Abstract:从土壤-径流-泥沙过程,探讨北京密云石匣小区中不同土地利用类型、植被覆盖度和耕作方式下土壤磷素流失的差异,以及影响土壤磷素流失的主要因子及其相互关系。结果表明:泥沙量变化与降雨量呈现出较好的正相关关系,降雨强度对无植被覆盖小区的土壤侵蚀影响更为显著;产流时间主要受土壤含水量的影响,并与土壤含水量呈正相关;在降雨条件基本相同的前提下,前期土壤含水率越高,污染物的流失量也越大。不同土地利用类型中,农地中颗粒态磷流失量大于果园,林地次之,荒草坡流失量最小,这与各小区前期土壤含磷量的变化趋势基本一致;无植被覆盖小区磷流失量均高于有植被覆盖小区;磷浓度和磷流失量都随坡度增大呈上升趋势,在坡度为15~°20°范围,存在磷流失的坡度临界值,超过坡度临界值,磷流失减小;泥沙中含磷量与泥沙中小于0.001mm的粘粒分布比例呈正相关,说明土壤中粘粒是磷素养分流失的载体,由泥沙携带流失的磷占绝对优势。

Abstract:选择太湖流域平原河网地区为试验地点,采用3次重复人工暴雨试验方法,研究暴雨径流过程中地表径流与壤中流氮素流失特征。结果表明:地表径流与壤中流氮素流失特征具有较大差异,地表径流水相TN平均浓度为12.41 mg/L,壤中流水相TN平均浓度低于地表径流约50.65%。地表径流氮素流失以PN为主,DN和PN的流失量比为1∶2.65,壤中流氮素流失以DN为主,DN和PN流失量比为2∶1。整个暴雨径流过程中氮素流失以地表径流为主,占总流失量的81.66%,壤中流氮素流失量相对较少,仅占氮素总流失量的18.34%。地表径流与壤中流氮素流失量比较分析结果证实,土壤的水分下渗滤过机制对氮素具有较强的削减作用,对PN的削减作用尤为明显,可达70%以上。在流域产汇流过程中,充分发挥洼地和高透水地段对地表径流的蓄渗功能,对面源营养盐污染控制具有重要的作用。

Abstract:This dissertation has discussed the ecological process of the surface water of Inner Mongolia typical steppe and influencing factor by means of the method,which contains both the determination of runoff in field and simulated runoff in field and simulated runoff in the laboratory,here we present several key findings:First,the vegetation degradation is the primary factor causing fluctuations in surface runoff.A significant positive correlation was found between surface runoff and degradation intensity.The vegetation degradation both increased obviously with the surface runoff coefficient and runoff discharge.Second,the plant height and density of vegetation canopy is the primary factor causing fluctuations in surface runoff.The surface runoff coefficient and the surface runoff discharge decreases gradually along the plant height and density.However,the influence of plant height were higher than the influence of plant density on surface runoff at an certain condition.Third,the influence of litter on surface runoff was very serious,it was mainly influenced by directly interception effect and indirectly barrier effect.The influence of litter were higher than the influence of vegetation on surface runoff at an certain condition.

Abstract:研究了以撒施和穴施方式施用于酸性赤红壤坡地上的污泥氮素在人工降雨条件下随径流的迁移情况。试验结果表明,污泥撒施后24 h径流中TN、TDN、TPN和NH4 -N的浓度和流失量最高,其中TN浓度为57.0 mg/L,TN流失量为1 086.5 mg/m2,占撒施TN累积流失量的70.6%,分别是穴施对应峰值的6.0倍和2.4倍,此后浓度和流失量均逐渐降低。穴施径流中氮素及撒施NO3--N浓度与流失量则呈先上升后逐渐下降趋势。撒施和穴施TDN/TN累积流失量分别为38.7%和65.0%,NH4 -N是TDN流失的主要形式(≥55.7%)。控制颗粒物流失是防止氮流失的重要内容,此外,污泥氮素在土壤中的转化及污泥对坡地土壤理化性状的改变均影响着径流中氮的迁移。

Abstract:农业面源污染对环境的压力越来越大,已引起国内外广泛重视。利用人工降雨装置模拟3种不同强度的降雨,采用模拟径流小区研究了雨强及耕作措施对紫色土N,P损失量及载体的影响。结果表明:在耕作方式相同时,雨强越大,地表径流量越大,地下径流量减少,总径流量增加,不利于土壤保蓄雨水和含水量的提高。在相同雨强条件下,平作的地表径流量最大,土壤侵蚀也最剧烈。横坡垄作在中小雨强条件下控制地表径流和侵蚀的效果非常明显,但在大雨强条件下,控制径流和泥沙的效果减弱;横坡垄作有增加地下径流和N流失量的趋势。在本试验条件下,有约1%的化肥N(速效N)被雨水淋洗出土体并排放到环境中;而速效P的流失量只占化肥P的3/10000~10/10000,流失量很微小。紫色土坡耕地P流失载体是泥沙,流失量更易受雨强的影响,要控制P流失,首先应防止土壤侵蚀;横坡垄作能有效控制土壤侵蚀,因此,也能较好控制P流失。紫色土坡耕地N流失载体在雨强较小时是径流,径流中又以壤中流为主,要控制N流失,首先必须控制壤中流;传统横坡垄作会加大壤中流量,也就加大了N流失。全面控制紫色土的N,P损失,必须采用控蚀耕作、增厚土层、提升土壤有机质等措施。

Abstract:Rainfall and runoff are the main dynamic factors which cause soil erosion on the Loess Plateau.Research on processes of rainfall,runoff and sediment yield can serve as development of process-based mode of soil erosion,soil and water conservation,and ecology construction on loess region.Based on analyzing the data of natural unsteady rainfall,runoff and sediment yield processes observed in Zizhou field experimental station,and applying non-linear modelling technology,the dynamic variational processes and responded relationship of rainfall-runoff-sediment yield on loess hillslope are studied.The research results show that the variation processes of accumulated rainfall amount with rainfall time,the variation processes of accumulated runoff depth with runoff time,the variation processes of accumulated erosion modulus with sediment yield time,the responses of variation processes of accumulated runoff depth to variation processes of accumulated rainfall amount,the responses of variation processes of accumulated erosion modulus to variation processes of accumulated runoff depth are all displayed with non-linear relationships.All of them can be divided into two types and can be described with extanded S curve model and extanded power function model respectively.

Abstract:利用长期定位试验(1999~2007年),在豫西旱区坡度为8°的黄土坡耕地上,研究了免耕覆盖、深松覆盖和传统耕作不同耕作措施对降水产流、土壤水分入渗及分配的影响。结果表明:(1)免耕覆盖和深松覆盖延迟产流时间,缩短降水结束后径流持续时间,径流系数较传统耕作分别减少了97.49%和81.20%,径流量和土壤侵蚀量减少80%以上。免耕覆盖水土保持效果最好,在降雨强度为123 mm/h、历时40 min产生微弱水土流失。(2)传统耕作的土壤水分入渗速率初始最大,随后急剧下降,至4 min降至最低。在3~60 min入渗速率稳定过程,免耕覆盖和深松覆盖平均入渗速率相同,为0.07 mm/s,是传统耕作的1.40倍。免耕覆盖土壤水分入渗速率变化比较平缓,稳定入渗速率最大。(3)在土壤初始含水量较高、降水(74.2 mm)结束1 h后,2种保护性耕作水分下渗的土层深度比传统耕作的高出30~40 cm,160 cm土体降水的贮蓄量增量是传统耕作的2倍多。

Abstract:Soil moisture has strong spatial heterogeneity in both vertical and horizontal directions.Considerable interests have been devoted to the assessment of horizontal direction whereas less of that are known in the vertical variation.In this study,we used classical statistics,geo-statistics and fractal methods to characterize the temporal-spatial variability of 6 m depth profile soil moisture in the vertical direction,on the typical slope land on the Loess Plateau. Profile soil moisture at different measurement times followed a log-normal distribution and showed a moderate variability.Soil moisture increased with the increasing of soil depth and behaved temporal stability during measurement periods. Profile soil moisture demonstrated a strongly spatial dependence as reflected by the nearly none nugget ratio,which did not change with measurement time,and the experimental variogram of soil moisture was fitted well with an exponential model.Profile soil moisture at different measure times showed a limited selfsimilarity at an entire study scale.It has a stable self-similarity at distances less than 2.00 m and weak self-similarity at distances larger than 2.00 m.The value of fractal dimension was highly related to the main processes of control soil moisture.At each measurement time,the spatial auto-correlation of the profile soil moisture was the same,that is,it demostrated spatially positive correlation at distances less than 3.20 m whereas spatially negative correlation at distances larger than 3.20 m.The profile soil moisture at different measure times showed a significantly positive correlation.

Abstract:This paper observes salix deserts barrier along the highway of crossing Kubuqi desert and Batuta salix datebase.Then,according to the observation,make use of the software of Sufer(8.8) for the wind speed flow chart and it systematically analyses the benefit of wind-breaking and sand-binding of salix deserts barrier with roughness length and roughed wind speed.Besides,the research explains the effects of salix deserts barrier for the highway of crossing Kubuqi desert.The result expresses that the half concealment type,even spread type sand salix defend the sand inside the system,wind velocity ratio(V2 m/V0.3 m) of variety along with to salix system of gradual close to curve large;The variety of rough(z0) then compares along with the wind velocity(V2 m/V0.3 m)of the aggrandizement express two kinds of circumstances: When the weald wind velocity is small in rise sand wind velocity,its trend line is a polynomial function,being weald wind velocity is strong while rising sand wind velocity,its trend line is index number function;Defend the sand inside the system at the sand salix,because of sand grain and sand salix takes place collision inside system,sand rate with defend sand system to distribute far and nearly to no longer follow logarithms in brief or is an index number relation,it pole the value appear of distance with increment but motion of wind velocity,because of sand the salix constitute of earth's surface complications to change much,it flows structure and the sandstorm movable layer wind velocity influence of the line to the sandstorm very difficult assurance.

Abstract:The research measuresed 9 kinds of influences that Salix psammophila checkerboard to lose wind velocity,roughness length and the rate of sand transporting of the dissimilarity height,different specification.The result express: the protection benefit of zonal willow Salix psammophila checkerboard has direct relationship of Salix psammophila's height and forest belt implantation. When the number of lines is more and the distance between belts is smaller,the protection effect is better,but the cost is bigger.The belt-shaped Salix psammophila checkerboard made by sand willow can display the greatest cost benefit,when its specification is one belt and three lines.The benefit of one belt and two lines is lower.No matter how high of the belt,the benefit of one belt and one line is the lowest.

Abstract:With incremented railway construction in wind erosion areas,the problem of wind erosion of railway construction demand more attentions.Experiments are designed against road embankments,soil-excavated fields and sidewalks of Zhangji railway,in order to analyze the relation between the wind speed and sand transport flux,blown-sand structure and sand transport movement.The findings indicate that there is an obvious index relationship between wind speed and sand transport flux in different parts of embankment slope.With variation of blown-sand structure parameters in different parts,erosion of 3-meter design height embankment is independent of wind speed and wind direction and erosion phenomena translate from upwind side to leeward slope side as the wind speed increases and evident relationship between erosion,wind speed and wind direction of not less than 6-meter design height embankment shows up,yet with unobvious wind erosion movement.Wind erosion occurs in diversified segments of sidewalk and soil-excavated fields when wind speed surpasses soil starting wind speed.Studies and conclusions can contribute to the protection layout,construction and environment evaluation both in experimental and theoretical perspective.

Abstract:The relationship between soil susceptibility and the soil chemical characters were studied,and find out the mechanism of soil susceptibility variation with soil erosion intensity.The soil susceptibility increases with the soil erosion decreasing,and at the same time,the content of organic materials and magnetism mineral content are adding.In this study,we find the content of free ferric oxide is main reason of causing the soil susceptibility variation.The mechanism of soil susceptibility variation is that soil erosion make the soil redistribution in the slope,and the soil chemical characters changed too,at the same time and then the soil susceptibility changed too.

Abstract:运用137Cs示踪技术探讨了丹江口市小流域不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀,并分析了137Cs含量与有机质和重金属含量之间的关系。结果表明:农用地土壤侵蚀速率从大到小依次为沟谷旱地>坡耕地>菜田>水田>草地>灌丛,耕作土的侵蚀强度多为中度和强度侵蚀,非耕作土则是微度和轻度侵蚀;不同土地利用方式对土壤有机质和重金属分布影响很大,有机质含量分布规律为草地>灌丛>菜田>水田>沟谷旱地>坡耕地;Pb与Ni含量为灌丛>草地>坡耕地>沟谷旱地>菜田>水田;Cr与Cu含量为灌丛>菜田>坡耕地>草地>沟谷旱地>水田;Zn含量为灌丛>菜田>草地>坡耕地>沟谷旱地>水田。对137Cs含量与土壤有机质、重金属含量进行回归分析的相关系数均在0.7以上,说明在景观简单的小流域,可以利用137Cs含量和数学模型预测土壤有机质和重金属的含量变化。

Abstract:为有效防治坡耕地水土流失,提高坡耕地持续利用,于2007年选用甘草、板蓝根两种道地药材,在陇中黄土高原半干旱区的坡耕地上进行了道地药材保护性耕作防治水土流失效应的研究。试验设传统耕作下板蓝根与甘草间作(TIL)、春小麦与甘草间作(TWL)、免耕不覆盖下板蓝根与甘草间作(NTIL)、春小麦与甘草间作(NTWL)、免耕秸秆覆盖下板蓝根与甘草间作(NTSIL)、春小麦与甘草间作(NTSWL)6个处理,坡度在6°~7°之间,每个处理小区底部设径流收集池。结果表明:(1)保护性耕作具有良好的防止土壤侵蚀效应,6个处理的水土流失量为TWL>NTWL>NTSWL>TIL>NTIL>NTSIL。(2)流失泥沙的养分含量中有机质、速效N、速效P、速效K的流失总量最大,全N和全P的流失总量最小,NTSIL对减少有机质和速效K的流失具有明显的作用。(3)径流量、侵蚀量与降雨量的回归关系均十分显著。所以在坡耕地上选择板蓝根与甘草间作的水土保持效果优于春小麦与甘草间作,尤其以NTSIL最佳。

Abstract:Pot experiments is are done to research toxicity effects of Cr and As, as well as their interaction and influences on migration in soil-plant system. The results show that:(1) When Cr is treated singly,with the increasing of Cr concentration,the amounts of residual Cr in soil increase,but the proportion of residual Cr to added Cr is decreased.This illustrates that added Cr can promote migration of soil Cr to rye plants.(2) With the heightening of As levels in interaction treatments,the amounts of residual Cr increase in the same treatment.The adding of As can prohibit migration of soil Cr to plants,and with the increasing of As concentration,the prohibition of As is stronger.(3) When As is treated singly,with the increasing of As concentration,the amounts of residual As in soil increase,but the amounts of residual As in soil are greater than added As.As that is assimilated by the plants is influenced slightly by added As.(4) In the process of interaction treatments,at the same As level,with the increasing of Cr concentration,the contents of As in rye plants change equably.The As contents of plants at the different As level change at the same trend.The migration of As in soil to plant is influenced slightly by added Cr.

Abstract:Today,the entire society has paid more and more attention to quality of vegetables.The prevention and control of heavy metal pollution on vegetables is an urgent environmental problem.This paper studied on migration and transformation of Si and Cr in soil-vegetables system by making a simulated pot experiment,which is designed to apply Si to artificial Cr polluted soil.It supplied the basis for further study on application of Si to control heavy metal pollution on vegetables.The results indicate:(1) Under various levels of Cr stress,Si cumulate in Brassica chinensis changed and Si uptake by Brassica chinensis's roots is different.A certain level of Si can improve Si content in aboveground part of Brassica chinensis under each level of Cr stress.(2)Cr cumulate in Brassica chinensis decreased as increasing the application of Si at each level of Cr treatment,which shows that Si can decrease Cr uptake effectively.(3)Si inhibited the Cr which is absorbed by roots transporting to aerial part,therefore the contamination of adible part reduced.Cr in roots is hard to be transported to stem under high level Cr stress,but once arrived at stem,it's easy for they to be transfered to leaf.(4)Si reduced each part of Brassica chinensis's accumulation ability to Cr,thus decreased the Cr pollution on Brassica chinensis.

Abstract:研究了田间种植小麦条件下,底泥农用前后土壤中重金属锌的形态演变,以及盆栽种植小麦条件下,pH值、碳氮比、质地对底泥农用土壤重金属锌形态演变的影响。结果表明,随着底泥施用量的增加,土壤中可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态、残渣态锌含量均有不同程度的增加。高pH、碳氮比为25∶1、粘土质地条件,可以导致土壤中可交换态锌的含量减少。植株中根系>茎叶>籽粒中锌的含量,并随底泥施用量的增加而增加。

Abstract:The influences of three exogenous organic acids(citric acid,oxalic acid and tartaric acid) on Cr tolerance,uptake and translocation by Canna indica L.were investigated based on nutrient solution-culture experiment.The results showed that addition of organic acids enhanced Canna indica L.resistance to Cr,increased the Cr uptake by Canna indica L.and the accumulation of Cr in the above-ground portion of the plant to some extent.However,various organic acids with different concentrations(4,8,16 mmol/L) caused different effects.Compared with citric acid and tartaric acid,oxalic acid at 16 mmol/L had a higher ability of Cr tolerance,especially as evidenced by significant increase in the level of roots growth and biomass of Canna indica L.The effects of organic acids on Canna indica L.to assimilate and transfer Cr to aboveground part were in the following decreasing order: citric acid>tartaric acid>oxalic acid,especially for citric acid at concentration of 16 mmol/L,while only tartaric acid and oxalic acid significantly increased Cr uptake by Canna indica L.and the accumulation of Cr in the above-ground portion of the plant at 8 mmol/L and 16 mmol/L,respectively.These results indicated that citric acid at 16 mmol/L was more suitable for phytoremediation of Cr wastewater.

Abstract:利用选择性萃取技术对表层沉积物(生物膜)中的锰氧化物、铁/锰氧化物及有机质进行选择性萃取分离,同时考察同步萃取下来的Cu,Zn的分离情况,并运用加和模型研究表层沉积物(生物膜)中各组分对自然水体中重金属Cu,Zn的富集能力。结果表明,生物膜对自然水体中重金属Cu,Zn的富集能力大于表层沉积物,表层沉积物(生物膜)中的金属(铁、锰)氧化物对重金属Cu,Zn的单位富集能力远远大于有机质(1~2个数量级),有机质对重金属的单位富集能力可忽略不计,金属(铁、锰)氧化物是表层沉积物(生物膜)富集自然水体中重金属的主要控制因素。

Abstract:以潮褐土为供试土壤,通过模拟试验研究了高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和黑麦草(Lolium multif lorum)对复合污染土壤Cd,Pb,Zn的富集特点。结果表明,在土壤Cd,Pb,Zn复合污染处理条件下,高羊茅Cd,Pb,Zn的平均富集量,地上部分别为5.76,19.77,418.18 mg/kg,地下部分别为129.82,256.66,354.66 mg/kg;黑麦草Cd,Pb,Zn的平均富集量,地上部分别为5.57,26.13,467.18 mg/kg,地下部分别为114.53,155.98,513 48 mg/kg。通过方差分析,这两种草坪草的重金属富集量没有显著差异,并且富集规律呈现较为一致的特点。地上部的富集量和土壤重金属含量的离子冲量呈显著的线性相关。这两种草坪草对其重金属的富集能力顺序为:Zn>Cd>Pb,其中对Zn的吸收呈现富集植物的特性规律,当土壤Zn含量>400 mg/kg时,其转运系数>1,地上部对Zn的富集能力很强,可作为Zn污染土壤的修复植物。通过偏相关和多元回归分析表明,这两种草坪草在土壤Cd,Pb,Zn复合污染条件下均未产生复合效应。

Abstract:By in-situ observation and analysis in laboratory, structure and salt-accumulation mechanism infrozen-thawing season in micro scale (a 32 m long transect) of sodic saline soil region were discussed.Results show that texture along soil profile on micro plat was silty sub slay-slay-silt-gravel structure; themain component in micro basin was silt and gravel, lacking of slay layer. Moisture in saline meadow soilsurface layer was mainly in the form of capillary water, porosity of macro capillary can exceed 70% of totalporosity; moisture in sodic alkaline soil was mainly in the form of confined water, the water content was lowand variation range was very weak. The water and salinity transportation in frozen-thawing period werecontrolled by mosaic structure composed by alkaline soil and saline meadow soil. The surface layer of salinemeadow soil became accumulation sink groundwater in frozen-thawing season, in which the water contentcould reach up to 50%; the vast salinity accumulated in surface layer resulted in the saline degree graduallyaggravated in thawing season.

Abstract:Choosing farmlands of different cultivated time in plain and oasis-desert ecotone in Qitai oasis,analyzes the temporal movement of soil soluble total salt,pH value,organic matter.The results show that Qitai oasis has already in a circumstance which is valuable for soil-salinization reversal evolvement,groundwater table is below 5 meters,the critical point which will affect the surface salt accumulation.Groundwater mineralization degree is lower than 3 g/L.With the decreasing of groundwater table and the increasing of cultivated time,the content of soil soluble total salt declined and organic matter enhanced,soilsalinization reversal evolvement has already occurred.Salinization reversal evolvement presents temporal and spatial characters,and can be classified as three different phases: the primary,the middle and the high-level.From the lower to the upside of Qitai oasis,the stage of soil salinization reversal evolvement gradually transfers to high-level.

Abstract:This study mainly studied the characteristics of non-point source pollution output of runoff areas of four different lands use pattern in Jianshan river,Chengjiang,under natural precipitation condition.The result showed that the total phosphorous outputs were different at various runoff areas of the lands use pattern,and the farmland had the maximum total phosphorous output among the four different runoff areas,and followed by planted forest,the secondary forest and shrub-grassland.The COD and NH 4-N outputs at planted forest and farmland were higher than the secondary forest and shrub-grassland.The non-point source pollution output at the four different runoff areas of different lands use pattern had no definate differences,however,on the whole view,the higher vegetation coverage caused the higher concentrations of phosphorous and nitrogen output in runoff,while leaded to the lower COD and NH 4-N,NO-3-N concentrations.The nitrate concentration reached 8.5~111 times of the nitrite,and the soluble nitrate was the main loss form.The eroded sediment was capable to enrich nutrient,and the enrichment ratios at secondary forest and shrub-grassland were higher than the farmland.The total phosphorous and nitrogen outputs at the eroded sediments of different lands use pattern were orderly followed as farmland,planted forest,shrub-grassland and secondary forest,but the available nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were followed as farmland,planted forest,secondary forest and shrub-grassland.Compared with nitrogen,the surface soil phosphorus was more easily to be lost with the runoff activity,and the phosphorous output was mainly connected with sediment,particularly for the available phosphorus.

Abstract:Nitrogen and phosphorus are the major contributors to eutrophication of water.The dynamic output of non-point resources in Lanhe watershed located at Fenhe River's upstream was studied in the present paper using the method for non-point source pollutants revenue and expenditure analysis.The total nitrogen and phosphorus export of watershed were mostly influenced by the runoff amount of the watershed.The retention rate was mostly determined by plants and microbial organisms in the watershed.The value of correlative coefficient between the total nitrogen and retention rate was 0.724 and the corresponding dates between two of total phosphorus,and retention rate,runoff amount are more than 0.7.The average error rate was controlled within 10 percent through simulating the watershed's TN and TP with no-point resource's export and import analysis method.The correlative coefficient between total nitrogen simulated data about export concentration and load and their monitored date were 0.895 and 0.924,respectively. The correlative coefficient between the total phosphorus simulated data about export concentration and load and their monitored data were 0.896 and 0.997,respectively.

Abstract:以2006年11月至2007年5月凉水自然保护区内采集的降雪、积雪和溪流融雪径流样品为研究对象,初步探讨森林生态系统内雪化学特征及其变化规律。研究结果表明:降雪中浓度最高的阴、阳离子分别为HCO3-和Ca2 ,pH值为5.94,属微酸性;原始红松林内积雪中各种离子的浓度均高于人工落叶松林、次生白桦林和林间空地,且Ca2 ,K ,Cl-,NO3-和HCO3-存在显著性差异,说明原始红松林是较好的营养库;原始红松林内积雪离子浓度最高值均出现在郁闭度为0.5~0.7之间;保护区内溪流水中离子浓度在融雪径流期呈规律性变化。

Abstract:对内蒙古大青山4种林地类型的土壤特性、凋落物持水量及林地土壤贮水性能进行了研究。结果表明:①林地间土壤容重和孔隙度差异较大,容重大小依次为油松人工林>虎榛子灌丛林>落叶松人工林>白桦山杨天然次生林;总孔隙大小依次为白桦山杨天然次生林>落叶松人工林>虎榛子灌丛林>油松人工林;②林地间凋落物蓄积量和最大持水率差异较大,蓄积量大小依次为落叶松人工林>白桦山杨天然次生林>虎榛子灌丛林>油松人工林;最大持水率大小依次为落叶松人工林>白桦山杨天然次生林>虎榛子灌丛林>油松人工林;③依据林地总贮水量的大小,4种林地水源涵养功能大小依次为白桦山杨天然次生林(3 687.172 t/hm2)>落叶松人工林(3 553.229 t/hm2)>虎榛子灌丛林(3 035.698 t/hm2)>油松人工林(2 796.279 t/hm2)。

Abstract:Studied yield,soil water content changing in root layer and water use efficiency of different cropping systems that was winter wheat-summer maize two harvests in one year,winter wheat-summer maize-spring maize three harvests in two years and spring maize one harvest in one year.Results indicated that there were significant effects of different cropping systems on yield,water consumption and water use.The yield,water consumption and water use efficiency of two harvests in one year was higher than another two cropping systems,however,it need more groundwater to irrigation because the precipitation only met 72.9% of water consumption.Three harvests in two years met 80.4% of water consumption,meanwhile the yield,water consumption and water use efficiency decreased 23.1%,12.0% and 15.8% compared to two harvests in one year.One harvest in one year met 89.2% of water consumption,meanwhile the yield,water consumption and water use efficiency decreased 45.2%,27.3% and 30.7% compared to two harvests in one year.Soil water content in 2 meters of two harvests in one year and three harvests in two years changed waving and one harvest in one year changed gently during two years.Compared another two cropping systems,three harvests in two years gave attention to sustainability of water resource and food safety due to higher rate of precipitation occupied water consumption in growing stage while the yield and water use efficiency intervenient another two cropping systems.Appropriate cultivating management of high yield need be studied further.

Abstract:Dynamics of soil micro-ecological environment at different growth stages of poplar plantation were studied in Zhaoxian town and Qiaoshan town of Ju county,Shandong province.The results showed: with the plantation ages increased, soil physics property became worse,and then it became better than before.However,pH value decreased with plantation ages increased.Contents of soil nutrients and the activity of soil urease increased firstly,and then decreased.Peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity decreased with plantation ages increased;however,catalase activity was not a significant law.With the poplar plantation ages increased,the number of bacteria and actinomyces and total number of soil microbes increased;however,the number of fungi was not a significant law.Compared with different soil layers,soil physical properties of the bottom layer were worse than the top layer.With the depth of soil layer increased,the contents of soil nutrients were decreased other than soil available P and soil micro-element Fe.The activity of soil urease was decreased with the depth of soil layer increased;however,catalase activity,peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity were not significant law.Especially,compared with the two experimental sites,catalase activity showed reverse trends.

Abstract:Based on located research method,soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil total nitrogen(STN) contents in 0~20 cm(upper) and 20~40 cm(below) soil layer of Betula luminifera-Hemarthria compressa and Pleioblastus amarus-Hemarthria compressa two vegetations were analyzed in the initial(1~7 year) of conversion cropland to forest.The results showed that SOC and STN contents in two layers of B.luminifera-H.compressa and P.amarus-H.compressa two vegetations rapidly decreased in the beginning and subsequently increased with time,those in the upper layer accumulated in the sixth year and the fourth year respectively,but those in the below layer both accumulated in the fifth year.C/N ratio only increased in the second or third year but showed indistinct change in other years.After seven years' vegetation restoration,SOC contents and C/N ratio of P.amarus-H. compressa vegetation were higher than B.luminifera-H.compressa,but the improving condition of soil nitrogen was not obvious.Following the conversion cropland to forest project,the soil carbon and nitrogen content were picking up and appearing sequestration effects despite that they didn't restore the level of cropland.

Abstract:The intensive management Moso bamboo plantation soil aggregates and its carbon storage were analyzed.The results showed that soil granule structure of Moso bamboo plantation was dominated by >5 mm aggregate for all the three soil layers,accounting for 26.39%~42.38% of all soil aggregate.Soil aggregates of 1~5 mm and <0.25 mm accounted for 14%~18% and 2.31%~6.73%,respectively.Mean weight diameter of soil aggregate in Moso bamboo plantation was 0.90 mm,which tended to increase with descending soil layers.The accumulation of soil organic carbon was significantly related to organic carbon in 0.25~3.15 mm aggregate.However,the correlations between soil organic carbon accumulation and organic carbon in both >3.15 mm and <0.25 mm aggregates were not significant.Moso bamboo plantation soil aggregate ratio of organic carbon in> 5 mm and 3.15 ~ 5 mm aggregate in 0~20 cm were 14.86% and 11.26%,lower than its 20~40 cm and 40~60 cm layer.That is to say the > 5 mm soil diameter aggregate organic carbon content decreased maybe the main reasons of long-term intensive management Mao bamboo plantation soil organic carbon content decreased.

Abstract:Two experiments in newly-culltivated slope land and upland with three treatments,Nil(CK),NPK(NPK),Straw NP(SNP),were selected to analyze the effects of ex situ rice straw incorporation on the distribution of organic carbon and nitrogen in water-stable macro-aggregates of hilly red soils.Results showed that,ex situ incorporation of straw increased water-stable macro-aggregates and the concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen increased with increase of water-stable aggregate-size;ex situ incorporation of straw significantly increased the concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen in water-stable macro-aggregates by 10.1%~78.5% and 9.4%~63.6%(p<0.05),and also increased the ratios of organic carbon and nitrogen in water-stable macro-aggregates(2~5 mm or 1~2 mm) to soil;Compared to inorganic fertilizer,ex situ incorporation of straw significantly increased the concentrations of organic carbon by 6.5%~46.1% in 0.5~1 mm,1~2 mm,2~5 mm,>5 mm water-stable aggregates and nitrogen by 8.7%~16.1% in 0.5~1 mm,1~2 mm,2~5 mm water-stable aggregates.Water-stable macro-aggregates have high potential to accumulate organic C and N,and ex situ incorporation of straw increased the concentrations and distributions of organic C and total N in water-stable macro-aggregates,which increased the ability of regulating soil fertility.Therefore,ex situ incorporation of straw was effective measure to improve soil structure,enhance and regulate soil fertility in hilly red soils.

Abstract:在位于黄土高原西部半干旱区定西市李家堡镇设置不同保护性耕作试验,对不同麦-豆轮作次序下0~5cm,5~10 cm,10~30 cm土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体组成、团聚体稳定系数及土壤总有机碳含量进行了测定。结果表明:经过5年的轮作后,干筛法获得的机械稳定性团聚体在两种轮作次序下均以大团聚体为主,但处理间各层次的表现无明显规律;相对于传统耕作,免耕 秸秆覆盖、传统耕作 秸秆还田以及免耕不覆盖处理在两种轮作次序下均能不同程度地提高各层次土壤水稳性团聚体含量和团聚体稳定率;各层次土壤免耕 秸秆覆盖、传统耕作 秸秆还田土壤总有机碳含量均较传统耕作处理有提高,而免耕不覆盖处理土壤总有机碳含量在麦→豆→麦序列下比传统耕作处理高,在豆→麦→豆序列下比传统耕作处理低。

Abstract:Field experiment and laboratory simulated experiment were conducted to study the dynamic process of soil respiration flux,SMBC,basal respiration,metabolic quotient(qCO2) and DOC for Doyeuxia augustifolia wetland and cultivating-ten-year soil(agricultural soil) after tillage.The results showed that soil water content of Doyeuxia augustifolia wetland decreased significantly after soil tillage.Soil CO2 flux reached a peak in primary 1~2 days after tillage.CO2 flux of cultivated soil with tillage was higher all the time than that of soil without tillage(p<0.01).SMBC content of agricultural soil was higher significantly than that of Doyeuxia augustifolia wetland(p<0.001).SMBC content of wetland and agricultural soil had no significant difference in the primary 1~3 days after tillage.Since then SMBC content of soil with tillage increased rapidly and was higher than that of soil without tillage.For agricultural soil,SMBC content of soil with tillage was higher all through than that of soil without tillage. Soil tillage had no significant influence of DOC content on agricultural soil. However,DOC content of wetland increased rapidly after tillage.For wetland,DOC content of tillage was higher significantly than that of no tillage in primary 80 days(p<0.01),while lower than that of no tillage after 80 days.

Abstract:Soilless culture is a widely used advanced technology in protected agriculture,it can overcome continuous cropping obstacles and have the advantages of economizing water,fertilizers and time compared to soil cultivation,the development prospects of soilless cultivation technology will be more brighter for applying controlled-release fertilizer in medium culture.The paper was concerned with the experiment in medium,in order to illustrate the nutrient release rate of controlled-release fertilizers in medium and effects on basic properties of medium.The results indicated that the nutrient release disciplinarian,nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,iron and zinc of controlled-release fertilizers is basically conform,the nutrient was released slowly and the nutrients losings can be reduced.The controlled-release fertilizers(CRFs) could be safer than common fertilizers as the salinity contents of controlled-release fertilizers lower compared to common fertilizers.The bulk density and total interspaces of medium of CRFs was distinctly changed,appropriate environment was afforded to crops.

Abstract:探讨干旱缺水地区灌溉方式对果园土壤物理性质的影响,为采取合理的果园节水灌溉措施、有效利用灌溉水资源提供科学依据。以鲁中南山地果园为研究区域,利用分形理论,对渗灌和漫灌条件下果园土壤物理性质及其分形特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)渗灌和漫灌土壤物理性质存在着明显的异质性,二者差异显著,土壤容重渗灌比漫灌降低6.71%;土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和毛管孔隙度渗灌比漫灌分别高11.62%,43.84%和8.72%。(2)渗灌和漫灌土壤粒径分布存在明显差异,土壤的粘粒和粉粒含量渗灌高于漫灌,而砂粒和细粗砾含量却是漫灌高于渗灌。(3)渗灌和漫灌土壤颗粒的分形维数差异明显,分形维数分别为2.318 3和2.731 9,渗灌土壤的分形维数变化比较小,比漫灌的分形维数小15.14%;特别是漫灌在0~10 cm土层内土壤颗粒分形维数达到2.811 5。说明渗灌比漫灌具有较好的维持土壤物理性质的功能,漫灌对土壤结构尤其是表层土壤结构的破坏较为严重。

Abstract:The soil physical and chemical properties of sand meadow in natural restoring processes were studied.The results showed that enclosure promoted the improvement of soil physical and chemical properties.With the enclosure years increased,the soil particle composition changed significantly,the coarse particle size fractions(>0.25 mm) decreased,but the fine particle size fractions(0.05~0.25 mm) increased significantly,and the clay particle size fractions(<0.05 mm) also increased,especially in the top soil(0~10 cm).There were significant difference of organic carbon and total nitrogen content among different restoration status in each soil layer,the content of organic carbon and total nitrogen enhanced significantly in the restoring processes.With the enclosure years increased,the soil hardness increased accordingly,but the soil bulk density decreased.Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between the soil carbon concentration,soil nitrogen concentration and soil fine particle size fractions(0.05~0.25 mm) and clay particle size fractions content,however,there was significant negative relationships between the soil carbon concentration,soil nitrogen concentration and soil coarse particle size fraction(0.25~2 mm) content.

Abstract:通过对大兴安岭松岭林区白桦林、落叶松林以及白桦落叶松混交林的当年高强度火烧迹地与对照样地的土壤水分物理性质进行测定和比较研究。结果表明:在火烧迹地和对照样地无论是土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤持水量还是贮水能力,0~10 cm土层土壤都较10~20 cm土层土壤优越,火烧没有改变随深度变化的趋势,但相差明显增高。3种林型相比,在对照样地,白桦林土壤通气性优于落叶松林,而在火烧迹地,落叶松林优于白桦林。无论是在对照样地还是火烧迹地,落叶松林土壤的持水量平均值均大于白桦林,而白桦林土壤的平均贮水能力优于落叶松林。总体上看,在研究地区无论是土壤通气性、土壤持水量还是贮水能力,白桦林和落叶松林都较白桦落叶松混交林优越。火烧迹地与对照样地相比,火烧对3种林型的影响趋势相同,即土壤容重增加,土壤平均孔隙度以及土壤持水量减小。

Abstract:The spatial distribution of the nitrogen could reflect the course of the environmental change in the wetland to a certain extent.The content of the organic matter and the total nitrogen in the sediment,pore water and overlying water were analyzed for the three typical areas in Baiyangdian wetland.Results showed that the vertical distribution of the organic matter and the total nitrogen in sediment were all gradually decreases from upper to the lower,and the horizontal distribution of them in surface soil were distinctly different.There was a lower content of the total nitrogen and a higher content of the NH 4-N at 6 cm in sediment.It showed that 6 cm in sediment was an activity area of degradation organic nitrogen in Baiyangdian wetland.The content of NH 4-N and NO-3-N in upper water of bulrush area was higher than openness lakeland.The results implied that the hydrophyte in wetland could accelerate nitrogen liberation and increase nitrogen settling.At the same time,the metabolite and relict from hydrophyte could increase the nitrogenous concentration in water.So,the harvesting and refloatation was a necessary measure to reduce the nitrogen input.

Abstract:The effects of long-term fertilization on nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in black soil wereinvestigated by a 28 d incubation experiment. The main results were as follows: soil nitrogen mineralized andnitrified significantly among different treatments in the duration of incubation, showing that long-termfertilization had a pronounced effect on mineralizable nitrogen content. Mineralizable nitrogen contentincreased with increasing application of chemical fertilizer, however, application of organic manure togetherwith NPK fertilizer further enhanced nitrogen mineralization, which indicated that organic amendmentsignificantly increased soil nitrogen bioavailability. The nitrification rate had strong relationship with Napplication, whereas a weak correlation was found between nitrification rate and application of PK fertilizer.Chemical fertilizers amended with organic manure significantly increased nitrification rate, conclusively,changes of nitrification rates were driven by soil pH and the mineralizable nitrogen content of black soil.

Abstract:This paper analyses nitric nitrogen of the greenhouse soil in different service life in Yangling.The result indicated that the content of nitric nitrogen in greenhouse obviously higher than the open crop field,the salt and nitric nitrogen accumulation was obviously on top greenhouse soil,the content of nitric nitrogen trend to increased along with cultivated year.The pH value was dropped by cultivated year;the content of pH was higher in upper layer than in lower layer.There is a significant negative interrelation between pH value and nitric nitrogen,r=0.942 3.The content of nitric nitrogen changed in different growing period,the nitric nitrogen contents begin to decrease after tomato fruit stage,the nitrogen accumulates does not have a notable relation with the general salt and pH during the whole growth period.

Abstract:Recently,more and more people pay close attention to humic acid.Purpose of this research was offering basic data for the production of humic acid slow-release fertilizers.The effects of P concentration,equilibrium time,ratio of solid to liquid and pH value on characteristics of the P adsorption on humic acid extracted from brown coal and its absorptive regularity was studied by isothermal adsorption methods and the characteristics of isothermal adsorption and kinetics adsorption on humic acid was discussed too.Results showed that pH increase of medium was of great disadvantage of P adsorption and could decrease the velocity of adsorption reaction.As to sample one,the distribution coefficient and adsorption capacity was the maximum at pH was 4.7.Even the pH was higher,as to sample two,the distribution coefficient and adsorption capacity was decreased.Besides,the distribution coefficient and adsorption capacity of the experimental humic acid treated by nitric was significant lower than that of the brown coal without treated.With the increase of P concentration in the medium,adsorption capacity of P increased too.Adsorption capacity rose markedly in the beginning of the adsorption process,however,it slowed down later.Suitable ratio of solid to liquid could increase the unit adsorption.The adsorption of P on humic acid could be well described by Langmuir equation and its kinetics adsorption fit Elovich equations best.

Abstract:模拟森林凋落物淋洗液中柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐浓度范围,设计了不同浓度柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐一次性和多次连续浸提系列实验,柠檬酸(阴离子)载荷量为0~200 mmol/kg。结果表明,柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐显著促进A1层暗棕壤磷的活化释放,磷释放量随浓度升高大致呈线性增加,但B层释放效应较弱。pH5.16柠檬酸盐解磷效率高于同浓度柠檬酸,因此推断,凋落物中柠檬酸(盐)促进暗棕壤磷释放的主要机理在于柠檬酸阴离子反应。柠檬酸盐对暗棕壤磷的释放具有一定的累加性,磷释放量主要由柠檬酸阴离子累积载荷量决定,而与其加入方式关系不大;柠檬酸盐加入时,磷释放量Y(mg/kg)与柠檬酸阴离子累积载荷量X(mmol/kg)间回归方程为Y=-0.0011X2 0.5187X-0.1391,R2=0.9980。仅以凋落物层溶出柠檬酸量进行估计,由此增加的A1层暗棕壤磷释放量为0.32 kg/(hm2.a),约相当于中龄林年吸收磷量的1/23~1/36,其实际作用不可忽视。

Abstract:采用恒温培养法研究美国纽约Pelham Bay Park 6种典型淡水湿地沉积物中磷的吸附与解吸行为及其动力学过程。结果表明:湿地沉积物具有强烈吸附溶液中磷的功能,随着溶液中磷浓度的增加,吸附量增大;但是湿地沉积物也有释放磷到溶液中去的功能,释放量为0~41.19 mg/kg,与沉积物吸附磷量的关系不大,沉积物释放磷与沉积物的特性有关。衡量一种淡水湿地沉积物的除磷能力,可根据沉积物最大吸附磷量和吸附解吸附平衡浓度(EPC0)来衡量,6种沉积物中,磷的最大吸附能力强弱依次是:S1>S2>S3>S6>S5>S4;S1沉积物吸附磷的最大量为500 mg/kg。各沉积物的平衡浓度相差很大,S4的吸附与解吸附平衡浓度最高,其值为166.00μg/L,而S2的吸附与解吸附平衡浓度最低,其值为0.36μg/L。低的EPC0值表明,沉积物有很强的吸附磷的能力,故S2湿地生态系统有非常强的除磷能力。

Abstract:This paper studied adsorption-desorption characteristics of zinc(Zn) by three typical types of soil in northwest China,namely the old manured loessal soil,yellow loessal soil and calcareous cinnamon soil.The results showed that the amount of soil adsorbed Zn increased with the initial concentrations of Zn.The Zn isothermal adsorption curves for these three types of soil fitted very well with Langmuir equation,Freundlich equation and Temkin equation as well. The coefficients are all >0.9.It was also observed that the amount of desorbed Zn from Zn absorbed soil increased with the amount of soil adsorbed Zn.The relationship between soil Zn adsorption and desorption was well fitted with linear regression(R2 was >0.9 for every soil).Among the three types of soil, the old manured loessal soil exhibited the greatest ability in the maximun Zn adsorbed by soil,the maximum soil Zn buffering capacity,the intensity of soil Zn adsorption and the amount of soil Zn rentention.The maximun adsorbed Zn by the calcareous cinnamon soil was greater than yellow loessal soil,but the maximum soil buffering capacity,the intensity of soil Zn adsorption and the amount of soil Zn retention was less than yellow loessal soil.Modern land use(farmland soil) showed small influence on these soil characteristics compared to the effect of soil type.

Abstract:Measurement of soil respiration rate in different stage and different microhabitat of identical stage was carried out in degeneration vegetation recovery procedure in Huajiang typical karst district of southwest in Guizhou province.The results show that soil respiration rate gradually enhances along with the vegetation recovery procedure,namely the bare land stage

Abstract:This experiment systematically studied the regularity of absorption distribution and translocation of N,P,K in spring maize under 15 435 kg/hm2 level.The results showed that the rules of super-high yield spring maize absorbing kinds of nutrient were similar.Before the grain filling period,the absorption quantity of stage and the absorption quantity of day gradually increased with the progress of the growth stage.After the grain filling period,there were some difference in the trend of absorbing nutrient.The absorption quantity of super-high yield spring maize absorbing N and P gradually increased,while the absorption quantity of K gradually decreased.The characteristics of different kinds of organs absorbing every nutrient showed that with the center of growth changing the absorption quantity of organs absorbing N and P were changed,but the change of the absorption quantity of K was not significant different.

Abstract:以马蔺(耐盐碱和抗干旱的植物)为材料,在盐碱化土壤的条件下进行干旱处理,研究了马蔺抗旱的渗透调节和光合特性。结果表明:12 d干旱处理,马蔺叶片的水势(Ψw)、渗透势(Ψs)和相对含水量(RWC)分别从-0.61 MPa,-1.21 MPa和90%降低到-2.52 MPa,-2.53 MPa和76%。在干旱期间,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量明显增加,淀粉含量降低,说明渗透调节物质提高了马蔺的抗旱性。干旱6 d,光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)下降,细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)下降,而气孔限制值(Ls)升高,说明盐碱化土壤上马蔺Pn的降低主要是气孔因素;干旱6 d后,Ci升高,Ls下降,说明Pn的降低主要是非气孔因素。干旱期间,叶片PS最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)变化不大,说明干旱情况下光合效率没有受到影响。复水后,Ψw和RWC恢复到对照水平,但Ψs仍然保持较低的水平,说明渗透调节物质起着非常重要的作用。据此,马蔺在盐碱化土壤上具有较强的渗透调节能力,使叶片的保水能力增强,维持了净光合速率和PS光化学活性,具有较强的抗旱性,是盐碱化土壤地区植被恢复可供选择的抗旱性植物。

Abstract:A solution culture was conducted to study the effect of calcium and silicon on root length,photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of buckwheat under aluminum stress.Exposure to 0.5 mmol/L and 5 mmol/L Al3 for 15 d inhibited root growth and decreased chlorophyll contents,Pn and Ci,but had no significant difference to Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo.All the parameters aggravated after 30 d.Application of calcium or silicon ameliorated the toxic effects of Al3 on root growth and chlorophyll contents,and caused an increase in Pn and Ci.The addition of silicon to the 0.5 mmol/L and 5 mmol/L Al3 culture increased chlorophyll fluorescence,but changes were not observed in calcium.This suggested that the ameliorating effect of silicon on aluminum toxicity was better than that of calcium.