Abstract:了解重金属复合污染物在土壤-植物系统中的迁移分配情况对污染土壤的安全利用、土壤环境质量标准的修订以及重金属污染土壤的植物修复具有重要意义。通过盆栽试验,以芥菜和油菜为例,研究了铅-锌-镉复合污染物在土壤-植物系统中的迁移分配情况。结果表明:与对照相比,复合污染条件下,芥菜和油菜体内重金属含量显著提高,且Cd含量的提高程度要远远高于Pb和Zn;芥菜和油菜对Cd的吸收达到了100 m g/kg以上,表现出超富集植物的吸收水平。重金属的富集系数大小依次为Cd>Zn>Pb,地下部富集系数要高于地上部,转运系数大小为Cd≈Zn>Pb。Pb、Zn、Cd的富集系数均随各自元素在土壤中含量增大而减小,而且表现为低含量时显著减小,高含量时缓慢减小;重金属在土壤-植物系统的迁移分配深受共存元素的影响,且在不同元素之间和不同浓度范围内表现出不同的特点。Pb、Zn、Cd在芥菜和油菜体中积累量,均与其各自在土壤中的含量成正相关;Zn和Cd对Pb的吸收积累以及Pb对Zn的吸收积累具有明显的抑制作用;Zn-Cd对Zn的吸收积累具有正的交互作用,而对Cd的吸收积累具有负的交互作用。

Abstract:采用大型蒸渗仪研究不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水(咸水)灌溉对土壤水盐的影响,在此基础上,建立了BP神经网络水盐耦合模型。研究结果表明:土壤中盐分含量随地下水埋深的增加而减小,随灌溉水盐分水平的增加而增大。在地下水埋深为2 m,3 m,4 m的地区,采用矿化度小于4 g/L的水进行灌溉,在夏玉米整个生长周期的0~100 cm土层内不会形成积盐现象;拓扑结构为8∶2∶2的BP网络模型,能模拟不同地下水埋深条件下微咸水(咸水)灌溉的水盐运移,且精度较高。

Abstract:Solute(Br-) transport in soils with 1.7,1.2 and 0.8m groundwater table(GWT) under 90mm/15d and 30 mm/5 d irrigation frequencies was investigated through disturbed soil columns in lab.Results show the downward tendency of solute transport changes in soils with different GWT or same GWT under high and low irrigation frequencies.Solute(Br-) transport rates in soils with high irrigation frequency is converted gradually which is from originally slower to quicker than the ones in soils with low irrigation frequency as GWT varies from deep to shallow.Br-movement in soils with high irrigation frequency is concentrated downward.Br-distributions in soils with low irrigation frequency become more uniform and wider as GWT get deeper.The accumulation of soil solute(Br-) at soil surface is abated by high irrigation frequency.

Abstract:A soil column method was applied to study influences of simulated acid rain on leaching characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus from organic compound fertilizer in latosolic red soil in south China.Results revealed that leaching loss amounts of ammonia nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,inorganic nitrogen and total nitrogen all decreased with increase of pH values of the simulated acid rain.Inorganic nitrogen and total nitrogen leaching amounts of the pH2.0 acid rain and the control(pH6.5) were not significantly different at p<0.05,but were significantly higher than those of pH3.0,pH4.0 and pH5.0 acid rain.Among all the treatments,pH5.0 acid rain had the lowest nitrogen leaching losses.Therefore,both strong acid rain(pH2.0) and neutral leaching water(pH6.5) enhanced nitrogen leaching,while acid rain with acidity close to the soil(pH5.0) caused slightest nitrogen leaching loss.Compared to the control,acid rain had no significant effects on DP leaching,but significantly reduced PP and TP leaching losses.Moreover,no significant differences existed in phosphorus leaching amounts among acid rain of different pH values.So,acid rain had marginal effects on phosphorus leaching in latosolic red soils.Also,no significant effects of acid rain were observed on the dynamics of concentrations and accumulative leaching loss amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Abstract:研究采取室内模拟降雨淋洗的方法,研究了连续淋洗对山东省3大土类磷素有效性和磷库的影响。结果表明,3种土壤的磷淋失量均随着供磷水平的提高而升高。3种土壤出现磷淋失量峰值的时间有着明显差异,褐土施磷处理的磷淋量峰值分别出现在第3 d,4 d和5 d;而潮土高磷和低磷处理的磷淋洗最高值分别出现在第2 d和3 d;而棕壤不同施磷处理的磷淋洗高峰值均出现在第2 d。在相对较低的施磷水平下(P3以下),3大土类的速效磷含量基本均保持在20μg/g左右,再提高供磷水平,褐土和棕壤的土壤速效磷含量随施磷量的增加显著升高,而潮土的速效磷含量则随着施磷量的增加先升高后降低。在3大土类中,全磷含量最高的是褐土,其次是潮土,再次是棕壤。在淋洗条件下,褐土的土壤磷库相对变化不大,而潮土和棕壤的磷库则随施磷量的变化有着较大的起伏。因此,施磷水平控制在P3水平(180 kg P/hm2),3大土壤的磷淋失量较低,土壤速效磷变化不大,有利于减少土壤磷素淋失到水体的风险,也保证了土壤磷的供应能力。

Abstract:选择三江平原小叶章湿地不同水分带上的两种土壤类型(草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土)为研究对象,运用模拟土柱的方法,研究了两种土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮的垂直运移规律。结果表明:在水分饱和条件下,两种土壤的硝态氮和铵态氮穿透曲线均符合Gauss单峰模型(R2≥0.85),其运移过程主要受粘粒含量的影响;随粘粒含量增加,硝态氮和铵态氮穿透曲线整体上峰值降低,峰面分布变宽,但不同土壤各土层间也存在一定差异,原因与不同土层水分构成、溶质运移方式以及硝化-反硝化作用的差异有关;溶质浓度加倍后,两种土壤0~20 cm土层中硝态氮和铵态氮的穿透曲线也符合Gauss单峰模型(R2≥0.88),但其峰值、形状及出流时间均发生不同程度的变化,原因与浓度改变前后土壤水分构成、溶质运移方式的差异有关,铵态氮还与土壤胶体对其吸附饱和程度的差异有关;两种土壤表层的硝态氮和铵态氮垂向迁移能力较强,当湿地水分增加后将不利于有效氮的保持。

Abstract:土壤侵蚀是三峡库区紫色土坡地土壤退化的主因,并由此造成土壤粗骨沙化和酸化。利用土地特性系列比较法,通过野外调查和室内分析相结合,研究了三峡库区紫色土坡地土壤退化特征,结果表明:(1)与未退化样地相比,不同利用方式和不同坡度段土壤粗化现象明显,表明它们存在不同程度的侵蚀退化。各土地利用类型pH值均有所减少,表征该研究区紫色土向酸性方向发展,特别是园地和菜地。(2)不同利用方式下土壤沙化程度由高到低的顺序是:荒地>建设用地>耕地>草地>林地>菜地>园地。(3)不同坡度段紫色土坡地土壤沙化程度基本随坡度的增加而增大,但>30°坡度段土壤沙化最轻。(4)不同利用方式和不同坡度段土壤粘粒、有机质、全N、碱解氮、全P、速效P、全K、速效K、阳离子交换量、pH值及微量元素之间存在着明显的相关性。

Abstract:This literary grace uses the on trial method that the indoor artificial simulated rainfall,analysis the velocity spatial distribution of the thin layer flow with the time on different form slopes.Main research result is as follows: The velocity of flow,on the condition of the same rainfall intensity and slope gradient,the linear form slope is the biggest,the convex form slope the next,and the concave form slope the least.Under the condition of the same slope form,the slope surface current velocity is increases with the rain intensity and the slope gradient.And then,slope surface current velocity is different in different form slopes.But the general rule is that the slope surface current velocity is increases with the increase of the rainfall intensity and the slope gradient.

Abstract:The hydrodynamic characters of rill flow in the process of rill erosion in purple soil were studied by using runoff simulated experiment under the different slope gradients and the different flow discharges.The results show that the velocity of rill flow on purple soil slope increased according with the increase of runoff,but with the same runoff flux,the velocity of rill flow has no obvious trend.The Reynolds number of rill flow varies between 500 and 4 600 in experiments and it increases quickly with the increase of flow flux on the same slope.The Froude number of rill flow is above 1 in experiments and it belongs to the supercritical flow.The roughness coefficient affected by the slope gradient and flow flux,is closely related to the Reynolds number.It decreases with the increase of Reynolds on gentle slopes,and increases with the increase of Reynolds on steep slope.

Abstract:By comparing the laboratory and field sediment yield on the slope of 25 degree under the artificial rain,the results show that: when rainfall intensity are same or close,laboratory and field rainfall erosivity are extremely close and soil erodibility differs from 4 times;when the other factors like soil bulk density,soil moisture content are same or close and if the accululated sediment yields similarity is only got,the scale of the field model is two times of the laboratory model.The absolate error of the accumulated sidement yields is less than 10 percent;The process of the laboratory sediment yeild of erosion differs from the field very much based on sediment yield rate of erosion;Under the laboratory and the field experiment,the rills on the slope are more when the rainfall intensity is bigger.And the average length,width,depth of the rills are all bigger.But there are many difficulties in the laboratory and field experimental similarity to the slope shape growth.

Abstract:The soil and water loss in sediment-laden and coarse sand area in the middle Yellow River,especially in the coarse sand concentrated source region is the main source of the sand especially coarse sand of Yellow River.Strengthen the controlling of this area can obviously reduce the sand especially coarse sand into Yellow River,while reducing the water quantity into Yellow River at the same time.But it is clear that the sediment transport water consumption which in order to maintain "no riverbed elevation" is reduced as siltation reducing in the lower reaches because reduced coarse sand into Yellow River.The research showed that the higher the level of controlling,the sediment transport conservation of water is much more in sediment-laden and coarse sand area especially coarse sand concentrated source region.So strengthen the controlling in this area can increase the water resource of Yellow River.

Abstract:The index of infiltration and physical properties of soils sampled from 114 temporary sites distributed 11 vegetation types in Three Gorges reservoir area were determined and compared.The results showed that:(1)The soil water infiltration rates in layer A were higher than those in layer B for all kinds of vegetation,which were remarkably related to soil porosity.(2) Significant differences were found for the stable water infiltration rates in different layers in different vegetations.The highest stable infiltration rate was observed in layer A(8.72 mm/min) and layer B(8.52 mm/min),respectively,for evergreen broadleaved forests,followed by Chinese fir forests,conifer mixed forests.The lowest values of these two indices were 2.22 mm/min and 1.13 mm/min for layer A and B,respectively,in Masson pine forests.(3) For different types of soil,the stable water infiltration rates were different in the two soil layers,which showed the highest in layer A(6.48 mm/min) and B(3.25 mm/min) for purple soil,followed by the mountain brown soil.The mountain yellow soil showed the lowest of the stable water infiltration rate of 1.98 mm/min and 1.65 mm/min in layer A or B,respectively.(4) The stable water infiltration rates of sandy in all layers showed the highest values probably because that the non-capillary porosity in both A and B layers of sandy soil reached 10.54% and 8.28%.The stable water infiltration rates of sandy soil in layer A and B were 7.16 mm/min and 5.66 mm/min,respectively.These indices were remarkable higher than those of the other soils.(5) The soil infiltration and porosity were impacted by many factors,for example,the type of vegetation,soil species and soil texture.A multi-index model for predicting soil infiltration rates or soil porosity was established.The results provided valuable information on researches of processes of hydrological regulation in forest and scientific evaluating the function of water conservation in Three Gorges reservoir area.

Abstract:2005~2007年在金沙江干热河谷区的云南永胜县退化山地上建植了灌草复合型草地,分析结果表明,灌草复合型种植模式纯利润、经济产投比、土地生产率等的关系大小排序为:"灌 草 藤">"灌 灌">"灌">"草 藤">"草 草">"草">"退化山地荒草坡"。其中"灌 草 藤"模式中的"木豆 非洲狗尾草 高羊茅 大翼豆 白三叶 杂三叶"为最优模式,其纯利润为5 749.8元/(hm2.a),经济产投比242.8%,土地生产率9 469.8元/(hm2.a)。该模式显著地改善了土壤物理性状,降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,有效地改变了毛管孔隙度与非毛管孔隙度比值,提高土壤保水能力,改变水分有效利用方式,提高土壤稳定性。因此,该模式是一种生态效益兼顾经济效益的生态治理模式,是金沙江干热河谷区退化山地恢复与重建的科学种植模式。

Abstract:The erosion of riverbank and the disappearance of riparian buffering strips are among the concerns in river ecosystem.In this study,we took an airport town in Pudong new district,Shanghai as an example to study the practice and its ecological effect on plant slope protection techniques of streams,which could provide an effective means for the slope stabilization and site restoration of stream bank.We investigated the application of three kinds of plant slope protection techniques,including all-series vegetated protection,soil bioengineering,and combined biostabilization at different sites of ecological river.The plant slope protection project at the demonstration site was conducted continuous ecological monitoring from 2004 to 2006 after the reconstruction was finished.The results indicated that the pioneer species are growing very well with strong root system and flourished branches,which help control soil erosion effectively.As an indicator of soil anti-erodibility,the soil strength and compaction of the subsurface soil with a mean deepness of 15cm are going up and much more than the un-covered control slopes,which made the soil erosion mitigated sharply and the structural stability of riverbanks enhanced.Along with the riverbank being reinforced,the habitats of the riparian zone are under self-improvement and native plants have been in rapid restoration.The ecological stability of eco-riverbanks is being enhanced duo to a high species diversity and complex plant community structure.It was concluded that the approach could be widely applied in ecological restoration and riverbank slope stability of all kind of slopes in China.

Abstract:The study on soil heavy metal content of apple orchard in gully region of the loess plateau showed that high input and different apple tree ages have an obviously effect on soil heavy metal content and its migration.The soil Cu content increases along with the tree age increases.The input and output of soil Cu tends to be balance when the apple tree have planted more than 20 years,and the Cu content change is very small,and the topsoil Cu content is higher than the other soil layers.The soil Cr content increases progressively along with the tree age in a line,in 0~20 cm,20~40 cm and 40~60 cm soil layer of 36 year orchard,Cr content increased by 27.14%,17.09% and 19.17% compared to the 6 year orchard,respectively.The soil Cd content increased firstly,and then reduced.The main origin of soil Cd is the phospate fertilizer iuput.In deep soil layer of apple orchard,the Cd content peak appears ahead of time than that in the topsoil.Soil Pb content is higher in 15~26 year apple orchard.Take 15 year as a turning point,soil Hg content change present different tendency on the different soil layers.Soil As content reduced when the tree age was little than 15 year,and it increased when the tree age was between 15 year and 20 year,and it changed a little after planted 20 years.The change of As content between soil layers was not significantly.

Abstract:Though antitheses experiments,the content of three types mine areas wastelands(graphite gangue,the cinder pile of power house and stone pit)heavy metals,Zn,Pb,Ni,Cr,Hg,As of the soil were determined and analyzed in the area in Jixi city.The result is showed as follows: the content of Zn and Ni in graphite gangue and Ni in the cinder pile of power house all exceed B environmental quality standard for soils;the content of other three heavy metals Cr,As and Pb all don't exceed B standard.The other content of heavy metals is all under the A environmental quality standard for soils,except Zn and Cr in the cinder pile of power house,the content of Hg in these mine areas wastelands all exceed C standard,indicates that the heavy metals Hg is the primary and the most strongest fountainhead of pollution.The comprehensive pollution index in graphite gangue,the cinder pile of power house and stone pit is 5.60,3.74 and 7.66,the pollution in these area is in heavy grade.That result indicates that these three wastelands are the strong pollution resource,they may bring strong intimidation and pollution to the environment around these area.

Abstract:分别采集了温州市区风景区、交通干线、住宅区、文教区、工业区土壤样品21个,郊区农田保护区土壤样品2个,测定了各土壤样品的基本理化性质和Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd含量。结果表明:各土样Cu,Zn,Pb的平均含量分别为(34.59±18.29)mg/kg,(169.40±52.97)mg/kg,(65.22±26.86)mg/kg,均超出温州土壤背景值。Cd仅在个别土样中检出,且浓度极低。各形态含量的分析结果表明,Cu,Zn,Pb均以残余态为主,分别为60.17%,50.95%,47.33%。Cu和Pb的酸提取态含量最低,Zn则是有机态含量最低。各形态含量与土壤基本理化性质的相关分析结果表明,Cu,Zn各形态与有机质含量的相关性最大,而Pb则与土壤基本理化性质之间无明显相关关系。

Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of phytoremediation on characterization of soil-contaminated by Mn mining tailings by using two species,Phytolacca americana and Glycine max.Pot culture experiments were conducted by using Mn mining tailings diluted with clean soil(80% Mn mining tailings 20% soils,DW).The soil organic matter,available N,P,and K increased after phytoremediation for 210 days.The soil pH did not change significantly.The activities of soil enzymes,such as phosphatase,urease,protease,sucrase,nitrate reductase,and dehydrogenase,were all higher in all treatments with phytoremediation than that in controls without phytoremediation.The distribution of Mn and Cd in each fraction were different between the substrates with and without phytoremediation treatments.Comparison with control treatment without phytoremediation,total Mn and Cd decreased in substrates with phytoremediation.The water soluble Mn and Cd were less in substrates with phytoremediation than that in controls.Phytoremediation efforts in areas contaminated by Mn mining tailings can be improved greatly by using mixtures including legume Glycine max and grass species Phytolacca americana.

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of bentonite and zeolite on soil polluted by Cd.The results showed that the quality score of Cd which was exchangeable and combined with carbonate salt declined,and that of Cd which was combined with Fe-Mn,organic and residual increases after bentonite was exerted in different soil contaminated by Cd.Bentonite and zeolite can inactivate Cd in the mild and moderate soil contaminated by Cd,especially in the soil contaminated by Cd seriously,but zeolite showed the effect of activating Cd.In different degree soil polluted by Cd,bentonite can increase the biomass of Wuta vegetables,restrain the soil absorption of Cd,and decrease the concentration of Cd in Wuta vegetables,all of which play a obvious role of improvement on the growth of Wuta vegetables.To the mile and moderate soil polluted by Cd,zeolite can decrease the density of Cd in Wuta vegetables,promote the growth of Wuta vegetables to increase its biomass.To the soil contaminated by Cd seriously,effect of zeolite is smaller on the growth of Wuta vegetables,and the accumulation of Cd in Wuta vegetables increases remarkably.

Abstract:In this paper,the relationship between Zn,Pb and the activity of the POD,SOD and CAT enzymes within the roots and leaves of Carex gentiles Franch.was examined.This was done through potted plant experiments carried out in the diurnal growth incubator.The results demonstrate a greater amount of SOD activity with increasing amounts of Zn and Pb within the leaves of the plant.In the roots,however,SOD activity fluctuated with increased amounts of Zn and Pb and the combination of them increased the activity of SOD in the roots and leaves.This suggests a positive relationship between SOD activity and zinc concentration.The best activity of SOD were 201.8 U/gFW and 233.1 U/gFW respectively.In the analysis of the POD enzyme,the greatest activity was found in the roots and activity in the leaves was found to fluctuate with the increase of Pb or Zn.With the increase of Pb and Zn,the activity of POD in the roots and leaves increased most.The best activity of POD were contrast group's 7.47 times and 1.49 times.The activity of CAT was found to be inhibited differently by the treat of Pb or Zn,suggesting a negative relationship between CAT activity and zinc concentration.The analysis of variance demonstrate that Pb has the greatest influence on the SOD,POD and CAT within the roots;Zn,on POD in the leaves and the combination of Pb and Zn,on the POD in the body and the SOD in the roots.In general,under the pressure of Pb,Zn or the combination of them,especially under the high pressure of Pb,SOD and POD worked mainly.It is possible that Carex gentiles Franch.is a new source of repairing the forest in west China areas polluted by Pb and Zn.

Abstract:The ability of enrichment and tolerance of sunflower seedlings to Cu,Pb were studied using the indoor culture technique.The results indicated that sunflower seedlings had high ability of enrichment to Cu,Pb,and their roots were main organs of enrichment,moreover the transportation ability of Cu from roots to stems and leaves was better than Pb's.Cu and Pb with low concentration stimulated the nutritive growth of seedlings;but under high concentration,except groups of Pb,other treatments inhibited the nutritive growth of sunflower seedlings.Cu,Pb inhibited activities of seedlings' root systems,stimulated the generation of proline in seedlings' stems and leaves,changed the distribution level of protein contents in the haulm and roots.The interaction of Cu and Pb had synergistic influence on nutritive growth of seedlings and physiological-biochemical reactions.Sunflower belong to the kind of plants that can enrich heavy metals,and it has strong tolerance

Abstract:Water fern(Azolla filiculoides lam.) has been assessed for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from surface water at different P levels during low temperature season.The results showed that the plants had a good capability to remove NH 4-N,NO-3-N,and P from water at different phosphorus levels.At the end of experiment(grown for 16 days),the removal rates of NH 4-N,NO3-N were above 94.04% and 95.46%,respectively.The removal rates of different P varied with initial P pollution levels,and reached by 87.00%,96.75%,and 99.00% for initial P levels of 0.1,0.4 and 1.6 mg P/L,respectively.Plant growth increased with increasing P pollution levels in the water body.Plant dry matter yield,total N,and total P concentrations in the plant increased with increasing of P levels in the waters.The results showed that Azolla filiculoides can be a good candidate for phytoremediation of eutrophicated surface water.

Abstract:The content of organic nitrogen(N) forms in soil profile were determined by using the method proposed by Bremner in 7 years protected field with different irrigation methods.The results indicated that the content of total N and organic N forms were decreased with layers' depth,but the ration of organic N forms to total N didn't had obvious rule.The difference of soil organic nitrogen forms was mainly in 0~50 cm soil layers under three irrigation methods,but below 50cm the difference was no obvious.At the same layer,acidic hydrolysable N was the main components of the organic N,the order of the content of acidic hydrolysable N forms and proportion to total N was unknown N > ammonia N > amino acid N > amino sugar N.At 0~80 cm soil layer,the proportion of acidic hydrolysable N to total N was mostly 58%~60%,but they were lower at 0~10cm and 10~20 cm of subsurface irrigation and 0~10 cm of furrow irrigation,the content respectively were 34.21%,50.75% and 48.02%.The proportion of non-acidic hydrolysable N to total N was 32%~36%.Compared with three irrigation methods,except for a few layers,the proportion of amino acid N,amino sugar N and ammonia N to total N in various layers of drip irrigation and subsurface irrigation were higher than furrow irrigation;but the proportion of unknown N and non-acidic hydrolysable N to total N of furrow irrigation were higher than drip irrigation and subsurface irrigation.

Abstract:The paper studies organic mineral complex component and distribution character of organic carbon of black soil under various cultivation pattern.The results showed that organic mineral complex in black soil primarily compose by the silt organic mineral complex,the organic carbon in black soil primarily consist in the small granule diameter of organic mineral complex,there is a accumulation tendency for organic carbon to the small granule diameter of organic mineral complex,as the black soil are cultivated.The contents of organic carbon different fractions in black soil is decreasing and the ratio of HA and FA is increasing,with increasing of the granule diameter of organic mineral complex,and the smaller the particle size of complex,the greater the proportion of HA.Reclamation may cause the soil complex scattered and not conducive to cementing material HA category to arabica complexes distribution,crop rotation is conducive to the soil organic carbon accumulation of soil physical properties and the improvement of soil fertility improvement.

Abstract:The distribution of organic carbon in different size soil aggregates was studied in hilly-gully region on the Loess Plateau,and also the relationship among soil aggregates,organic carbon and vegetation restoration was analyzed. The results showed that:(1) The organic carbon content in the 0~20 cm soil layer was higher than that in the 20~40 cm layer under different vegetation covering.The organic carbon content in different plant communities were Stipa grandis P.smirn community > Stipa bungeana Trin.community> Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb.community > Thymus mongolicus Ronn.community;(2) There were obvious relations between the organic carbon content and the soil aggregates size,the higher of soil carbon content were in 0.5~0.25 mm and the 1~0.5 mm two size in soil aggregates,organic carbon content decreased along with the soil aggregates size increases;(3) The revegetaion years also had a certain influence to the organic carbon content in different size soil aggregates.The organic carbon content assumed the trend of escalation along with the increasing of revegetation years returning back from agricultural land to grassland.The vegetation worked on the soil organic carbon quality and quantity by the withered leaves and other matters,meanwhile they ameliorate soil structure,especially the contents of water stable aggregates.The accumulation of soil organic was affected by vegetation types,revegetation years and also aggregates sizes in loess hilly-gully region.

Abstract:To understand soil carbon and nutrient pool and variation patterns under evergreen broad-leaved forest in northwest Sichuan,we chose mature forest of Cyclobalanopsis glauca Castanopsis fargesii Elaeocarpus japonicus,secondary and mature forest of Machillus pingii Alnus cremastogyne Phoeba bournei,secondary and young forest of Lithocarpus hancei Betula luminifera Eurya nitida to represent the typical evergreen broad-leaved forest types of this area.After examining soil carbon and nutrients pools,we obtained the following results and conclusions: By reasons of the differences of forest origin and ripening stage and the characteristics of plants,there was a big difference among soil carbon pools of this three inartificial forest types.Their soil carbon pools were 160.35 t/hm2,138.96 t/hm2,62.14 t/hm2 respectively and the mean was 120.48 t/hm2.The soil nutrients pools had different representations among the three forest types;However all of them were significantly impacted by forest types and their characters.There were trends of soil carbon and nutrients decreased with soil depth.The soil carbon and total nitrogen had evident representation.

Abstract:Based on the data from the National Second Soil Survey,this paper analyzed the variation of topsoil organic carbon(SOC) content in cropland and non-cropland,and the difference of SOC content in cropland and non-cropland,paddy fields and upland field among 6 regions.At the same time,the change of topsoil SOC storage led by cultivation was estimated based on the data of SOC content in non-cropland and cropland area.The results indicated that the variation of SOC content in cropland was less than that in non-cropland,and that in paddy field was less than in upland field;secondly,the SOC content in cropland was less than that in non-cropland which decreased 51.5% in average,but that in paddy field was more than in upland field;thirdly,the loss of SOC pool led by the agriculture cultivation was 4.3 Pg,which including the decreasing of paddy field and upland field was 0.67 and 3.63 Pg respectively.At last,this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of the SOC pool loss,and discussed the reason of the most decreasing degree of SOC storage in Northeast and Northern China,which was the much cultivation of soil like black soil,chernozems,and dark brown soil in grassland and wetland,and the irrational agricultural field management.

Abstract:为了探讨不同肥力土壤团聚体中主要营养元素含量的变化情况,以我国东部3种地带性土壤(黑土、棕壤和红壤)为研究对象,分别测定了其全量营养元素的含量,并进行了比较分析.结果发现,各营养元素在不同类型土壤中呈地带性分布.由北向南,有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、全钙、全镁的含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,全铁、全铝的变化趋势则相反;施用有机肥能明显增加土壤中各种营养元素的含量.无论哪个粒级的微团聚体,有机碳、全氮含量呈北高南低的趋势;钾素的变化呈北高南低分布.除了硅素外,其余营养元素在＜2 μm粒级内富集.对于不同肥力的土壤而言,各营养元素在高肥力土壤中含量较高;在不同肥力的各级团聚体中,也是主要分布在＜2 μm粒级范围内.

Abstract:综合研究了陇东黄土高原黑垆土不同烟草种植年限土壤的有机质含量、腐殖质组成、形态及胡敏酸的色调系数、相对色度等,结果表明 30～70 cm土层土壤有机质含量演化随烟草种植年限的增加表现出降低的特征最为明显,土壤表层的有机碳与胡敏酸含量则呈正相关,连作23年的胡敏酸最低.烟草连作1～8年的土壤HA/FA比值均大于1, 0～30 cm土层HA/FA比值为1年烟草＞5年烟草＞农田＞8年烟草＞23年烟草.农田和种植烟草1年的表层腐殖质含量以松结态＞稳结态,连作5年至23年表层腐殖质含量则为稳结态＞松结态.烟草连作各层土壤的相对色度(RF)在0～30 cm,50～70 cm土层随烟草连作年限呈显著的降低趋势,30～50 cm土层种植烟草1～8年呈升高趋势,8年后则呈降低趋势.但各层总趋势基本呈0～30 cm＜30～50 cm＜50～70 cm.HA的色调系数(ΔlogK)30～50 cm变化较小,各土层变化趋势与RF相反但结果一致.与对照比较,烟草连作1～8年可提高或保持胡敏酸氧化和芳化程度.

Abstract:The space list method was used to replace the time list in selecting four plots in their different stages of vegetation succession as grass stage,grass-shrub stage,shrub stage and forest stage in the open karst region of Guangxi,reports were based on the responses of the soils physical,chemical and biological properties to the four vegetation succession.This study indicate that the different vegetation succession led to significant differences in the soils physico-chemical and biological properties.The soil quality increased with progressive succession,the indices of soil quality for grass stage,grass-shrub stage,shrub stage and forest stage were 0.09,0.16,0.61 and 0.89,respectively,vegetation succession was an effective approach to improving soil quality.The factors that led to the poor soil quality of the grass and grass-shrub plantations were lower plant productivity,lower accumulation soil nutrients,lower soil nutrient especially organic matter,lower soil microbes and lower soil enzyme.Soil microbial amount combined with enzyme was the better indicator for reflecting soil biological activity and soil quality.

Abstract:Having researched the influences of the slow-release compound fertilizer(SRCF),the coated-release compound fertilizer(Multicote) and the common compound fertilizer(CCF) on the growth and nitrogen nutrition of rice by the pot culture experiment.The results showed that the changes of the rice stem and leaf weight,root/top ratio,N content of rice plant,fertilizer N in plant and apparent recovery efficiency of fertilizer N in the treatment applied SRCF accorded with that of Multicote,and was obvious better than the CCF.This indicated that nutrient released slowly from SRCF could meet the need of rice at the different growth stages.

Abstract:选择酸性紫色土,研究pH和有机酸对紫色土吸附镉的影响。结果表明,pH在1.0~5.0的范围内,Cd2 的解吸率从接近100%急剧降低到20.0%。当pH>5.0,Cd2 的解吸率缓慢下降。相对较低的有机酸浓度(≤10-3mol/L)限制了Cd2 解吸,而较高的有机酸浓度则增加了Cd2 的解吸。柠檬酸和醋酸在较高浓度(>10-3mol/L)时极大地促进了Cd2 的解吸,其次是苹果酸,最小的是酒石酸。

Abstract:Soil unsaturated hydraulic properties were not available,which restricted the technology of unsaturated hydraulic simulation to be applied to the field.In this research two representative methods of estimating soil hydraulic properties based on soil water retention curve and simple infiltration were employed,and unsaturated hydraulic properties were estimated and compared by these two methods for different textural purple soils.The results showed that the unsaturated conductivities estimated by soil water retention curve and simple infiltration were in good agreement with calculated unsaturated conductivities.Because of the advantage of measuring easily for soil water retention curve and the characters of simple experiment and time-saving for the simple infiltration,these two methods being employed to estimating purple soil unsaturated hydraulic properties were feasible.

Abstract:非饱和土壤水分扩散率是研究土壤水分运动规律必不可少的基本参数之一。本文应用水平土柱入渗法测定了科尔沁沙地沙质农田表层土壤的非饱和水分扩散率,并对氯化钴试纸在测定水分扩散率中的应用作了初步尝试和研究。主要结论如下:沙质农田表层土壤湿润锋迁移速率随着入渗距离的增大而减小,呈幂函数关系;波尔兹曼参数与土壤含水量呈直线关系;土壤水分扩散率与土壤含水量之间的关系,符合经验公式并呈指数函数变化。在应用水平土柱法测定非饱和土壤水分扩散率的过程中,氯化钴试纸法可以用于测定湿润锋的位置,特别是在高土壤含水量时,相比目视法而言更能显示其优势,在一定程度上可以提高测定结果的可靠性。

Abstract:Dried soil layer is a universal and special soil hydrological phenomenon on Loess Plateau.Studying the state,reason and controlling measures of dried soil layer has much significance to regional plant capability,land productivity and rectification of low-functional forest and grassland and construction of sustainable plant.A universal assessing indicator of dried soil layer and reasonable broken values is the basis of dried soil layer study.Yet till now there is not a general assessing indicator and reasonable broken values,as results in the difficulty of the study on regional dried soil layer.Saturation or non saturation of soil available water was suggested to be an assessing indicator in this paper,and some broken values was also given based on the summarization of the present results.Calculation of saturation of soil available water calculates is simple and the indicator can be a universal assessing method.

Abstract:Affect of soil texture and rotation on wheat yield and water use efficiency has studied by using the method of contrast in Linfen and Xiangfen,Shanxi province.The result showed that the wheat has get more yield in fallow for rotation in light loamy soil and in nonfallow for rotation in mediate loamy soil,and the soil has more store water before sowing in fallow for rotation in light loamy soil and in nonfallow for rotation in mediate loamy soil.Water consumption over growth stage under the ground 0~100 cm,0~200 cm and 100~200 cm in light loamy soil is fallow for rotation>soybean for rotation>mung bean for rotation,both store water at jointing stage and water consumption at jointing and maturation stage under the ground 0~100 cm,0~200 cm and 100~200 cm in mediate loamy soil is peanut for rotation>millet for rotation>fallow for rotation.The mediate loamy soil has higher water use efficiency and bigger range among every rotation.The study has provided academic evidence to select soil texture of sequential summer crops,and spring crop rotation for the rotate system relying mainly on nonirrigated wheat.

Abstract:Field experiments were conducted on the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on photosynthetic characteristics,dry matter accumulation,and grain yield and water use of winter wheat on the loess tableland of China.Compared with control treatments,leaf area index and photosynthetic rate increased significantly,grain yield increased by 47.6% and water use efficiency increased by 24.6%,averagely under nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization.The effects of fertilization on dry matter accumulation,yield and water use efficiency was as high nitrogen with high phosphorus > high nitrogen with low phosphorus > low nitrogen with low phosphorus > low nitrogen with high phosphorus.The results of variance analysis showed that nitrogen fertilization occupy the main influence while phosphorus fertilization has no impact on winter wheat yield and water use.No interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization was found.

Abstract:The simulated experiments were conducted to study effects of chloromethane included DCM,CF and CT on wheat seedling chlorophyll and soil respiration.The results showed that,the wheat chlorophyll were inhibited,and the inhibition was varied when the concentration of chloromethane was different.The more concentration was,the lower content of wheat chlorophyll was.The median inhibitory concentrations of DCM,CF and CT were 399.3 mg/kg,42.82 mg/kg,9.14 mg/kg,which indicated the toxicity of CT > CF > DCM.That was to say,the more H atoms were replaced,the more toxin would be.All the three chloromethane inhibited the soil respiration,and the inhibitions were stronger when the chloromethane concentrations increased.The inhibitory effects to soil respiration were temporary and would renew as the time last.

Abstract:This literary grace is tested with the static case law and the field,the wheat paddock CO2 flux of the variety changes the trends to study and apply fertilizer with various years.The result of study showed:(1) Catcher fertilization can increase soil CO2 emissions.With the appropriate amount of organic fertilizer with NPK fertilizer application for wheat root growth,root weight and increase root and coronal ratio,vigorous plant growth,photosynthesis increased,promoting root respiration rate and soil CO2 emissions.Different fertilization changes emissions of CO2 in the trend: middle concentration N treatments(N1PKM)>low concentration N treatments(N0PKM)>high concentration N treatments(N2PKM)>CK concentration N treatments(N0P0K0M).(2)Varieties succession of wheat in different years can affect the wheat field on CO2 emissions.Root dry weight,root and coronal ratio,biological yield and soil CO2 emissions were positively correlated.In other words,the recent(2000) varieties Shannong-11's root grow vigorous in late growing,so it is conductive to the grain carbohydrates in the transfer,thus grain yield high and CO2 emissions are large;Early(1950) on the Bima-1 in contrast,root is easy premature senility in late growing,yield low and CO2 emission is also very low.The trend is turning green in one and jointing stage: Yannong-15>Shannong-11>Bima-1,forming a vesicle for period: Shannong-11> Yannong-15> Bima-1.(3) Wheat growth exuberant period(jointing stage) is soil CO2 emissions in the biggest period.The trend is jointing stage> filling stage> turn green period.(4)Soil temperature and moisture affect the wheat fields of CO2 emissions.In the process of wheat growth up to the rising of the ground temperature and increase of the soil moisture,the wheat grows vigorously,the activation of the root system is strengthened,improved the release amount of wheat field CO2 at the same time.

Abstract:利用树木径向生长仪研究了黄土丘陵区6年生油松(Pinus tabulaef ormis)、山杨(Populus davidiana)和辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)及林下灌木胡颓子(Elaegnus umbellata)4种林木整个生长季茎干的径向变化,发现4种林木的径向变化表现为膨胀收缩旋回增长的模式。在整个生长季中,山杨从5月到10月径向持续增长,增长时间最长;而油松和胡颓子的径向生长主要发生在7月份,从8月份开始其增长速率变缓;辽东栎在整个生长季节的径向生长最小。在整个生长季内,山杨径向增长了2.63 mm,胡颓子为0.64 mm,油松和辽东栎则分别为0.40 mm和0.26 mm。辽东栎日收缩量与膨胀量明显大于其他树种。通过对影响林木径向生长的15种环境因子进行主成分分析后,将主要环境因子归结为温度影响因子、湿度影响因子和降水影响因子3个主成分,并提取了影响该区几种林木生长的主要环境因子:日大于0℃的积温、最低6 h相对湿度和日降雨量。采用线性逐步回归方法,建立了日膨胀量与日收缩量与3个主要环境因子之间的关系。发现日收缩量与日大于0℃的积温成正相关,而与最低6 h相对湿度和日降雨量均呈负相关关系;而日膨胀量亦与日大于0℃的积温成正相关,而与其他环境因子的关系随着树种的不同而不同,表现出较大的变异性。

Abstract:在分析阿瓦提灌区水土资源现状的基础上,探讨限额配水条件下该灌区水土资源的新平衡及可持续利用。结合RS、GIS技术,应用水盐平衡模型,从区域的4个水平衡和盐平衡等多个角度,首先模拟分析了1990~2004年该灌区的水土资源平衡现状;然后,根据灌区近期规划,设置情景方案预测分析了该灌区未来15年的水土资源平衡,进而提出水土资源开发利用与优化配置战略。预测结果表明,如果增加灌区内1.73×104hm2弃耕地或已开垦的未耕地,在调整种植结构和加大节水力度的同时,优先开发利用约1.1×108m3地下水与限额的地表引水统一调配灌溉,基本可保证新的供需平衡,但用水形势相当严峻。

Abstract:Though measured stock,natural moisture rate,max water-holding rate,moisture absorbing speed and effective holding-capacity of different litter layers in six communities in Baihua mountainous areas of west Beijing from Jul.to Aug.in 2006.The results showed that,the highest stock was Pinus tabulaeformis's litter about 18.5 t/hm2,the lowest was litter of forbs about 3.9 t/hm2,stock of different litter layers,semi-decomposed litter was higher than un-decomposed litter,natural moisture rate of the different decomposed layers in same communities,semi-decomposed litter was higher than un-decomposed litter layers,the highest one Populus cathayana's difference was 97.1%;Semi-decomposed litter was higher than un-decomposed litter layers of water-holding capacity,it could indicate water-holding ability was relational to the decomposed degree;According to the moisture absorbing speed of litter,it could separate the process to three parts,included fast process(0~1.0 h),slow process(1.0~5.0 h),stagnant process(24.0 h);The experiments indicated that effective holding-capacity to rainfall of litter layers,in the declined order of Populus cathayana,Robinia pseudoacacia,Pinus tabulaeformis,Artemisia lavandulaefolia,Vitex negundo,forbs,linear correlation analysis revealed that effective holding-capacity to rainfall of litter layers and stock,max water-holding rate showed positive correlation,especially it with max water-holding rate had significant correlation(n=6,r=0.8396,P<0.002).

Abstract:Typical severe degradation regions due to irrational utilization of water and land resources in the lower reaches of tarim river were chosen in our study.By using the germination method to experiment on germination of the soil seed bank over two years,the density spatial distribution patterns of the soil seed bank were analyzed.We attempted to research the effect of degradation vegetation on soil seed bank according to the characteristic of potential population in horizontal and vertical distribution.The results show that:(1)the density of the soil seed bank generally ranges from 150 seeds/m2 to 2 300 seeds/m2.In terms of the spatial distribution of the soil seed bank,the changes in the soil seed bank along the riparian and the vertical transects are different with the aggravation in degradation of standing vegetation;(2) the distribution of the soil seed bank in the lower reaches of Tarim river presents similarity to that in desert with the characteristic of block distribution;(3) the condition of microhabitat affects the distribution of the soil seed bank largely,and the density of the soil seed bank in the floodplain is larger.However,in bottomland,tamarisk ramosissima sand-hillock and even grassland with more litter,viable seeds are more than those in bare field and populus forest land;(4) severe degradation of ecology in the lower reaches of Tarim river results in different vertical distribution of the soil seed bank in this region,which is the continually increase in the proportion of upper soil seed bank in the total depth with the aggravation of the degradation of standing vegetation.

Abstract:通过野外取样和室内分析,初步研究了科尔沁沙地两种生物结皮在干、湿两种处理下土壤种子库种类组成、密度以及物种多样性等特征.结果表明①科尔沁沙地藻结皮和苔藓结皮土壤种子库的总密度为干旱藻结皮＜湿润藻结皮＜干旱苔藓结皮＜湿润苔藓结皮.两种结皮上种子库的数量存在显著差异,对于干、湿处理的两种结皮,苔藓结皮上种子库的总密度均大于藻结皮上种子库的总密度;②两种生物结皮在干旱、湿润两种处理中共出现了6科、15种植物,种子库的组成以一年生草本植物、中生植物为主,二者百分比均超过76%;③在干旱藻结皮、湿润藻结皮、干旱苔藓结皮和湿润苔藓结皮上,种子库物种多样性表现出湿润处理下的结皮高于干旱处理的结皮.由此表明,在半干旱的科尔沁沙地,水分是限制结皮土壤种子库中种子萌发的主要因子,而生物结皮则通过对水分入渗与再分配的调控作用影响结皮种子库中种子的萌发.

Abstract:在北京雾灵山自然保护区天然次生林内,设置了2个有代表性的固定标准地,应用相邻格子法获得野外调查资料,进行优势种群结构和空间分布格局的研究。结果表明:(1)以山杨为优势种群的群落I和以蒙椴为优势种群的群落II年龄结构呈塔型,群落高度结构呈"L"型,幼苗相当丰富,天然更新能力强。(2)山杨种群、白桦种群、黑桦种群均为衰退种群,蒙椴种群表现为增长型种群。(3)在分布格局上,不同群落优势种群均呈集群分布,白桦伴生种群呈随机分布,黑桦种群在不同群落中分布格局差异较大。不同群落在整体上呈集群分布,但不同发育阶段,分布格局有所差异,幼树和中树阶段为集群分布,中树阶段显示出扩散的趋势,大树阶段为随机分布,这种差异与其生物学和生态学特性及物种的竞争有密切联系。

Abstract:As a relative new technology,fingerprinting technology has been receiving increasing attention in sediment source study.Especially multi-parameter fingerprinting technique,which used for quantitative research of sediment source,has achieved a series of successes in models and applications.This paper outlined traditional technique about investigating suspended sediment source,summarized the application principles and advances of single-parameter and multi-parameter fingerprinting techniques in investigating suspended sediment source,and analyzed the application projects and development tendency of multi-parameter fingerprinting technique.