素的相互关系并无明显一致的规律,说明不同群落内长序榆元素含量的差异并不是主要由土壤中肥力因素决定的,而是其它生境因子综合影响的结果。

Abstract:Introducing other regenerated tree species and forming mixed forest is fundamental solution of con- tinuous planting obstacle in artificial pure forest.In order to knowing the feasibility of mix-forestation of Larix kaempferi,Pinus tabulae formis,Catalpa fargesii and Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata in Qinling Mountains of China,situ incubations of humus soil mixture of different forests were carried out for 2 years to model the experiment of mix-forestation and the interspecific relationships of different trees were studied through analyzing the influences of soil mixture on the biochemical characteristics and litter decomposition. The results can be concluded as following:(1)In needle-leaved forests,microbiomass,enzyme activities of soil and annual litter decomposition rate were intensified after introducing broad-leaved tree species.The in- tensification increased with ratio of introduced broad-leaved trees and intensification of Cazalpa fargesii was greater than its of Quercus aliena.(2)In broad-leaved forests,although microbiomass,enzyme activities of soil and annual litter decomposition rate were also intensified after introducing a few needle-leaved species trees,the intensification decreased with ratio of introduced needle-leaved trees and intensification of Pinus tabulae formis was greater than its of Larix kaempferi.(3)In summary,interspecific relationship between the 4 typical tree species are harmonized in point of soil biochemistry and litter decomposition and it between Pinus tabulae formis and Catalpa fargesii is the best,its between Larix kaempferi and Catalpa fargesii, Pinus tabulaeformi and Quercus aliena are second,it between larix kaempferi and Quercus aliena is the worst.

Abstract:利用Li—6400P—09土壤呼吸测量系统,对科尔沁沙地沙漠化逆转过程中生物结皮的形成对土壤呼吸的影响进行了测定分析。结果表明:①生物结皮存在时的平均土壤呼吸速率(1.856μmolCO_2/m~2·s),极显著(P<0.01)低于无结皮时的速率(2.725μmolCO_2/m~2·s),说明沙漠化逆转过程中生物结皮的形成可以有效减弱土壤中的CO_2向大气的排放,即生物结皮有减缓温室效应的生态功能;②在湿润和较低温度条件下,生物结皮对土壤呼吸的抑制作用更为显著;③形成的生物结皮越厚,对土壤呼吸的抑制作用越强;④生物结皮中粒径<0.05 mm的粘粉粒含量越多,对土壤呼吸的抑制作用越明显。

Abstract:The typical black soil (Mollisol),the most fertile and productive soils distributed in Northeast Chi- na,was subjected to conversion from prairie-grass vegetation to cropland,resulting in deteriorative changes of soil properties after reclamation a century ago.To examine the impact of land management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and aggregate stability of rhizospere soils,we determined SOC in whole soil and various size aggregates from two long-term experiments (16,20 a).The soil management systems were grassland (GL) and croplands which had four treatments:continuous maize (CM),continuous soybean (CS),continuous wheat (CW),and rotation system (RS).SOC content in rhizosphere soil decreased in the order of GL>CS>CM>RS>CW,while the total soil nitrogen showed an order:GL>CS>CM>CW>RS.SOC content of GL increased by 7.8% as compared to the average of croplands after 20 years of natural vegetation restoration.The percentages of water-stable aggregate (>0.25 mm) (WSA_(>0.25mm)) de- creased in the order:GL>CM>RS>CS>CW in the rhizosphere soil.WSA_(>2mm),the most important fraction for C storage in GL,accounted for 39.0% of the whole soil.A significant positive correlation was found between C stored in WSA_(>0.25mm) and total SOC (r=0.89,p<0.05),and between the mean weight diameters (MWD) of aggregates and C stored in WSA_(>2mm)(r=0.99,p<0.01).Root density was found to significantly correlate with WSA_(>0.25mm),WSA_(>2mm) and MWD at p<0.05 or p<0.01,respectively.In con- clusion,root system played a vital role in formation and stability of soil macroaggregates.

Abstract:胡敏素(HM)是腐殖物质的主要组成部分,在碳截获、土壤结构、养分保持、生物地球化学循环等方面都占有重要的作用.采用Pallo修改法对HM进行了分组,将其分为铁结合胡敏素(HMi)、粘粒结合胡敏素(HMc)和不溶性胡敏素(HMr).并将这三种物质定义为HM的组成,同时把HMi/HMc和(HMi HMc)/HM作为HM组成的表征指标.研究了不同类型土壤的HM组成.结果表明:不同类型土壤中HM各组分含量.HMi/HMc,(HMi HMc)/HM,△lgk均各不相同;(HMi HMc)/HM>20%;除黑钙土外,HMi/HMc>1,且HM组成中HMr含量最多,HMi其次,HMc最少;HMi相对数量为黑土最高,黑钙土最低,HMc相对数量为黑钙土最高,棕壤最低,HMr相对数量为水稻土最高,黑土最低.在不同类型土壤(水稻土除外)中可溶性HM组分的△lgk值为HMi>HMc,HMi的分子结构比HMc的简单,而且棕壤HMi,HMc的△lgk值均最高,结构最简单.

Abstract:在广泛收集资料的基础上,利用平均碳密度方法,估算了西藏草地生态系统中17类草地植被的碳贮量,并分析了其影响因子。结果表明:(1)17类草地植被总面积为8 205.194×10~4hm~2,草地植被总碳贮量为189.367 TgC,草地植被平均碳密度为2.308 t/hm~2,不同草地植被类型差异较大,在0.396～20.471 t/hm~2之间波动;(2)从区域分布来看,阿里、那曲、日喀则3地区,既是西藏草地主要的分布区,分布面积占西藏草地总面积的84.156%,又是西藏草地生态系统碳贮量的主要贮藏库,其中植被碳贮量占整个17类草地植被碳贮量的60.278%;(3)采用逐步回归模型和主成分分析方法,分析了气候因子对西藏草地植被碳贮量的影响程度,指出降水对草地植被碳贮量的贡献大于气温。

Abstract:Contents of soil organic carbon (SOC),total nitrogen (TN) and labile carbon (LC) along natural and artificial water table gradient were measured in two types of alpine wetlands of Ruoergai plateau,China, in 2004.Results showed that the distribution characteristics of SOC,TN and LC were very similar in swamp soils,increasing along natural water table gradient at surface 0-10 cm and decreasing gradually with soil depth.The distribution characteristics of SOC,TN and LC were very similar in peat soils,increasing greatly along artificial water table gradient at 0-30 cm,which indicated that a great deal of carbon was emitted to atmosphere or run off due to artificial drainage at that time.Contents of LC decreased in swamp soils and in- creased in peat soils with soil depth,which indicated that the different process of forming swamp soils and peat soils,and the effect of natural and artificial water table.The C/N ratios decreased in swamp soils and increased in peat soils along water table gradient.In addition,soil C/N ratios,pH values and soil particle- size contents were important factors affecting SOC,TN and LC in alpine wetlands.

Abstract:Collecting Sediments of ditches in three land-use types in order to measure the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC),we researched on the content and distribution of sediment DOC under three land-use types in Sanjiang Plain.Furthermore,we discussed the influence of three land-use types on sediment DOC. The findings indicated that the content and distribution of sediment DOC changed obviously with changing of land use type in Sanjiang Plain,though they were excavated for drainage on the wetlands.The wetland was reclaimed for the farmland,which benefited the accumulation of sediment DOC for ditches,at the same time, compared with paddy field,the dry land was favorable to the accumulation of per layer of sediment DOC for ditches;The vertical distribution of sediment DOC for ditches obviously changed in three land use types, what's more,compared with thread-type ditches,the vertical distribution of sediment DOC in edge-type dit- ches demonstrated better characteristics of deposition;The land cultivation and drainage were the main cause of the different content and distribution of sediment DOC in all kinds of ditches.The land cultivation and drainage not only led to transference and sedimentation of DOC,but also the difference of sediment DOC con- tent and distribution in the ditches.

Abstract:The effect of lead (Pb) treatment on the soil enzymatic activities,soil microbial biomass,rice physiological indices and rice biomass in soil-rice system were studied by pot experiment in a greenhouse. Lead was applied at 0(CK),100,300,500,700,900 mg/kg levels in two different paddy soils.The results showed that low Pb concentration had a stimulating effect on soil enzymatic activities,microbial biomass car- bon (Cmic) and rice biomass,and an inhibitory influence on most indices when Pb concentration over 500 mg/kg and the influence also restricted by soil properties (e.g.size composition,organic matter content). Rice Chorophyll content increased with Pb level and appeared a peak at 700 mg/kg Pb concentration,then decreased with Pb level in Silty loam,however,no evident difference in Yellowish red soil.Pb was effective in indueing proline accumulation and its toxicity caused oxidative stress on rice plants.Higher soil Cmic with planting rice than with no rice indicated rice growth definite detoxification.On the whole,Soil enzymatic ac- tivities,Cmic and rice physiological indices,therefore,may be sensitive indicators reflecting environmental stress in soil-Pb-rice system.And the correlations among them followed soil types.

Abstract:应用生态环境效应法,借助区间线性规划理论,以稻谷Cd与活性形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态)Cd含量间的线性回归模拟方程为目标函数,以稻谷Cd限量卫生标准为限制条件,筛选各约束条件下的最大最优值为各活性形态Cd含量的限量标准,为成都平原土壤重金属污染控制提供参考,为深入研究基于生物有效性的土壤重金属限量标准的制定提供科学依据。结果表明,土壤Cd活性形态限量标准分别为:可交换态Cd≤0.0865 mg/kg,碳酸盐结合态Cd≤0.2641 mg/kg,铁锰氧化物结合态Cd≤0.2461 mg/kg,有机物结合态Cd≤0.0760 mg/kg。

Abstract:利用洞庭湖水文观测站、环境监测站和实地考察资料,分析了洞庭湖湿地对水污染的净化功能。结果表明:每年输入湿地TN 67 0132.47 t,TP 41 103.85 t;输出与净化TN 116 033.27 t,TP 6 892.25 t;贮留净化率分别为17.31%和16.77%;COD输入317 849.26 t,输出3072641.97 t,贮留净化率3.086%;重金属元素、有污染的无机和有机化合物输入量10156.616 t,输出量9732.775 t,贮留净化率4.36%;在输入洞庭湖湿地的污染物中,有54.76%N,44.30%P,81.83%COD和95.59%重金属元素和化合物来自四水(湘、资、沅、澧4条江河)和三口(长江分洪流入的松滋、藕池和太平3口),有94%～99%的污染物是由面源污染引起,点源污染只占1%～6%,因此,在洞庭湖湿地水污染的治理上,控制系统外水系输入比控制湿地周边更重要,控制面源污染比点源污染更重要。

Abstract:A bare river bank was selected at the Huaijiu River,Beijing,in order tO investigate and disseminate the positive effects of soil bioengineering techniques and options to establish riparian vegetation at local con- ditions.For the moment,the river bank is marked by diverse types of soil erosion such as contained splash e- rosion,soil surface erosion,gully erosion and seepage erosion.Three soil bioengineering measures as live cuttings,fascine and brush mattress were took to protect the river bank.The plant performance and slope stability were investigated after 4,8 month.The results show that:exist Salix X aureo-pendula is grows well under different soil bioengineering techniques.For such reasons like absence of water and superabun- dance soil covered,Salix X aureo-pendula survival rates varied considerably between the differently structure- d river bank zones the live stake has the deepen root system and has a good effect for stabilize the slope.A- long with the riverbank being reinforced,the habitats of the riparian zone are under self-improvement and plants have been in rapid restoration.The paper also summed up the notice during the construction and man- agement.The results will give some soil bioengineering techniques and theory basement to the river ecologi- cal restoration in Beijing.

Abstract:在自然降雨条件下,选择15°坡地种植禾本科牧草新麦草、草地雀麦、无芒雀麦、垂穗披碱草、苇状羊茅和蓝茎冰草,建立径流试验小区,比较不同禾草生物学特性变化及其坡地水土流失防治效果,结果表明:6种禾草越年后4月份返青,6月份植株密度最高,单株叶片数显著增加,7月份草地雀麦与无芒雀麦草层高度显著高于其它禾草,达到38.5 cm和33.7 cm,且不同禾草的地表覆盖度与生物量快速增加,8月份趋于稳定,草地雀麦与无芒雀麦地表覆盖度达到81.9%和91.9%,无芒雀麦地上生物量最高为3614.2 kg/hm~2,苇状羊茅地下生物量最大为9304.9 kg/hm~2。与此同时,6种禾草的坡地水土流失防治效果显著,且随降雨量与降雨强度增加,水土保持作用更加明显,其中,草地雀麦和无芒雀麦与其它禾草相比,保水固土能力最强,2006年地表径流量为69717.5 t/km~2和71253.2 t/km~2,保水能力达到59.9%和59.0%,土壤侵蚀模数为7831.9 t/km~2.a和7488.9 t/km~2.a,固土能力达到69.7%和71.0%,其次是蓝茎冰草、新麦草和垂穗披碱草地,苇状羊茅保水固土能力相对最弱,仅为9.1%和20.7%。

Abstract:在田间试验条件下,以传统耕作(CT)为对照,研究了免耕(NT)和少耕(RT)对黑龙江省八五三农场草甸白浆土土壤与碳、氮、磷、硫元素转化相关的九种水解酶(α—葡糖苷酶、β—葡糖苷酶、α—半乳糖苷酶、β半乳糖苷酶活性脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸醅酶)的影响,同时研究了保护性耕作对土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶、芳基硫酸酯酶及β—葡糖苷酶动力学特性的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作(RT,NT)降低土壤pH值,提高土壤养分(有效氮:42.0%,21.6%;总碳:26.6%,12.2%;总氮:16.6%,15.8%)含量,提高了土壤α—半乳糖苷酶、β—半乳糖苷酶和α—葡糖苷酶、蛋白酶活性活性,但脲酶活性却降低,参与土壤磷素及硫素转化的磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性差异不显著,传统耕作处理(CT)与免耕(NT)处理土壤中芳基硫酸酯酶活性著高于少耕(MT)处理。土壤水解酶动力学参数对耕作方式的反应与表观活性对耕作方式的反应不一致,草甸白浆土短期(三年)保护性耕作已经体现了一定程度的土壤改良效果。

Abstract:The samples of soils in 9 output-orchards were collected in autumn 2003 and 2004.The relation- ships among soil nutrient content,rhizosphere microorganisms and activities of soil enzymes,which were re- garded as a parameters to evaluate soil nutrient condition were analyzed to obtain the biological conditions of rhizosphere microorganism in 9 different apple orchards with varied yield.The results indicated that the a- bove parameters were correlated with apple yield.The contents of alkali--N,olsen-P,and total-C in- creased with orchard yield increased.In high-yield-orchard,the populations of rhizosphere microorganisms and the activities of soil enzymes were high.There was a significant positive correlation between apple yield and species and the amount of the soil microorganisms,and that of the apple yield and olsen-P,avail-K, alkali-N and total-C,and the protease and phosphatase as well.

Abstract:以嘉陵江上游水土流失定位观测站内5种植被恢复模式为研究对象,对土壤微生物、土壤酶活性以及理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:①退化生态系统进行植被恢复后土壤微生物数量明显增加,上层>下层,且随季节不同而有明显变化;②5种植被恢复模式脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均明显高于对照地,3种土壤酶活性随季节变化明显且因林分而异;③5种植被恢复模式土壤氮素的转化率除湿地松纯林外均明显高于对照地,土壤氮素转化率与3种酶均呈极显著的相关关系,与土壤中细菌、放线菌数量之间也呈正相关关系,但相关系数未达显著水平;④火烧迹地灌丛土壤养分含量最高,微生物数量最大,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性最强,土壤的结构性最好。

Abstract:Soil pot experiment at a greenhouse was carried out to investigate the effects of interaction between Mg and K on grain yield,yield components and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.).The results showed that the different application rate of Mg and K fertilizers significantly affected grain yield and its com- ponents of rice.Moreover,the interactive effect of Mg and K was also significant.Moderate application of Mg and K is able to significantly increase grain yield of rice.The highest yield was obtained when the rate of middle Mg and high K was applied.The grain yield increased by 28.4% compared without application of Mg and K fertilizers.When low rate of K was supplied,the uptake of Mg,N and P in straw of rice was in- creased,but their uptake was restrained at high K rate.Under low and medium rate of K supply,the uptake of N,P and K was increased by low rate of Mg supply,whereas the uptake of P and K was depressed at high Mg rate.With an increase of rate of Mg supply,Mg uptake in straw was significantly increased,but it was greatly decreased with increasing application rate of K.The overall results confirmed that there is strong an- tagonistic effect between Mg and K.The balanced application between Mg and K fertilizers has significance on improving grain yield of rice.

Abstract:以油松、侧柏、中槐等西北干旱地区主要造林树种作研究对象,采用蘸根和土壤施入等几种不同的使用方法,将旱露植保土壤改良保水剂应用于植苗造林和播种育苗,观察在干旱条件下的使用效果和对苗木生长和苗木质量的影响。研究表明,保水剂不同的使用方法对造林成活率、幼苗生长和育苗质量都有显著的影响,在播种育苗中的使用效果比植苗造林好。保水剂的使用效果因使用方法和使用对象的不同有所变化,油松、侧柏容器苗和裸根苗10～20 g/株的使用量,造林效果较好。在使用量比较小(10 g/株)的情况下,保水剂对油松容器苗的生长有一定的促进作用,中槐移栽、造林时使用保水剂,对其成活率影响不大,但在育苗时作用明显。蘸根有助于促进油松、侧柏和中槐幼林的生长和造林成活率的提高,是造林时用保水剂处理苗木的一种较为理想的方法。中槐育苗时,保水剂的使用效果十分明显,拌种后播种最为有效,可以在育苗中加以推广和应用。

Abstract:In this paper,adopted interval coverage combined with soil conditioner,influence of this method on soil water movement and distribution were investigated by using indoor artificial rainfall and soil column ex- periments.The results showed that :(1)Soil water storage in infiltration zone could be increased,when area ration was 1 :1,soil water storage could reach 1.83 times of total rainfall.Combined with application of soil conditioner,under I=60mm/h and the area ratio of 1 :1,rainfall infiltration rate can be achieved 2.60 times of that of the treatment without soil conditioner.Wetting front reached deeper,and water distribution uniformity has been upgraded.(2)With application of soil conditioner,evaporation was controlled,soil wa- ter-holding and absorption capacity were improved,but the two are closely related with the amount of PAM. Moreover,while the study confirmed the results of the practicality of this method,but the appropriate a- mount of soil amendments,the appropriate interval overlay area ratio,the actual water control effects and the impact on the crop still need further be studied.

Abstract:A field experiment was conducted to study effects of root pruning at returning green stage on popu- lation structure,soil water and yield formation of winter wheat.The results showed that root pruning treat- ments reduced population density and improved population structure of wheat,which resulted in higher PAR penetration rates compared with the control.Root pruning reduced water consumption of wheat in the early growing stage,so root pruning plots had higher soil water content than the controls at anthesis,which pro- moted physiological activity and resulted in higher photosynthesis rate in root pruned wheat compared with the control.Light root pruning did not affected grain yield,but increased water use efficiency for grain yield~ heavy root pruning improved water use efficiency for grain yield,but cut down grain yield greatly due to di- minished spike number compared with the control.Our study showed that it is very important that suitable agricultural measures to improving yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of wheat,by which more soil water was saved and supplied to plants after anthesis by reducing water consumption in the early growing stage, should be explored and brought in practice in arid and semi-arid areas.

Abstract:The N_2O emission fluxes and seasonal variations of conservation tillage and conventional tillage in wheat fields were sampled with static closed chamber and measured by gas chromatograph.In order to find the relationship between the N_2O emission and the impact factors,the temperature,water content and miner- alized N of soil were observed at the same time.The results showed that:(1)There were significant seasonal variations of N_2O emissions in wheat fields of conservation tillage and conventional tillage with the same trends of change in different treatments.(2)The N_2O fluxes and seasonal N_2O emission were notable differ- ence between conservation tillage and conventional tillage except no tillage with straw covered(NS).(3)In the wheat growth stage,the fields of conservation tillage were the resources of N_2O emission.(4)The sequence of N_2O emission in different treatments was harrow tillage with straw returning(HS)>rotary tillage with straw returning(RS)>conventional tillage with straw returning(CS)>subsoiling tillage with straw retur- ning(PS)>no tillage with straw covered(NS)>conventional tillage with no straw returning(CN).Compa- ring with conventional tillage,N_2O fluxes of conservation tillage (except NS) were increased.(5)The temper- ature was the primary factor that influenced N_2O emission,N_2O emission was enhanced with the increase of temperature.(6)Water content and mineralized N of soil were not related to N_2O emission.

Abstract:The shrub of Artemisia sphaerocephala are widely distributed in the fixed and semi fixed sands, covered sand beach,and are perfect sand-fixation plant.Study of the effect on different distribution modes of Artemisia sphaerocephala to soil wind erosion is of great significance to ecological construction and preven- tion against soil wind erosion in the fixed and semi fixed sands.The paper takes three distribution ways of Artemisia sphaerocephala as research subjects,and coverage degree of each way is between 20% and 25%, through the research on the aspects of wind field distribution and wind energy change,analysis the mecha- nism of planting disposition to prevent soil wind erosion based on aerodynamics principle.The conclusion as follows:The wind velocity profile of Artemisia sphaerocephala with uniformity model,stochastic model and banding collocate all follow one-variable linear regression;In three ways,the surface roughness of the brush with banding collocate is stablest,and the average windbreak effect is best.In short,it indicates that the effect of banding collocates for controlling wind erosion is most suitable.

Abstract:The soil reinforcement of plant is closely related to their rootsystems,and root features decide a- bout the function of soil reinforcement.Based on the same soil material but different features of rootsystems of Broussonetia papyrifera and Zanthoxylum bungeanum var.dintanensis,studied on the relationships be- tween rootsystem features and soil anti-scourability,soil anti-erosibility,soil anti-tensile strength or soil compactibility.Research shows that soil anti-scourability could be intensified by seedling rootsystem,the in- tense values are 78.01>77.71;And the rootsystems could improve soil anti-scourability,the order is Broussonetia papyrifera>Zanthoxylum bungeanum var.dintanensis>control,and the waterstable index is 4.36,3.16,1.67,respectively;Different rootsystems show different abilities on soil reinforcement,the soil anti-tensile strength with Broussonetia papyrifera is 214.92 N which is higher obviously than that of Zanthoxylum bungeanurn var.dintanensis which is 154.87 N;The sizes of soil compactibility are Broussonetia papyrifera>Zanthoxylum bungeanum var.dintanensis.And applying weighted composite index method to evaluate the soil reinforcement ability of rootsystems of different features at seedling stage,which shows that the ability of soil reinforcement of Broussonetia papyrifera is more powerful compared with Zanthoxylum bungeanum var.dintanensis,and the comprehensive index is 1.058 and 0.9125,separately.Looking forward to provide some theoretic basises for soil and water conservation work.

Abstract:通过野外天然降雨产流及人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同植被对坡面土壤侵蚀及土壤铜元素流失的影响及降雨过程中铜元素的流失规律。结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿、绿豆、荒草3种植被覆盖小区的年径流量为5183.8,5 366.2,3 867.3 m~3/km~2,比裸地减少33%,30.8%和50.1%;侵蚀模数为379.18.482.3,15.78 t/km~2,比裸地减少34.7%,16.4%和97.2%;全年全铜流失量为12.9,25.5,0.46 kg/km~2,有效铜流失量为6.22,11.01,0.15 kg/ km~2,分别比裸地减少67.3%,35.3%,98.8%和54.6%,19.6%,98.9%;(2)在模拟降雨过程中,农地小区的产流产沙强度过程呈现波动上升趋势,产沙过程波动较产流过程剧烈。铜元素流失强度过程与产流产沙强度过程相似,但其峰值多于产流产沙过程,且最高峰出现时间不同。有效铜流失强度变化率略高于全铜。

Abstract:Soil infiltrability is one of most important soil physical properties.The structure and texture of the soils in reclamation areas are quite complex,which results in different infiltration properties from the non- reclamation ones.In this study,disc permeameter was employed to measure soil infiltration properties for different land use types in the Majiata reclamation area of Shenmu-Fugu Dongsheng coal mine.The land use types are:woodland,wild-land,shrub-land,and grassland.The results showed that significant differences were found in soil infiltration properties of the four land use types.The steady infiltration rates of the four land uses under different suction values presented the tendency that was the infiltration rate of 0 cm>-3 cm>-15 cm.The steady infiltration rates of grassland changed remarkably with the suction.The study showed that the coefficients of variation (C_v) of steady infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration are 0.58 and 0.49,respectively.This indicated the two parameters for woodland was intermediately variable.