Abstract:基于流域DEM,运用Arcinfo对流域的集水区进行划分,提取流域高程、坡度、不同级别的沟壑等信息,在EXCEL中对其进行分析处理,计算出不同集水区沟壑密度、平均坡度、流域相对高程等。对支沟、干沟两岸的地貌信息进行统计分析,发现岔巴沟右岸的平均坡度、相对高程分别比左岸大0.87°,2.28 m,蛇家沟右岸的平均坡度、相对高程分别比左岸大1.82°,4.86 m,支沟两岸的差异大于干沟。分别对毛沟,支沟、干沟的沟壑密度随面积的变化进行分析,发现沟壑密度随面积的增大,有可能增大,也有可能减小,变化情况与所提取沟壑的级别有关。结合相关的水沙资料、地貌信息,侵蚀产沙能量的变化情况,对产沙模数的空间尺度效应进行分析。分析发现,一般情况下产沙模数的大小与流域面积大小没有直接的关系,在沙源充足的流域主要取决于面积变化时,流域内所能提供侵蚀产沙能量的变化情况。

Abstract:To find soil physical and chemical properties response to re-vegetation,the purpose of this study was to investigate soil water content,bulk density and related physical characters and soil nutrients of different position in sunny slope and shady slope in eroded hilly-gully loess region.The result showed that soil water content increased as the distance from the top of the slope increased and soil water content in the shady slope higher than that of the sunny slope because of the evaporation in the shady slope was less,but bulk density showed the opposity regulation.Furthermore,bulk density,non-capillary porocity decreased and porocity ratio,capillary porocity increased as the distance from the top of the slope increased on the same slope aspect,bulk density increased with the soil depth in the sunny slope,however,there was little change of bulk density in the shady slope.It was concluded that the soil properties in the shady slope was better than that of the sunny slope,it was more advantage to the vegetation grows.Meanwhile,soil total nitrogen in the shady slope was higher than that of the sunny slope and decreased with depth.Soil total nitrogen and soil organic matter accumulated in the middle and down slope.Available potassium changed less and its quantity in the shady slope was more than in the sunny slope.The soil nutrients were higher in the upper layer of the soil while soil bulk density very significant negative correlation with the porocity ratio,capillary porocity,capillary moisture capacity and soil organic matter,but significant positive correlation with non-capillary porocity and soil water content of the upper layer.There existed very significant positive correlation with soil organic matter and total nitrogen and available potassium.The results of this study recommened that considered more on physical and chemical properties of the slope soil when restoration on the slope,meanwhile reasonable used and exploited land resources to enhanced the vegetation rehabilitation.

Abstract:The alkaline and saline soil was investigated.According to the infiltration experiment results and analysis experiment data by infiltration model,we studied the soil water and salt transport characteristic on the condition of infiltration with saline water on alkaline and saline soil.The results show that when the concentration in given area,cumulative infiltration,wetting front of soils increased with the concentration solution;the distinction of infiltration ability of alkaline and saline soil is small when the value of SAR is different,especially saline soil.The water and salt transport of alkaline soil positively related with the concentration of infiltration solution,but the saline soil was not the case.

Abstract:For solving salt-affected land problem in arid area,based on experiments,the movement of soil water from drip irrigation was measured in saline-alkaline soil under different drip irrigation calcium-use concentration.The affection and variation of soil water movement and solute was studied under different drip irrigation calcium-use concentration.The results showed that the use-calcium concentration was the good line function of the maximal horizontal and vertical advance distance,the horizontal and vertical advance distance of soil wetted front was the good power function of infiltration time for different use-calcium concentration.The horizontal and vertical advance distance of soil wetted front were increased,soil salinity and sodium content were increasing.In all treatments,the use-calcium concentration were increased,the depth of the sodium desalinization zone coefficients were increasing,the desalinization effect was distinct.The result of study has certain guidance functions to the utilization of salinity under drip irrigation.

Abstract:Soil erosion pattern evolvement and their contributions to soil erosion and sediment delivery were qualified using a dual-box system with rainfall simulated experiment.The results showed rill head-cuts was dominant erosion form in initial stages of erosion evolvement process and hillslopoe sediment delivery gradually increased at hillslope in the middle stage of erosion evolvement process,gully head-cuts forward movement,channel deep-cutting,and gully-wall collapsing were dominant,which increased the sediment delivery dramatically;in the last stage of erosion evolvement process,gully development reached to a stable stage and sediment delivery fluctuated little.Gully erosion occupied 28.7%,70.4%,and 37.1% of the total sediment delivery in initial stages,in the middle stage,and in the last stage,respectively.

Abstract:Based on the study of tillage experiment with tracer method on sloping farmland in karst area of Zhongliang mountain in Chongqing city,the results showed: The mean soil displacement distance,soil translocation aroused by hoe and shovel tillage is closely related to slope gradient.Accepting the implement design and handling effect,the mean soil displacement distance,soil translocation by trample-shovel downslope tillage is to have certain correlativity with soil moisture.The soil displacement distance,soil translocation aroused by shovel downslope tillage has no difference with hoe's,and they are more bigger than trample-shovel's.Till the contour tillage,soil displacement distance,soil translocation of shovel is about 2.5 times of hoe's.Shovel mean soil displacement distance,soil translocation of downslope tillage is 2~2.4 times of contour tillage;the hoe's of downslope tillage is 3~8.76 times of contour tillage.The order Arousing soil translocation is: hoeing downslope tillage> shoveling downslope tillage > shoveling contour tillage > hoeing contour tillage > trample-shovel downslope tillage.That karst area farming land breaks to pieces,the slope comparative short is the main cause of strong tillage erosion.

Abstract:The Yuanmou dry and hot valley of the Jinshajiang river is one of the fragmental environment areas in China,where the soil and water loss was very serious.It is difficult to interpret the peculiar soil erosion phenomenon using the traditional opinion.This study based on the observation in the environment and soil profiles which related with developed soil crevice,and using such means as chemical analysis,X-ray diffraction pattern and micromorphology.Results showed that:(1) In this area,the developed soil crevice was significant correlated with the parent material of the quaternary system old red horizon(QS) and yellow brown horizon(QY).(2) The developed soil crevice was the main reason for soil fall and gravity erosion,as the result,the soil erosion increased obviously.Finally this paper advanced a new viewpoint that soil crevice was the most important reason of the seriously soil and water loss formation.

Abstract:The Mann-Kendall(M-K) statistical test method was used to analyze the rainfall data of Xiaojiang River basin in the upper reach of Yangtze River from 1950 s to 1990s in this article.The result of M-K test with 95% confidence interval shows that the annual rainfall amount has a notably increasing trend in 1990 s in the Xiaojiang River basin.The tendency of the increase sediment delivered by debris flows at Jiangjia ravine located in Xiaojiang River basin has close relation with the increase of the annual rainfall in 1990 s.The average annual sediment yield by debris flows in 1990 s is about 0.91 million more than that between 1965 and 1989.

Abstract:The mechanism of CaSO4 reclaiming sodic soils can provide theoretical basis for the field application of it's substitutes,including Desulphurization gypsum,fly ash,phosphorus gypsum,and so on.A multicomponent solute transport equations in which considering ion adsorption-exchange and dynamic changes of soil hydraulic conductivity was constructed by soil column experiment in this paper,and the UNSATCHEM software was used to simulate and predict the ion movement in the process of reclaiming the sodic soils with CaSO4.Four treatments were designed in the experiment,and the concentration of CaSO4 were 0.5,1,1.5,2 g/L respectively.The results indicated that: the adsorption-exchange reaction between the sodium in soil colloid and calcium in soil solution,were carried through in the process of reclaiming the sodic soils with CaSO4,and the multicomponent solute transport model could simulate the process by rule and line,including the movement of calcium and sodium in soil solution,adsorption-exchange between the sodium in soil colloid and calcium in soil solution;At the same time,it was not a short-term process that sodic soils reclaimed with CaSO4,the model of applying CaSO4 in batches could decrease the accumulation of soil salts and promote the dissolution of CaSO4 and this mode was better than that of applying CaSO4 only once.

Abstract:Non-point source pollution which was caused by the agricultural exploitation activities in riparian floodplain has more distinct and more direct effects on the water quality of rivers than that in other places.In this paper,the characteristics of rainfall and runoff in Mengjin floodplain of Yellow River from 2006 to 2007 were studied.The agricultural exploitation types on the impact of the runoff and pollution were discussed.The results show that the uniform rainfall generates runoff the most likely in three rainfall types.Rainfall erosivity(R) is an important factor of the amount of runoff.When R is lower,different types of vegetation have little impact on the amount of runoff.However,under the condition of R>19.00(dryland farming) and R>33.00(plantation),the types of vegetation have great influence.When the floodplain was developed into the dryland farming,about 45.0 kg/hm2 of particulate matter,0.904 kg/hm2 of organic matter,0.443 kg/hm2 of nitrogen,0.050 kg/hm2 of phosphorus can be produced,which are double compared to those of the floodplain being developed into the plantation.

Abstract:The distribution of Cesium-137 in the different slope vertical section and the relative influencing factors of soil erosion were studied by using 137Cs tracer technology in Yangwa watershed of loess plateau of south Ningxia.The result showed that the change trend of 137Cs area activity were an irregularly waved oscillations,when the 137Cs area activity in the different slope vertical section were changed with the elevation increasing and the slope level distance extending.There were the highest 137Cs area activity on the bottom of sloping land,137Cs area activity in the up and middle of sloping land were gradually decreased with elevation decline,and there were an obviously sediment deposition on the bottom of sloping land.137Cs were uniformly distributed within the plough layer for cultivated fields and terrace,but there were an exponential tendency in the vertical distribution of 137Cs activity from an undistributed site.All change trend of 137Cs activity were harmonious with the distribution of soil organic matter in the soil depth under the different land use pattern.There were a significant correlations between the 137Cs and organic matter content under the P<0.01 level(r2=0.336,n=417).So,we concluded that there were a same physical pathway and move mechanism of 137Cs and soil organic matter.The 137Cs area activity was also gradually decreased with the farming sloping gradient increasing.The spatial heterogeneity of 137Cs area activity in the different vertical section of sloping land were effected by land use pattern,slope gradient,farming activity,which induced soil and sediments movement in the sloping land.The 137Cs tracer technology was an effective method to study the soil deposition and movement in spatial scale.

Abstract:Experiments of artificial simulated rainfall were conducted in Qingshan lake valley of Zhejiang province.Different slopes and rainfall intensities were designed in experiments to analyze effects of four types of coverage on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in runoff.The analysis have come to the following conclusions: Under the same rainfall intensity in sloping field,the concentration of TN and NH 4-N in runoff were in order of the sequence : artificial turf,forest,grassland to bamboo.Trends of TN concentration curve in four types remain stable,the increase of rainfall intensity does not affect the order of four types,but the difference between concentration of artificial turf and the other types increases with the increasing rainfall intensity.Under the same rainfall intensity in sloping field,the concentration of TP in runoff were in order of the sequence: artificial turf,forest,grassland to bamboo.The processes of TP concentration were very similar in runoff.With the rainfall intensity increased,the percentage of DP in TP also increased accordingly.

Abstract:采用双环法对黑龙江省克山农场5种主要的人工林植被类型(水曲柳林、樟子松林、落叶松林、美青杨林和水曲柳落叶松混交林)土壤的贮水性能和渗透特征进行了对比研究。研究结果表明:所研究的5种林地土壤1 m土层范围内饱和贮水量在5 347.01~5 762.91 t/hm2之间,水曲柳和落叶松林地最大,其它3种林地间则差异较小;滞留贮水量在543.43~916.13 t/hm2之间,从大到小的顺序依次为落叶松林>水落混交林>美青杨林>水曲柳林>樟子松林;初渗速率的变化范围为14~33 mm/min,水落混交林最高,依次分别为落叶松林、美青杨林、水曲柳林、樟子松林;稳渗速率在1~8 mm/min之间;30 min累计入渗量水落混交林和美青杨树林地要远高于其它林地,水曲柳和落叶松林地次之,樟子松林地最小。采用的4种入渗模型都能较好地反映各种林分土壤的入渗过程,平均相关系数r在0.927 2~0.953 6之间,而考斯加可夫模型和Philip模型的拟合值更接近于实测值,更适用于描述本研究区森林植被下的土壤入渗特征。

Abstract:The samples collected from a karst hilly area in central Guizhou were analyzed to effect of different land-use patterns(forest land,shrub land,shrub-grass mixed land and cultivated land) on environment of soil,runoff water and shallow ground water.The results showed that with the evolvement of land-use patterns from forest land,shrub land,shrub-grass mixed land to cultivated land, content of the organic matter,the available nitrogen,the available phosphorus,the available potassium,the exchangeable calcium and the exchangeable magnesium were obviously decreased,in contrast,content of the lay particles increased,and the quality of soil began to decrease.Content of the organic matter of the cultivated land was lower compared with forest land and grass land.The concentration of SO2-4,NH 4,PO3-4 and COD was obviously higher in the runoff water from the cultivated area than the forest land and grass land,and the concentration of SO2-4,NH 4,NO-3,PO3-4 and COD in shallow groundwater was also obviously increased.These results demonstrated that the quality of groundwater was some extent decreased with evolvement of land-use patters from the forest land to the cultivated land.

Abstract:This paper studies the distribution characteristic of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in the new-born wetland of the Yellow river estuary,and carries on the preliminary environmental impact assessment.The results indicated that in new-born wetland of Yellow River estuary soil nitrogen content is quite low,however,the phosphorus content is relatively rich.The horizontal variation coefficient of total nitrogen distribution is bigger than the total phosphorus.Besides mudflat,the vertical variable pattern of soil nitrogen content is quite obvious,but the relevance between soil phosphorus content and soil layer is generally worse.The treatment of tideland Suaeda gluca is only unusual.In the wetland soil,the nitrogen and phosphorus contents have an obvious seasonal dynamic variation characteristic.At present,the level of nitrogen and phosphorus contents can not bring eutrophication to the inshore environment in the new-born wetland of the Yellow river estuary.

Abstract:The content of lead of all forms and water-soluble NH 4,K as well as rapidly available phosphorus was determined through the cultivation of Sajiang black soil,yellow cinnamon soil and red earth with added lead.The feature of form and distribution of added lead and the effect it made to soil nutrient was studied.The result showed: the contents of lead of exchangeable form and residual form were red earth>yellow cinnamon soil> Sajiang black,the contents of carbonate lead were red earth> Sajiang black soil> yellow cinnamon soil,the contents of Fe-Mn oxide-bound lead were red earth> Sajiang black soil> yellow cinnamon soil,and the contents of organic combined lead were red earth> Sajiang black soil> yellow cinnamon soil;the proportion of lead of exchangeable form and residual form rose as the added lead increased,while that of organic combined form lead reduced,the proportion of carbonate combined form lead in Sajiang black soil and that of Fe-Mn oxide-bound form lead in red earth,however,rose as the lead increased when the added lead is less than 500 mg/kg,and reduced when the added lead was more than 500 mg/kg.In the soil where extra lead was added,the concentration of water-soluble NH 4,K rose which increase the risk of efflux. Water-soluble phosphorus and lead ion was consolidated into undissolved lead phosphate, that reduce the concentration of rapidly available phosphorus,decrease the effect of water-soluble phosphorus.

Abstract:The characteristic,variability in 80 cm profile of soil potassium and its influencing factors in terrace were studied systematically in the Weibei dryland.The results showed that the spatial variability of available potassium(AK) and readily available potassium(RAK) were most large among various soil potassium of topsoil,and distributions of various soil potassium were uneven.As a whole,the function of rich potassium mineral caused plentiful reserves of mineral potassium(MK) and total potassium(TK),but for plants in terrace,about 95% of them was useless for long,and the supplies and potential sources(slowly available potassium,SAK) of AK and RAK were richer.In 80 cm profile of terrace,the variability of various soil potassium reflected that they could transform one another and revealed that influencing range of soil potassium to plants in terrace was within 60 cm.AK and RAK were influenced obviously by OM,CEC and clay particle. Various soil potassium was effected negatively by CaCO3 and pH value,especially,"dilution effect" to SAK made by CaCO3 was most obvious.All soil potassium was influenced to some extent by aspect and position of the slope and type of terrace.The degradation of soil potassium began in after terrace had been cultivated at least 17 years in study area,but their degraded speed was slow.

Abstract:Study on the forms of organic and inorganic phosphorus(P) and their usefulness under available P depletion conditions through pot experiment.The results showed: amount of P absorbed by soybean supplied with nitrogen-fixation(N2-N) was larger 58.0% than urea supplication,but use efficiency was lower 3.3%.Inorganic P composing is O-P > Al-P > Fe-P > Ca10-P > Ca8-P > Ca2-P,organic P is MLOP>HROP>MROP>LOP,irrespective of nitrogen source supplication.For inorganic P,the main potential pool is Al-P and O-P for soybean supplied with N2-N,while supplication with urea is O-P.MLOP and MROP mineralization were promoted by soybean with N2-N,which contents decreased by 29.48 mg/kg and 14.16 mg/kg compared to no-plant CK treatment.In urea supplication treatment,MROP and HROP mineralization were higher than others,decreased by 12.47 mg/kg and 3.68 mg/kg,separately.These suggested that P absorbed by soybean with N2-N is larger than that with urea.

Abstract:The effects of potassium humate on growth,potassium uptake and utilization efficiency of ginger was studied using a sort of potassium humate fertilizer in pool culture experiment.The result showed that the accumulating amount of dry matter and potassium increased with growth stages,which were well fitted to Logistic equation.Humic acid application increased root vigor and accumulating amount of potassium and dry matter,increased the yield by 8.88% compared with CK.Applying potassium humate promoted the growth of ginger root,increased potassium accumulating rate and amount,increased dry matter accumulating rate and amount.Meanwhile,potassium humate application increased yield by 61.29% and 9.92%,compared with CK and the treatment same application rate of potassium momoxide.Potassium humate application increased agronomic efficiency of potassium fertilizers and recovery efficiency of potassium fertilizers significantly,decreased potassium efficiency for biomass production and potassium harvest index.

Abstract:This paper studied the size and the dynamics of different land use soil organic carbon in Xiashu and discussed the influence on soil carbon pool of land use change,based on the three pool theory.The results indicate: The total soil organic carbon for 0~20 cm,20~40 cm and 70~100 cm layers are 7 818.34~9 242.30 mg/kg,3 093.66~3 338.59 mg/kg and 2 337.27~3 188.40 mg/kg.The slow carbon pool in all layers reduced when the land use changes from forest to dry field; and the passive carbon pool increased in mid-layer.These differences will augment with the increase of cultivation time.The proportion of each carbon pool has no obvious change.The proportion for active,slow and passive pool are 0.41% ~3.81%,23.23%~79.11%,18.11%~74.80%.The mean residue time for active and slow pool are 3~40 days and 5~24 years.Soil organic carbon decomposition has two phases: fast decomposition in early time and slow decomposition in late time.The fast decomposition phase is the mean residue time of active carbon.The authors have the point of view that the dry field is more powerful than forest in carbon sequestration.The dry field will be a large carbon sink under good management and effective tillage control measure.

Abstract:以中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期肥料试验区为研究平台,采用静态箱—气相色谱法原位测定CO2排放通量,进而估算出土壤有机碳矿化速率。秋季收获时测定玉米根系、凋落物、根际沉积碳和施用有机肥对土壤碳的输入量。从土壤有机碳输入和输出角度来研究黑土农田有机碳平衡与消长动态。结果表明,施用有机肥增加了土壤有机碳的输入量,但同时增加了土壤有机碳矿化输出量,从碳收支平衡的角度来分析,土壤有机碳呈现出增加趋势,年际间增加138 kg/hm2,0~20 cm耕层土壤有机碳含量增加了0.08 g/kg,占土壤有机碳含量的0.28%,在测量误差范围内。长期不施肥的CK处理,土壤有机碳输入量较小,每年仅为754 kg/hm2,而土壤有机碳通过矿化输出量却较大,仅次于NPKOM处理,达到1 202 kg/hm2,致使土壤有机碳下降速率加快,以每年0.22 g/kg下降,经过17年试验,有机碳下降1.7 g/kg。平衡施肥NPK和NP处理,每年输入和输出碳量相近,每年碳收支在12~44 kg/hm2之间,土壤有机碳含量基本保持不变,维持在27~28 g/kg之间波动。NK处理土壤有机碳呈下降趋势,理论上以每年0.07 g/kg速度下降,但实际上是在测定误差范围内,很难测定出有机碳的消长量。

Abstract:根据地表植被和形成年限不同将城市公路绿化带土壤划分为不同的类型,应用同位素示踪理论和质量平衡原理探讨土壤有机碳(SOC)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)的来源和迁移规律。结果表明,城市公路绿化带SOC和DOC变幅较宽、离散程度较大;SOC和DOC含量无显著相关性;不同类型土壤SOC或DOC含量间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。贵阳市公路绿化带SOC中的C4-C为原始土壤所具有。表层土壤源于SOC的DOC含量较少。大气颗粒物和雨水中的DOC是土壤表层DOC的主要来源。在各公路绿化带整个土壤剖面层次1δ3CSOC值相近。新城公路绿化带土壤剖面来源于土壤腐殖类物质的DOC占土壤总DOC的比例随着土壤深度的加深有降低趋势。老城的公路绿化带土壤剖面中,随着时间的增加,源于土壤腐殖类物质的DOC逐渐增加,并随着土壤剖面的加深,这种现象更为突出。

Abstract:On the basis of seven long-term located experiments in paddy fields,analysis was made on the change of heavy metal content and its availability in soil of 0~20 cm which were treated with four different fertilization trails detailed as fertilizing by no fertilizer,NPK,middle-level manure(30% organic N 70% chemical N) and high-level manure(60% organic N 40% chemical N).The results indicated that there was a bigger risk for paddy soils to be polluted by heavy metals under the treatment with long-term combination of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure.Little change happened on the contents of total and available Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb and their activity under NPK treatment.But total and available Zn, Cu,Cd contents and their activity significantly ascended under MOM or HOM treatment.The most increase was under HOM treatment,at a rate of 6.1%,18.7%,8.3% respectively for total Zn,Cu,Cd contents,at a rate of 87.3%,65.8%,41.4% respectively for available Zn,Cu,Cd contents,and at a rate of 77.5%,32.0%,29.8% respectively for activity of Zn,Cu,Cd,compared with CK treatment.This increase was mainly caused by "activation" effect of farmyard manure.In addition,soil total Cd content overtopped Soil Environmental Quality Standard II(0.30 mg/kg) in all experiment sites,indicating that there was possibly prevalent Cd pollution in these paddy soils.

Abstract:对昆承湖9个采样点柱状沉积物中主要重金属元素(Pb,Cu,Zn,Cd,Cr)的垂向分布进行了测定,结果表明,5种重金属元素具有非常相似的垂向变化特征,表现为随沉积深度增加含量降低的态势;横向上表现为靠近污染源的含量高,远离污染源的含量低。各重金属元素均与TOC之间呈显著正相关关系,表明沉积物中重金属污染受人类活动作用较为明显。地积累指数评价结果显示,Zn污染最重,且污染主要集中在表层;潜在生态风险性指数反映出全湖沉积物中的重金属污染属于中等生态危害程度,Cd是最主要的生态危害元素;生物毒性效应评价则表明目前昆承湖沉积物的金属毒性效应不高,但各样点的ΣTUs都表现为由底层向表层逐渐增大的态势,必须予以相当的重视,避免加重该湖的生物毒性。

Abstract:Rhizosphere was a special area around plant roots.In order to investigate the influence of plant roots and rhizosphere microorganisms on bioremediation of soils contaminated with lead,the effect of rhizosphere on microbial numbers and activities of enzyme in rhizosphere soil were studied with rhizobag technique.The results showed that add 100~3 000 mgPb/kg to the soil,the trend of the amount of microorgnism increased.The quantity of bacterium and fungi increased,the quantity of actinomyces reduced.In the rhizosphere of four plants,the activities of catalase,neutral phosphatase,amylase and the content of lead in soil expressed negative correlation,and the negative correlation between the activity of amylase and the content of lead in soil was remarkable.In the rhizosphere of Lolium perenne and Cynodon dactylon,the activity of urease was activated at low density of lead and descended at high density,but in the rhizosphere of Agrostis stolonifera and Poa annua,there was a positive correlation between the activity of urease and the content of lead in soil.

Abstract:在静态通气条件下,研究了农业废弃物堆腐过程中微生物的动态变化。结果表明,以猪粪和小麦秸秆为原料,加入微生物菌剂堆腐,细菌数在堆腐3 d达到高峰值3.85×1012CFU/g,放线菌在第5 d达到高峰值6.25×108CFU/g,真菌数在堆肥第3 d就达到高峰值8.29×106CFU/g;未加菌剂的堆腐处理细菌数在第8 d达到高峰值7.54×1010CFU/g,放线菌数在第5 d达到高峰值4.22×108CFU/g,真菌数随着温度上升而下降,在堆腐后期上升。在以牛粪和小麦秸秆为原料,加入微生物菌剂堆腐,细菌数在第2 d达到高峰值5.62×1012CFU/g,放线菌数在堆腐第3 d达到高峰值1.46×1010CFU/g,真菌数在堆腐第1 d达到高峰值1.13×109CFU/g;未加菌剂的堆腐处理,细菌数在第4 d达到高峰值2.01×1011CFU/g,放线菌数在第3 d达到高峰值1.46×1010CFU/g,真菌数在堆腐第1 d达到高峰值8.51×108CFU/g。在整个堆腐过程中,真菌数一直较低,细菌和放线菌相对较高。

Abstract:The experiment of using soil column methods which studied the effects of different fertilizers types on the temporal-spatial variations of soil enzyme activities and microorganism's number was conducted under the condition of equal nitrogen and three treatments were installed which included carbamide treatment,organic fertilizer treatment and mixed fertilizer treatment.The results showed that the effects of different fertilizers types on the temporal-spatial variations of soil enzyme activities and microorganism's number were obvious under the condition of soil column methods.The total urease and protease activities in different soil depth showed mixed fertilizer treatment >organic fertilizer treatment>carbamide treatment without exception;the total urease activities decreased with the increasing soil depth without exception,the urease activities in the soil layers of 0~20 cm and 0~40 cm respectively took possession of the total urease activities in the total soil of 1.2 m with 50% upwards and 79% during the whole growth stages of wheat,the proportion of 0~20 cm and 20~120 cm was approximately equal;the max value of urease activities in different soil layers occurred during jointing stage;the urease activities increase during latter growth stage in different soil depth.The max value of protease activities occurred during mature stage,in the next place during jointing stage,the peak value occurred during jointing and flowering stages,the off-peak value occurred during booting and active grain filling stages,the min value occurred during active grain filling stage in different soil layers under three different fertilizers types treatment;the peak value of soil protease activities occurred in the soil layer of 20~40 cm and 80~100 cm,protease activities in the soil layer of 20~40 cm were higher than 80~100 cm.The number of microorganisms showed mixed fertilizer treatment > organic fertilizer treatment>carbamide treatment without exception.The max number of bacteria occurred during over-winter stage,the max number of fungi occurred during booting stage in the same soil layer.The number of actinomyces increased with the advance of growth stages,the max value occurred during mature stage in the same soil layer.The max number of bacteria,fungi and actinomycets occurred in the soil layer of 20~40 cm,in the next place in the soil layer of 0~20 cm, the number decreased with the increasing depth of 40~120 cm soil layer during the different growth stages of winter wheat.

Abstract:The soil nutrient contents and soil enzyme activities of different soil layers at different seasons in pure and mixed stands of Robinia pseudoacacia and Fraxinus velutina were studied.The results indicate that there were soil nutrient contents and soil enzyme activities differences between different stands,season and soil layers.And soil enzyme activities were remarkably correlated with soil nutrient contents at different seasons.It's also shown that distributions of soil enzyme activities and soil nutrient contents in different soil layers have some regularity,i.e.soil enzyme activity and nutrient content gradually decrease with soil layer deepening.The pH value and salt content in mixed stands were lower than the pure ones,but the growth of tree and soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient content were better than the pure ones.

Abstract:研究了喀斯特森林随降水流动的主要元素动态。结果表明:随降水流动的NO3-,NH4 ,K ,Ca2 ,Mg2 ,SO42-,Cl-,Na 浓度,在林隙、林内、树干茎流和溪流水中的月动态以夏季较低、冬季较高。沿着"大气→森林→集水区溪流水"的流动轨迹,部分离子浓度呈"富集"或"扩散"状态。按其空间分布式样可划分为:持续富集型,包括Ca2 和Mg2 ;地表富集型,包括K ,Na ,Cl-,NO3-和NH4 ;其它型,包括SO24-。黔中喀斯特山地每年随降水输入森林-土壤系统的N量为9.479~12.692 kg/(hm2.a),随地表径流和90 cm壤中流的流失量为0.452~0.727 kg/(hm2.a),净增量为9.027~11.965 kg/(hm2.a),占森林-土壤系统总量的0.08%~0.10%;K的相应量分别为12.749~19.557 kg/(hm2.a),1.701~4.670 kg/(hm2.a),8.071~17.856 kg/(hm2.a),0.01%;Ca的相应量分别为50.800~84.064 kg/(hm2.a),10.103~12.939 kg/(hm2.a),40.697~71.125kg/(hm2.a),0.39%~1.29%;Mg的相应量分别为9.712~16.287 kg/(hm2.a),1.590~3.439 kg/(hm2.a),8.122~12.848kg/(hm2.a),0~0.03%。

Abstract:使用野外风速廓线仪与阶梯式集沙仪,对流动沙丘先锋植物沙米及其群落的生态防护作用进行了野外实地观测研究。研究结果表明,沙米植株成塔状,基部分枝,株高变异性、可塑性大,与其他形态指标呈显著正相关,通过测定株高可掌握其基本形态特征。立枯沙米单株可降低风速90%以上,并能阻挡风沙流形成沙舌,沙舌积沙量、高度、长度与沙米体积、高度和冠幅呈显著相关。沙米群落粗糙度达到6.325 cm,是裸露流沙区的2635倍。在裸露流沙区200 cm高度风速为6.2 m/s时,裸露流沙区输沙量达到86.34 g/cm.h,而沙米群落中无风沙流发生;风速为9.5 m/s时,裸露流沙区输沙量也达到沙米群落的574倍。研究认为,在短期(2~3年)和局部空间范围(流动沙丘坡脚与两翼以及裸沙斑块),立枯沙米及其群落具有较明显的防风固沙作用;发达的生殖生长、侧枝系统和侧根系统,枯死后可保留2~3个生长季,是沙米发挥防风固沙作用的关键所在。

Abstract:对百花山4种林分枯落物层和土壤层的水文效应进行了初步研究。结果表明:1核桃楸林枯落物的总蓄积量为9.99 t/hm2,最大持水量为27.72 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为29.55 t/hm2;华北落叶松林枯落物的总蓄积量为10.27 t/hm2,最大持水量为12.84 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为13.53 t/hm2;黑桦林枯落物的总蓄积量为7.04 t/hm2,最大持水量为19.01 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为19.18 t/hm2;辽东栎林枯落物的总蓄积量为8.22 t/hm2,最大持水量为14.72 t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为18.33 t/hm2。2半分解层枯落物浸泡8 h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层10 h基本达到饱和,持水量与浸泡时间的关系为Q=aln(t) b;枯落物在浸水的前半小时内吸水速率最大,4 h左右时下降速度明显减缓,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系为V=ktn。3辽东栎林土壤层持水能力最强,为266.22 t/hm2,黑桦林土壤的持水能力最差,为219.39 t/hm2,利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数均在0.98以上。

Abstract:Research on soil bulk density,soil porosity,soil water retaining capacity and soil water storage of evergreen broad-leaved forest,Cunninghamia lanceolata and Phyllostachys pubescens stands was carried out in Dagangshan mountain in Jiangxi province.The results showed that:(1) The soil bulk density of three forest types increased with the increment of soil depth.In the layer of 0~80 cm,the soil bulk density of Cunninghamia lanceolata,Phyllostachys pubescens stands and evergreen broad-leaved forest was 1.29 g/cm3,1.24 g/cm3,1.20 g/cm3 respectively.(2) With the increment of soil depth,total porosity,capillary porosity,saturated moisture capacity,capillary holding capacity decreased gradually.(3) In the layer of 0~80 cm,the soil total and uncapillary porosity of evergreen broad-leaved forest was largest and that of Phyllostachys pubescens stands was least.However,the soil capillary porosity of evergreen broad-leaved forest was lowest and that of Phyllostachys pubescens stands was highest.(4) In the layer of 0~80 cm,the order of soil saturated,capillary and uncapillary holding capacity on soil was Phyllostachys pubescens stands,evergreen broad-leaved forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata.In the layer of 0~80 cm,the sequence of soil present and saturated water storage was Phyllostachys pubescens stands,evergreen broad-leaved forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata.(5) In the layer of 0~40 cm,the physical characteristics of Phyllostachys pubescens stands were obviously better than those of the other two.

Abstract:以福建闽江上游裸露地为对照,封山育林、杉木和木荷林分为研究对象,分别采用水量平衡法与混合数量化模型对森林水库的调节水总量动态变化及其影响因素进行研究,以期加深对森林水库调水机理的认识。结果表明:木荷、杉木、封山育林林分及对照森林水库2个水文年中调节水总量分别为3 106.27,3 090.41,3 074.05,1 935.29 mm,分别占同期降雨量的97.71%,97.21%,96.70%,60.88%。雨季不同类型森林水库调节水总量均占年内森林水库调节水总量的48%左右,而旱季调节水总量则仅占18%左右。降雨量、I30和林分类型对森林水库调节水总量的贡献率较高,其中降雨量与森林水库调节水总量呈正相关,影响最大,I30与森林水库调节水总量呈负相关,林分类型因子得分值为木荷(9.293)>杉木(8.466)>封山育林(6.545)>对照(0)。

Abstract:以华西雨屏区退耕还林后形成的人工竹林(慈竹林、苦竹林、撑绿杂交竹林、苦竹 光皮桦混交林)为对象,对其凋落物及表层土壤的水源涵养功能进行了初步研究。结果表明:几种竹林凋落物蓄积量的大小顺序是:撑绿杂交竹林>混交林>苦竹林>慈竹林,且都大于光皮桦林。叶凋落物持水量的大小关系为:慈竹林>混交林>苦竹林>杂交竹林,光皮桦林的持水量介于慈竹林和混交林之间。几种叶凋落物持水量与浸泡时间的关系符合指数函数的模型、持水速率与浸泡时间的关系符合幂函数的模型。不同林地的表层土壤容重在1.27~1.34 g/cm3之间,总孔隙度48.08%~55.96%,不同林地表层土壤的水分物理性质差异不大。

Abstract:采用定位短期观测的方法,对安塞县退耕后栽植的人工植被(混交林、灌木林和人工草地)的光照、风速、大气温度、大气相对湿度等表征区域小气候特征的项目进行了测定,同时以邻近裸露坡地为对照进行同步观测。结果表明,在夏季高温天气里,不同类型的人工植被均可显著的削弱光照,降低风速,降低局地范围内温度,提高空气相对湿度;草地、灌木林、混交林日均光照强度为对照的78.79%,23.48%,11.36%,日均气温比对照降低0.58℃,1.12℃,1.51℃,日均相对湿度增加1.67%,9.67%,12.1%,遮光降温保湿效应是混交林>灌木林>草地;对不同类型植被小气候要素进行回归分析,发现对照气象要素与不同类型人工植被气象要素间存在显著的相关关系,以气温和土温的相关性最好。

Abstract:利用洮河流域气象观测资料和水资源定位观测资料,分析气候变化特征、水资源变化特征及其二者的关系,建立水资源气候模式。分析表明:洮河流域降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在-14.5~-4.6 mm/10 a之间,降水量递减以夏季降水量递减为主。气温年际变化趋势呈显著上升趋势,气温变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在0.12~0.59℃/10 a之间,增温率以冬季最大,年际变化趋势从20世纪70年代之后持续上升。年干燥指数变化呈显著上升趋势,年干燥指数变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在0.05~0.12/10 a之间。近50年来洮河流域气候趋于暖干化。洮河流域水资源呈显著下降趋势,年际变化存在2~3,8~9,15 a的年际周期变化。水资源与降水量呈显著正相关,与干燥指数呈显著负相关,降水量减少,干燥指数上升,导致水资源减少。

Abstract:利用景观指数从景观空间组分、空间构型以及空间梯度变化3方面比较和分析了嘉陵江流域内3大水系的植被景观异质性差异。结果表明:(1)涪江水系和嘉陵江干流以栽培植被和针叶林为优势,渠江水系则以栽培植被和阔叶林为主。针叶林和草甸在涪江水系中的破碎化程度较高,而嘉陵江干流和渠江水系中针叶林和灌丛的破碎化程度较高。(2)嘉陵江干流水系在植被景观总体上破碎化程度高、斑块聚合性弱,景观多样性高,而渠江水系则表现为景观破碎化较高,斑块聚合性强,景观多样性低的分布特点。除景观破碎化程度最低外,涪江水系在其它方面均处于前两者之间。(3)沿着河流汇聚方向,3水系在异质性方面均表现出斑块数量减少、斑块间距缩小、聚合性增强、植被景观破碎化和多样性明显降低的总趋势。

Abstract:Taking watershed of Tianmu lake as the study area,using the method of remote sensing,geographical information and landscape ecology,this paper systematically analyzed the dynamic change and landscape response from 1984 to 2004 in the study area.The result indicated that the stage characteristic of land use change was very outstanding in recent 20 years,the stage from 2000 to 2004 was the most striking,14.75% land changed in this period,the average change rate was 3.68%,and the space scope of the land developped was expanding acutely;landscape indices respond to land use change had distinctly spatial and temporal characteristics;landscape indices in the region towards the lake had changed severely than the region deviating the lake;landscape indices in the downstream section of rivers which flow into the lake had changed severely than the upper area;the stage characteristic of land use change was consistent with the trend of water quality deteriorating.

Abstract:Based on RS and GIS,the land use change and structural character were studied,and a land ecological risk index was constructed based on the land-use structure.In order to generate the map of land ecological risk evolvement rules in 1996 and 2005,the system sampling method,semi-varogram analysis and block Kriging were used to make the index a spatial variable.The results indicated that the proportion of residential and mining land increased quickly,the proportion of secondary saline habitat was much bigger,and the conflict between the producing-construction of oilfield and eco-environment conservation was keen-edged in the recent ten years;The center of ecological risk had transferred from the district of Guangrao to Dongying,the ecological risk was in the tendency of worsen,and the distribution of land ecological was imbalanced greatly,high-risk zone was the residential and mining land denseness district,mainly distributed in Dongying district which was in the mid of the city.Mid-risk zone mainly distributed in the Guangrao district and the district which had serious saline habitat land.Low-risk zone mainly distributed in Hekou district and the east of Kenli county.Finally we put forward some policy suggestions and reconstructive measures of ecological security.

Abstract:Based on ETM images in 2002,ASTER images in 2004 and basic background data in the main stream of Tarim river,a spatial database is created to store the data about basic background data,remote sensing images data,special data,and attribute data by applying the technology of data warehouse,the theory of the integrative spatial and attribute data and seamless integration of multi-source data.Land use information is obtained and analyzed in the main stream of Tarim river in 2002 and 2004 by using the technologies of remote sensing(RS),geographic positioning systems(GPS) and geographic information systems(GIS) etc.The research exposes the changing range,speed and annual variation of land use,and the spatial-temporal changing trend of the farmland in researched area after the emergent water transportation project.The result shows that the utilized areas of farmland,natural grassland and reed land increased quickly in upriver reaches and middle reaches of Tarim river from 2002 to 2004,while the utilized areas of woodland,water area and waste grassland decreased correspondingly.The farmland increase at the cost of vegetation destroying and water area decreasing,the prospect is still hard and not promising in the research area as a whole on a large scale.

Abstract:The process of conversion from wetland into cropland(CWC) is the main feature of land cover change in Sanjiang plain in the past 50 years.Natural eco-environment has been destroyed seriously because lots of wetland was substituted by cropland.This paper analyzed spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape gradient of wetland and cropland based on RS and GIS,during 1954~2005 period, taking Bielahong basin as case study area.Data using in this paper was acquired with topographical data and remote sensing data such as Landsat MSS,Landsat TM,CBERS.Results showed that,in 1954,most of the study area was with high wetland landscape gradient.Only the area in southwest part nearing Songhua River and area in upriver zone of Nongjiang River were covered by dense wetland.However,in 2005,most of the study area was covered by cropland.In study area,changes of spatial distribution cropland landscape and wetland landscape revealed spatial laws of conversion from wetland into cropland.This phenomenon can be summarized as the enlargement of croplands towards east and the shrinkage of wetlands towards northeast.

Abstract:This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender(APEX).APEX model was tested and used to compare benefits of different land management measures in three experimental plots in the middle and upland Huaihe river watershed.Simulated average daily runoff and sediment yield were within 20% of observed values,the average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient(EF) above 0.6 and average R2 above 0.7 during the calibration period.For the validation period,simulated average daily runoff and sediment yield were within 12% of observed values,APEX model tracked the variability of daily runoff and sediment yield with the average EF above 0.5 and average R2 above 0.7.The long-term benefits of management practice 2(woodland with horizontal-ditch) over the baseline(fallow) were quantified as a 37% surface runoff reduction and 89% sediment yield reduction.Benefits of management practice 1(mixed wood-grass with horizontal-terrace) were slightly less than these of management practice 2.Constructions of horizontal ditch,horizontal terrace and enhancing vegetation are efficient strategies for controlling runoff and sediment in the research area.The results suggested that APEX is a useful tool for evaluating soil and water loss under different management practices in the middle and upland Huaihe river watershed.A new approach was proposed for soil erosion study in the area lacking detailed information.

Abstract:The patterns of damage,causes and mechanism of the damaged roadbed in G315 road is also different from other regions,because of the characteristics of climatic conditions,topography,the geological and hydrologic geology.Based on the survey of damaged roadbed from Hongliugou to Ruoqiang across the desert, it was concluded three major damage patterns,that is "the bottom of slippery and disrepair";"erosion gnaw" and "erode section".It is generalized into physical model to research the water damage mechanism and protection project tests,so as to explore the mechanism of damaged roadbed and the protection technology in Gobi highway.Through testing and analysis and comparing with the traditional protective structure,it shows that box cabinet structure or grating cabinet structure have larger technical and economic advantages in the damaged protective works in G315 road.

Abstract:土壤蒸发在农田水量平衡和能量平衡计算中占有重要地位。本文采用微型蒸渗仪测定温室白菜的棵间土壤蒸发,对白菜棵间土壤蒸发的变化规律及其与太阳辐射、气温和相对湿度等主要气象因子的关系进行了试验研究和分析。研究结果表明:温室白菜棵间土壤蒸发随着白菜生育期的推移有减小的趋势,棵间土壤蒸发量占全生育期总耗水量的39.57%~42.03%,棵间土壤蒸发与太阳辐射、气温和相对湿度等主要气象因子均呈现良好的指数关系,本研究对合理制定温室白菜的灌溉制度具有重要的参考价值。

Abstract:以三江平原沼泽湿地不同开垦年限(1987年、1993年开垦)的旱田(种植方式为大豆-冬闲)为研究对象,探讨了种植年限、降雨、土壤湿度以及植物参与对旱田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,种植年限越长,N2O排放量越高,1987年开垦的旱田N2O排放量显著高于1993年开垦的,这与土壤的理化性质有关;土壤有机碳和总氮含量随种植年限的增加而逐渐降低,而1δ5N随种植年限呈线性升高。在大豆生长季内,两种种植年限的旱田N2O通量具有相同的季节变化趋势,而降水条件是控制这一变化趋势的主要因素,N2O排放通量与观测日前6天的加权平均降水量呈线性正相关,与土壤体积含水量呈多项式正相关。另外,植物的参与降低了旱田土壤N2O的排放。