Abstract:为探索水土流失的影响因素,防治水土流失,采用自制水土冲刷试验装置,通过平行对比模拟试验,研究了无机盐和无机酸碱溶液对土壤侵蚀的影响规律。结果表明,无机盐溶液对土壤侵蚀作用大小与盐溶液的种类、浓度有关,在溶液中的阴离子相同的条件下,溶液的阳离子不同,冲刷的产沙量不一样,盐溶液浓度变化对土壤侵蚀的影响规律可分为四种:上升型、下降型、波峰型和波谷型。无机酸碱溶液对土壤侵蚀作用大小与酸、碱种类有关,H2SO4,HNO3的产沙量大,H3PO4,HCl的产沙量小;NaOH,KOH的产沙量大,Ca(OH)2,NH3.H2O的产沙量小;碱溶液对土壤的冲刷产沙量远大于酸溶液的产沙量,酸、碱溶液的产沙量均比清水大。

Abstract:Soil wetting characteristics under intermittent infiltration of fertilizer solution were analyzed based on indoor experimental data to study the intermittent infiltration characteristics under surge fertigation.The results indicated that wetting front under intermittent infiltration of the fertilizer solution moved slower than under continuous infiltration and the speed decreased with cycle number.Piecewise model for calculating transport distance of the wetting front under intermittent infiltration of fertilizer solution was analyzed,and the simple model based on continuous infiltration data of fertilizer solution was suggested,the example calculation indicates that the method is simple and effective.Soil water content under intermittent infiltration of fertilizer solution is more evenly distributed than continuous infiltration and the proportion of infiltration quantity increased at the same wetting depth.

Abstract:The changes of the phosphorus forms in the sediments and gap water of the different layer sediments by submerged plant has been studied using the submerged plant Hydrilla verticillata culturing in homology area sediments and soil.The rule on the transferred of the phosphorus forms in different layer sediments and submerged soil by submerged plant has been studied using were open out.The different layer soil results show prone to transferred of phosphorus;The results indicate that the main transferred of phosphorus on the soil great than the comparative level on the alimentation sediments,the submerged plant Hydrilla verticillata can to boost transferred inorganic phosphorus in the superstratum sediments to overlying water and boost transferred organic phosphorus in the substrate(layer take on root tip) sediments;Effects of transferred of the phosphorus in the substrate sediments less than soil, the superstratum sediments great than soil by submerged plant.Effects of changes of the phosphorus forms in the gap water of the sediments by absorb effect and circumstance effect of the Hydrilla verticillata,effects of changes of the phosphorus forms in the gap water and the sediments great than soil by Hydrilla verticillata.

Abstract:This text study the natural rainfall-interflow processes uplayers(0~40 cm) and downlayers(40~110 cm) in red soil hilly region.The results showed: the interflow flux in oiltea camellia is more than that in resumed field with different land use modes,but the peaks flux is oppositional.The rainfall-interflow processes begin is better early and close is later in oiltea camellia than that in resumed field.The laggard duration time increase with soil layers depth increasing.The values of interflow flux,peak flux,laggard duration and prolonged duration at uplayers are less than that at downlayers.The uplayers interflow proceed in answer to runflow is sooner than that of downlayers.Most interflow occurring causes is different with different kinds of rainfall.The laggard duration time is shorter in peak rainfall processes than others.Most interflows are driving-flow.

Abstract:According to unreasonable tillage measures and serious soil erosion on sloping land in Yunnan province,a trial of maize intercropping vegetable and grass strip was carried out to reduce the soil and water losses.The result shows: The runoff of maize intercropping potato in August is 37.4% less than maize sole and bare cropping.The sediment of intercropping cabbage in July and August is 46.7% and 58.2% less than maize sole and bare planting.The sediment of intercropping mixed grass strip in July,August,September and October is 68.9%,74.6%,84.5% and 82.1% less than maize bare planting significant(P <0.01).The total sediment of maize intercropping cabbage,potato and green pepper are 47.0%,43.8% and 10.2% less than maize bare planting significant(P <0.01).The total sediment of maize intercropping grass strip are 60.8% and 70.0% less than maize bare planting significant(P <0.01).The total runoff of maize intercropping potato is 21.0% less than maize sole and polythene mulch planting.The average sediment of intercropping is 35.7% less than maize bare planting in low rain rate,61.4% in medium rain rate and 70.0% in high rain rate.So maize intercropping vegetable and grass strip are some good kinds of water and soil conservation tillage measures,especially during high rain rate rainfall.

Abstract:The objective of this paper is to study preferential flow and transport rule of nitrate-N in Bai soil profile with the soil coloration analysis and nitrate tracing.The results were as follows: the macropore distribution and preferential flow ways could be analyzed by coloration.The larger colored area indicated higher macropore content in every soil layer.In Bai soil profile,the macropore contents of surface layer were the highest.The macropore contents below the third and the fifth soil layers were low.In farmland,preferential flow was the main ways of nitrate-N transport.The preferential flow could affect to about 78 cm in soil profile.The groundwater was affected obviously by preferential flow and nitrate-N content in groundwater was multiplied more than 10 times in this experiment.

Abstract:Based on the research and analysis of purple soil infiltration characteristics under four land utilization types in Three Gorges reservoir region,results show that: Compare to traditional farmland,the sand content of tree-crop intercropping land increases 21.37%,its silt and clay content decreases separately 11.63% and 4.14%,its overall porosity and non-capillary are 45.80 % and 8.96 %,which is the best of four land utilization types;The relationship between soil infiltration rate and time of four land utilization types can be expressed as Y=a X-b.The stable infiltration rate has obvious imparity among four land utilization types,and the result is bamboo forest land(55.89 mm/h)>tree-crop intercropping land(5.91 mm/h)>orchard(2.71 mm/h)>traditional farmland(1.87 mm/h);As the time to attain the stable infiltration rate,tree-crop intercropping land is 70 minutes later than traditional farmland,and the stable infiltration rate of the former is as 3.16 times as the latter,these show that tree-crop intercropping land can postpone process of runoff yield and increase moisture infiltration into soils,so it can be popularized in the scope of Three Gorges reservoir region.The ability of purple soil infiltration assumes the positive correlativity with sand,overall porosity and non-capillary,with clay,bulk gravity and the initial moisture has the inverse correlations.

Abstract:以马鞍山西北坡土壤作为研究对象,利用不同时间不同海拔高度土壤的试验数据,分析了坡面土壤氮磷含量的时空变异特征和次降雨前后土壤颗粒组成与氮磷含量的变化特征,进行了坡面土壤及氮磷元素移失量的估算。结果表明,速效磷含量由1月到7月呈增加趋势;土壤全磷含量随着时间变化而逐渐降低,在空间上随海拔高度降低而逐渐增加;土壤的全氮与水解氮在季节上表现出春季较高,而夏季较低的特点,在空间上呈从山体下部向上逐渐降低的趋势;降雨后,坡地表层土壤氮磷含量会有一定程度的降低,其中速效磷和水解氮降幅明显高于全磷和全氮,土壤颗粒组成呈现出粘粒和粉粒含量减少,砂粒含量相对增加的趋势;坡面土壤的平均流失厚度为0.41 cm/a,平均流失量为5 412 t/(km2.a),氮素和磷素的平均移失量分别为9.12,2.30 t/(km2.a)。

Abstract:Based on the infiltration experiments of grassland and bare plots under freezing and thawing condition,the infiltration characteristics of the grassland plots and bare plots were analyzed.Results show that the temperature in grassland is higher than that in bare plot from 0 to 40cm depth,but the soil moisture is lower than that in bare plot during seasonal freezing and thawing period.In initial freezing and thawing stage,the 90 min cumulative infiltration amount of grassland plot is higher than that of bare plot,but the infiltration intensity of grassland plot is lower than that of bare plot.The infiltration characteristics of grassland plots are almost same with bare plots during the steady freezing stage.The research results will provide a basis for further study on infiltration characteristics of grassland under seasonal freezing and thawing condition,and also can be taken as a reference for the conservation of soil and water,ecology renovation and irrigation engineering in winter and spring in seasonal freezing and thawing region.

Abstract:以重庆南川岩溶区为例,用137C s法研究了岩溶区坡面土壤侵蚀特征。结果表明,坡面上部侵蚀速率较小,平均侵蚀速率为400.8 t/(km2.a),最大侵蚀速率为1 138.4 t/(km2.a);坡面中部侵蚀加剧,平均侵蚀速率2 264.8 t/(km2.a),最大侵蚀速率可达3 760 t/(km2.a);坡面下部侵蚀减弱甚至堆积。土壤表层有机质、表层粘粒及水稳性团聚体含量在坡面上的变化与土壤侵蚀速率具有负相关趋势。

Abstract:This paper applies the WEPP model to simulate soil erosion and spatial variation in Sichuan hilly basin.The study was carried out on six cultivated slope lands and fifteen bare slope lands.As to single storm,the average relative error of six cultivated slope lands is 25.5%.The relative errors less than 30% account for 88.9% of all the errors of those six cultivated slope lands.The average error of fifteen bare slope lands is 20.3%,the relative errors less than 30% account for 86% of all the errors of those fifteen bare slope lands.The relative errors of annual soil erosion in 2004 and 2005 are 14.94% and 14.37%,respectively,which is less than those of single storms.So the WEPP model is more suitable to simulate soil erosion in long time scale.The WEPP model is also able to simulate the spatial variation of soil erosion.By means of sloping erosion curve,the erosion area can be divided into three parts: erosion developing part,erosion accelerating part and main erosion part.The length of erosion accelerating part has negative relation with rainfall and rainfall intensity,while the length of accelerating part and the erosion has positive relation with the length of slope.

Abstract:本研究利用粉煤灰、水泥和水作为原料,按照质量比为4∶2∶1的比例,制造了一种粒度宽泛的与土壤性质相近的人工磁性示踪剂,并在利用人工降雨对5°坡度、不同雨强和不同示踪剂施用浓度下对人工示踪剂的性质和使用方法进行了研究,试验结果表明:该示踪剂的理化性质与土壤接近,在施用浓度为5%~10%、深度是5 cm的条件下,示踪剂的可蚀性与土壤最为接近,在此条件下,人工示踪剂可以通过降雨侵蚀前后土壤磁化率的增大或减小来反映坡面不同空间部位土壤发生沉积或遭受侵蚀。

Abstract:通过实地调查与试验分析,研究了镜泊湖区杨桦林、蒙古栎林、人工落叶松林和人工红松林的土壤养分状况和微生物特征。结果表明:杨桦林的土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、水解氮含量、全磷含量及速效磷含量均为最大,其土壤细菌数量、放线菌数量和微生物总量也最大;蒙古栎林的土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、水解氮含量、全磷含量、速效磷含量、细菌数量、放线菌数量、真菌数量和微生物总量均比杨桦林小,比人工落叶松林和人工红松林大;人工落叶松林和人工红松林,除真菌数量处于最高水平外,其土壤的养分状况、细菌数量、放线菌数量和微生物总量均为最小。杨桦林、蒙古栎林、人工落叶松林和人工红松林的有机质含量比例为633∶299∶294∶100,全氮含量比例为1013∶539∶331∶100,水解氮含量比例为868∶418∶310∶100,全磷含量比例为411∶279∶127∶100,速效磷含量比例为523∶220∶271∶100,微生物总量比例为180∶130∶103∶100。

Abstract:Effects of different tillage systems on labile organic matter and carbon management index in purple paddy soil of long term experiment site(since 1990) were studied.Soil labile organic matter was measure by oxidation of KMnO4 with three fractionations,namely,high labile organic matter(oxidized by 33 mmol/L KMnO4),middle labile organic matter(extra carbon oxidized by 167 mmol/L KMnO4),and low labile organic matter(extra carbon oxidized by 333 mmol/L KMnO4).Compared with conventional tillage,long-term no-tillage and ridge culture of paddy field only can increase organic matter in surface soil(0~10 cm), but can increase soil labile organic matter in each soil layer except in 10~20 cm;while rotation of paddy and upland would cause organic matter decrease in each soil layer,but only cause soil labile organic matter decreased in 0~10 cm soil layer.Effects of different cultivation systems on fractionation of soil labile organic matter were also studied.The results showed that no-tillage and ridge culture can increase each faction in soil surface(0~10 cm) and increase oxidative organic matter by 167~333 mmol/L KMnO4 in the other soil layers,but decrease oxidative organic matter by 33 mmol/L KMnO4,and rotation of paddy and upland also can increase oxidative organic matter by 167~333 mmol/L KMnO4 in each soil layer,but decreased oxidative organic matter by 33 mmol/L and 33~167 mmol/L KMnO4.The carbon management index was increased in each layer of no-tillage and ridge culture,while it decreased in 0~10 cm soil layer of rotation of paddy and upland.So significant influence of agricultural management and practices on soil organic matter,labile organic matter and carbon management index were found.

Abstract:通过对海南刚果12桉、尾叶桉、窿缘桉3种桉树Cu元素的积累、循环进行比较研究。结果表明,刚果12桉、尾叶桉、窿缘桉3种桉树Cu元素平均含量为4.61,3.45,4.36 m g/kg;林分积累量为0.350 3,0.397 6,0.1167kg/hm2。年存留量尾叶桉>刚果12桉>窿缘桉;年归还量刚果12桉>尾叶桉>窿缘桉;刚果12桉、尾叶桉年吸收量分别是窿缘桉的2.7,2.6倍;刚果12桉、窿缘桉、尾叶桉循环系数分别为0.66,0.63,0.53。两种林分特征下尾叶桉Cu元素的含量存在差异,林下有植被的林分和林下无植被的林分Cu元素含量分别为17.15,13.48 m g/kg,林分积累量为0.534 4,0.336 8 kg/hm2。林下有植被的林分和无林下植被的林分Cu元素年存留量分别为0.106 8,0.067 3 kg/(hm2.a);年归还量为0.247 4,0.160 0 kg/(hm2.a);年吸收量分别为0.354 2,0.227 3 kg/(hm2.a);循环系数分别为0.70和0.71。

Abstract:In this paper,the effects of desertification on litter decomposition,carbon and nitrogen release were studied using mesh bags in Horqin sandy land.The results showed that the dry weight remaining rate of litter at the 110 d was 38.5%,40.8%,45.2%,55.6% and 58.8%,respectively,in potential,light,moderate,severe,and most-severe desertification sand land,while percentage of C remained in litter was 37.1%,36.6%,41.4%,53.6% and 51.1%,and N remained was 43.8%,47.6%,54.2%,59.4% and 58.9%,respectively.This indicated that the rate of weight loss and rate of C and N release were slowed down with desertification. During the decomposition process in different sand habitats,release rate of C in litter was faster than that of N;C concentration in litter was decreased in early days of decomposition,and then increased slightly,but C concentration,after decomposition of 110 days,was lower than that at the beginning;N concentration in litter was increased consistently with time.

Abstract:Based on the study of wind controlling measures efficiency at the K1533 of Qinghai-Tibet railway,the results show that the upright sand fence decreased the wind velocity in the protection area,behind the first piece upright sand fence,it reduced wind velocity by rate 14.63%~86.15% as compared to the control,41.93%~97.91 % behind second piece,and 22.80%~87.40 % behind third piece,respectively.The wind erosion modulus decreased greatly behind the upright sand fence,after the first piece of upright sand fence,the wind erosion modulus just occupying about 21.75% of the control wind erosion modulus.Wind erosion rate behind second and third piece upright sand fence,it reduced range from several ten fold to hundred fold as compared to the control.The same trends appears in the stone checkerboard sand barrier protection area,wind erosion modulus reduced range from several ten fold to hundred fold,even to thousand fold as compared to the control in the same monitoring height.Upright sand fence and stone checkerboard sand-barrier have the greatly effect on the wind erosion control of the railway,their protected that the railway suffered from the wind erosion hazards.

Abstract:对浙江慈溪100，500，1000a水稻土的有机碳分布及其稳定性碳同位素特征进行了研究。结果表明，经百年耕种以后，水稻土耕作层有机碳含量受耕作年限影响很小。随着耕作年限的延长，水稻土剖面不同土层的有机碳含量变异性逐渐降低，下层土壤有机碳储量有逐渐增加的趋势；另外，随着耕作年限的增加，水稻土剖面下层的δ^13C值，有降低趋势，表明种植水稻带入土体的低δ^13C有机碳会随着耕作年限的增加，不断向下层迁移并固定起来。不同年限稻田耕作层土壤中，〈50μm粒级复合体的有机碳含量由高到低的顺序均为：〈2μm，2～10μm，10～50μm；不同粒级复合体有机碳δ^13C值随着粒级的增大而不断降低，新增的碳主要集中在粗粒中，而细粒中的碳为降解的老碳；对于某一粒级复合体来说，δ^13C值顺序均为：1000a〉500a〉100a；〈2μm复合体有机碳属于低活性碳库，耕种上百年后，基本达到饱和。

Abstract:选择毛乌素地区东北部梁地上3种类型的小叶杨人工林,研究了坡位对其生长和土壤养分空间差异的影响。结果表明:整体上,坡位对小叶杨和沙柳的生长均有显著影响。小叶杨人工林植被生长均表现为:坡底>坡顶≥坡中,小叶杨和柠条的混交林比其他两个林型生长好。小叶杨人工林土壤有机质含量在坡底部位多数土层中含量较高,在0.57%~1.09%之间,坡中和坡顶部位含量较小,分别在0.36%~1.07%和0.32%~0.82%之间,这与植被生长较好密切相关;土壤有机质含量在不同坡位均呈波动式减少的趋势,0~10 cm土层中含量均最大,在0.63%~1.09%之间。坡中部位各土层中的速效N、速效P和速效K含量较高,分别在18.82~66.63 m g/kg,24.07~90.06 m g/kg和51.94~190.24 m g/kg,这与坡中植被生长较差有关;而坡底和坡顶较小,速效N、速效P和速效K在不同坡位垂直变化趋势差异较大。另外,小叶杨和柠条混交林的土壤平均养分含量均较高,土壤有机质0.81%,速效N 33.84 m g/kg,速效P 49.03 m g/kg,速效K 104.14 m g/kg。

Abstract:It is unclear the mechanisms of nitrogen deposition to carbon sequestration and depletion in terrestrial ecosystem where restricted by nitrogen,especially lack of understanding on processes of soil organic carbon input,transformation and output.In this paper,newly research advances on the influence of extrinsic nitrogen(such as nitrogen deposition and adding nitrogen) on decomposition of litter and turnover of soil organic matter fractions are discussed.In addition,the different responses of soil respiration components(such as root respiration,microbial respiration of rhizodeposits and SOM decomposition) on nitrogen increase are also concerned.Furthermore,uncertainties and countermeasures and potential directions are pointed out in above three research fields.

Abstract:This paper studied the effects of the coating thickness and granular diameter on the nitrogen release rate to select a treatment of controlled release fertilizer(CRF) which consumed less coating material but had better controlling effect to realize the purpose to reduce the cost of CRFs.The results of this experiment showed that,CRF of 2.5~3 mm diameter had the best coating effect than 3~4 mm and 4~5 mm diameters;When the coating thickness was 60 g/m2 and 70 g/m2 respectively,the release rate of CRFs of 3~4 mm diameter was mild,and its release period was longest than others diameters(2.5~3 mm,4~5 mm diameter).The capability of nutrient-controlling release of 3~4 mm diameter was better to that of 2.5~3 mm diameter and 4~5 mm diameter too;The result of effect of coating thickness on characteristics of nitrogen release was that preliminary solubility,differential solubility and nitrogen accumulated release rate all had decrease tendency remarkably with the increase of coating thickness.Among the results,effect of coating thickness on 3~4 mm diameter was best than other two diameter treatments,however on 4~5 mm diameter was smallest.

Abstract:Based on fixed observation on hillslope in red soil region,the spatio-temporal dynamic change of soil water potential in the oiltea camellia woods and their natural rehabilitation lands were analyzed.The results showed that soil water potential and its variation coefficient increased with the increase of soil depth,and soil water potential in the drought season was lower than that in the rainy season.The dynamic change of soil water potential during the process of redistribution was influenced mainly by rainfall amount,and its range and velocity below the depth of 30~110 cm in the oiltea camellia woods were higher than those of natural rehabilitation lands.The change of soil water potential intensified from 0~10 cm and 0~20 cm to 0~30 cm in natural rehabilitation land when vegetation coverage increased gradually.Zero flux planes had cyclic process between disconvergent of zero flux planes and convergent of zero flux planes from surface layer to deep layer during rainfall infiltration and redistribution,and the types and transformations of zero flux planes of oiltea camellia woods were more complicated than those of rehabilitation lands.

Abstract:The distribution characteristics of cotton roots(Gossypium hirsutum L) in different irrigation amounts were investigated by digging in this study.The result indicates that: with depth increased,root biomass gradually decreased in different irrigation amounts.But there is an increased trend in deep-seated root biomasses only with irrigation amount decreased.Underground biomass has a significant negative logarithm relation with soil depth in different irrigation amount.Root length and root surface area have the same changeable rule.In every irrigation amount treatment,with depth increased,root length and root surface area change as a single peak curve with the increase of soil depth.Root extinction coefficient of cotton in different irrigation amounts was calculated by SigmaPlot.The result indicates: with irrigation amount decreased,root extinction coefficient of cotton shows an increased trend.

Abstract:In this paper geostatistical theory and methods are used to study the spatial variability and the spatial distributing characters of soil moisture of different models of rehabilitated forest in dry season in Taihe county,Jiangxi province.The results showed that the soil moisture in 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm soil layers of grassland,Pinus elliottii plantation,Liquidambar formosana plantation and the forest mixed Liquidambar formosana with Pinus elliottii could be expressed by spherical model,and the soil moisture showed medium or strong spatial correlation and obvious spatial distributing patterns.The sills and ranges of semivariogram of three models of rehabilitated forest were obviously larger than that of grassland,and the differences between the two layers are also larger than that of grassland,which showed that variation extent,and the ranges of soil moisture are larger after rehabilitation,and spatial variability changed with layers.Compared with pure forests,soil moisture of the model mixed with Liquidambar formosana with Pinus elliottii had lower spatial variability,and the distribution of soil moisture tended to become homogeneous.

Abstract:This paper researched the temporal and spatial variability characteristic of surface soil moisture content in sand areas where were covered by different vegetation types in Shapotou,the results indicated that the distribution of surface soil moisture was normal distribution,the surface soil moisture content increased obviously and the fragmentation degree minished after precipitation,the distribution of soil moisture was more even.When surface soil moisture content was extreme low,the variance trend of surface soil moisture spatial variability and soil moisture content was consistent,when the surface soil moisture content wasn't quite low,the variance trend of soil moisture spatial variability and surface soil moisture content was reverse.The turning points where the relationship between surface soil moisture spatial variability and soil moisture content changed occurred when surface soil moisture content was 1.5%,2.5%,3%,3% and 4% in moving sand area,Caragana korshinskii area A,Caragana korshinskii area B,A.ordosica area,sand-binding vegetation area respectively.

Abstract:利用野外模拟降雨试验，研究了不同垄沟（自然垄沟、盖膜垄沟、成垄压实）耕作条件下土壤水分分布特征和再分布规律。结果表明：垄沟耕作改变了农田微地形，利用垄上降雨顺垄流人沟中，从而拦蓄部分径流，相对增加了沟中土壤蓄水，有利于水分向下运移。相对于自然垄沟，膜垄的集雨效果明显，沟中土壤平均含水量显著高于垄中，20～100cm土层范围内平均土壤含水量分别为12．7％和9．1％；成垄压实土壤水分在剖面分布状况与盖膜垄沟的水分分布相似，水分向沟内集中，沟中土壤水分含量显著高于同一土层深度处垄中土壤含水量，且与盖膜垄沟处理下沟中土壤水分含量无显著差异，在集水和聚水方面表现出和膜垄的相似性。因此，在以集雨农业为主的半干旱地区，成垄压实可以替代盖膜垄沟，有效地富集和储存雨水资源于沟中，供作物吸收利用。

Abstract:Spatial variability is one of the most important characters in soil.We use the principle and methods of traditional statistics and geostatisitcs to study the spatial variability of top soil(0~20 cm) moisture and soil bulk density in three different stand age of Salix psammophila in inter-dune lowland.The result showed that there showed increased tendency of top soil moisture with the growth of Salix psammophila,it also had a significant effect(p<0.05) on top soil moisture in three different stand age of Salix psammophila,but the soil bulk density of top soil didn't showed the significant effect.Semivariogram analysis demonstrated that the spatial variability became higher in top soil moisture and soil bulk density,higher the spatial autocorrelation which caused spatial heterogeneity mainly and more complicated and scattered according to the growth of Salix psammophila.But there is not significant different(p>0.05) between the vary function of top soil moisture and soil bulk density in different stand age of Salix psammophlia.

Abstract:Soil water is an important factor that affects the growth of crops in semiarid area and has variability at spatial distribution decided by its own characteristics.Based on Chahayang Farm in western semiarid agricultural climate area of Heilongjiang,the authors analyzed the spatial variability of soil water characteristics in this region by using geostatistics software GS and geostatistics analyst module in ArcGIS,elicited the variant degree,influencing factors and spatial distribution maps of soil water characteristics which was used to analyze irrigation water quantity and provide bases for reasonable and precise irrigation of this region.

Abstract:The changes of soil water of farmland(potato),woodland(acacia),cutting blank and grassland were simulated with SVAT-model(e.g.CoupModel) in loess hilly and gully region.In this paper,the degree of soil desiccation,contribute of climate drought and exhausting water by vegetation to soil desiccation and the hydro-ecological effects of soil desiccation were analyzed.The result showed there was soil desiccation in farmland and no soil desiccation in acacia woodland,cutting blank and grassland and especially soil desiccation were very serious in acacia woodland.The contribute ratio of climate drought and exhausting water by vegetation to soil desiccation were 70.74%,29.26% respectively,thus drought of climate is the main reason of soil desiccation.The soil desiccation can deal to the exchanged layer of soil water in profile shallow,mobility of soil water poor,and lose 77.58%~93.55% of regular capability of soil reservoir,form the isolation layer of water cycle,reinforce the dependency of vegetation to precipitation.In conclusion,the soil desiccation deteriorated the environment of hydrological cycle in the earth,affecting the natural growth of vegetation,making against ecological construction in loess hilly and gully region.

Abstract:In order to investigate floating macrophyte role on the purification of eutrophicated sight water named Hua-jia-chi and select appropriate native vegetable for phytoremediation,five floating macrophytes(Eichhornia crassipes,Jussiaen repens L.,Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.,Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.)Backer.and Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb.) were grown in treated water and as a none-plant to compare effectiveness of nutrient removal.It can concluded that all the floating macrophytes had a good performance on removal nutrients from treated water rather than without macrophyte and had better growth,higher application value with good foreground in sewage purification.After growing the five floating macrophytes 100 days for total nitrogen(TN) removal,Jussiaen repens L.(63%) > Eichhornia crassipes(57%) > Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.)Backer.(46%)> Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb.(42%) > Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.(34%).For total phosphorus(TP) removal,Eichhornia crassipes(52%) >Jussiaen repens L.(50%) > Hydrocharis dubia(Bl.)Backer.(45%) > Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb.(31%) > Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.(22%).The treatment enclosures with Eichhornia crassipes and Jussiaen repens L.had the best effect on sewage purification and nutrients removal.It may related to their ability of absorption and assimilation nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage as well as the action of microorganism around root.The transparence in growing Eichhornia crassipes and Jussiaen repens L.enclosures improved faster than others.It could immediately preponderate over 1.0 m after 40 days,whereas the other floating macrophytes treatment enclosures could preponderate over 1.0 m at least after 60 days.Thus it could be seen that floating macrophyte have good application foreground on the purification of eutrophicated sight water.

Abstract:In the research,in order to quantified study effects of plant communities on sandy waters contained different suspended sediment(SS) concentrations in different hydraulic retention time(HRT),a step constructed wetland of emerging plants,floating-leaved plants and submerged plants which based on spatial distribution of natural layer body were constructed by aquatic marcrophytes,such as Acorus calamus,Trapa incisa,Hydrilla verticillata,Vallisneria spiralis and Myriophyllum spicatum.A comparative analysis of input SS concentrations,output SS concentrations and HRT was also done.The results were as follows:(1) The input SS concentrations are 98.69,191.76,273.13 mg/L,average of 187.76 mg/L and the output average SS concentration is 26.52 mg/L,just 51.04% of the comparison treatment;(2) The output SS concentrations increase with increase of the input SS concentrations and decrease with protracting of HRT.The regression equation is Cplant out=1.231 0.170Cin-0.356H;(3) The retained SS concentrations in the experimental water increase with increase of the input SS concentrations and decrease with protracting of HRT.The regression equation is Cplant water=1.158 0.261Cin-0.623H;(4) The sedimentations of SS in constructed wetland increase with increase of the input SS concentrations and protracting of HRT.The regression equation is Wplant=0.810Cin 0.886H-2.340;(5) In order to keep transparency condition needed by emerging plants growth of constructed wetland,the relationship between the input SS concentrations and the minimum HRT must be: Hmin=0.419 Cin-38.478(98.7< Cin <273.1).

Abstract:通过探讨流域生态环境需水量概念及分析方法,概算了石羊河流域河流基础生态环境需水量、河流输沙需水量、流域湖泊湿地生态环境需水量和下游地下水合理补给需水量。结果表明:石羊河流域河流系统基础生态环境需水量为2.458 6×108m3,约占流域地表水资源来水量的16.93%;输沙需水量为5.30×108m3;流域湖泊湿地需水量为1.53×108m3,下游地下水补给需水量为1.758 6×108m3。生态环境需水量整合后,适宜的生态需水量约占水资源总量的36.49%~48.60%。

Abstract:With the conflict between supply and demand of water resources getting worse,rational allocation has become the most important means to realize the sustainable utilization of water resources.The research and applied finding in water resources allocation of China is illustrated systematically.During allocation two usual models are anaylsed that optimization model and simulation model.In combination with project,it does some studies on the application of coupling optimization and simulation and the organic coupling of time and space has realized in the water resources rational allocation.

Abstract:Effect of nitrogen application levels on nitrogen assimilation and grain protein components accumulation in strong gluten wheat was studied on the condition of high-yield.Results showed that with nitrogen supply increasing from 0 to 195 kg/hm2,nitrate reductase(NR) and glutamine synthetase(GS) activities in flag leaf were enhanced,the content of nitrogen and the amount of nitrogen accumulated in every organs increased,the content of monomeric protein,soluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin increased,the content of total protein and the ratios of soluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin to total protein increased,grain quality was improved.With excessive nitrogen supplied,NR and GS activity in flag leaf and total protein content in grain were not affected significantly,but the ratios of soluble and insoluble glutenin to total protein,and grain quality decreased.Nitrogen supplied from 105 kg/hm2 to 195 kg/hm2 can realize high yield and high quality simultaneously.

Abstract:在豫北潮土区典型高肥力与中肥力田块上,通过田间小区和15N微区试验,研究了施氮量对麦田氮肥去向及小麦产量的影响,以期为目前小麦生产中氮肥优化管理提供依据。结果表明:(1)收获期小麦植株吸收氮素的17.43%~38.75%来自肥料,61.25%~82.72%来自土壤,其中高肥力地块植株吸氮量中来自肥料氮的比例低于中肥力地块,来自土壤氮的比例则高于中肥力地块。(2)随着施氮量的增加,植物对肥料氮的吸收增加,肥料氮的土壤残留量和土壤损失量上升,但施肥过量将抑制小麦对土壤氮的吸收利用;小麦对肥料氮的吸收率、残留率和损失率分别为25.51%~40.77%,20.30%~47.14%,17.75%~48.69%,其中高肥力地块氮肥吸收率、损失率低于中肥力地块,但残留率高于中肥力地块。(3)随着施氮量的增加,施肥的风险/收益比增大,施氮量达270 kg/hm2时,该比值大于1。(4)收获时土壤残留肥料氮有61.41%~87.27%分布于0~20 cm土层,随着肥料用量的增加,肥料氮残留于表层比例下降,两地块相比,中肥力地块肥料氮下移较为明显。(5)适量施氮有利于增加小麦产量,其中高肥力地块最高产量施氮量低于中肥力地块。

Abstract:The effects of irrigation amount on grain quality,yield and soil NO-3-N content were studied with strong gluten wheat "Jimai 20" and middle gluten wheat "Taishan 23" by setting four irrigation amount treatments(with 0 mm,180 mm,240 mm,300 mm irrigation amount respectively) under field condition.The results showed that the value of grain glutenin content,ratio of glutenin content to gliadin content,glutenin macropoloymer(GMP) content,wet gluten content and dough stability time were higher under the irrigation treatments of 180 mm and 240mm than that under the irrigation treatments of 0mm and 300 mm for strong gluten wheat "Jimai 20".The value of grain protein content was higher under the irrigation treatment of 0 mm than that under the irrigation treatments of 180 mm,240 mm and 300 mm,while there was no significant difference in the GMP content, wet gluten content and dough stability time among all the irrigation treatments for middle gluten wheat "Taishan 23".The grain yield of the two cultivars were highest under the irrigation treatment of 240 mm,but there was no significant difference between the irrigation treatments of 180 mm and 240 mm for "Taishan 23".The soil NO-3-N content increased with the increase of irrigation amount in deeper layer soil.With grain quality,yield and soil NO-3-N content,the irrigation amount recommended under the condition of this experiment was 180~240 mm and 180 mm for "Jimai 20" and "Taishan 23" respectively.

Abstract:Differences of N efficiency of oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)varieties and their physiological properties were studied using a pot experiment and the ratio of seed yield with stressed nitrogen to that with normal N supply was adopted as nitrogen efficiency coefficient.Results showed that the determined nitrogen efficiency coefficient of 8 oilseed rape varieties varied from 0.37 to 0.69,the ratio of nitrogen uptake amounts per plant,nitrogen transfer velocity from stems and leaves to seeds,and nitrogen physiological efficiency of oilseed rape varieties under N stressed condition to that with normal N supply were different.The higher the nitrogen efficiency,the higher their ratio.Under low nitrogen-supplying condition,high nitrogen efficiency varieties had longer roots,more lateral roots,higher nitrate reuse amounts of stem and leaves and nitrate reductase activities in leaves.

Abstract:采用1986年和1997年夏季LANDSAT TM(30 m×30 m)遥感影像数据,对黄河中游河口镇至龙门区间主要土地利用类型,尤其是林地覆被格局的变化进行了研究。结果表明,整体上,研究区农耕地利用类型面积在减少,林灌地类型面积在增加,但是增加或减少幅度均较微弱,其变化在24条主要流域表现得不均衡。林地覆被类型与其他用地类型间相互转换的面积和形状表现得零星、破碎,变化方向不规律。林地覆被斑块数和斑块面积关系10年前后在各流域间表现得很相似,斑块数及其面积所属分级的分布格局在全区变化不大。聚类结果表明,1986年和1997年林地覆被状况在绝大多数流域间表现出巨大的相似性,全区10年前后林地覆被格局没有显著变化。

Abstract:Take the soil granulometric composition data of 8 vegetation types,2 farmlands and 2 rehabilitated land as the foundation,the utilization fractal model are considered as 12 land utilization type soil particles fractal dimension,and this paper studied the relationship between fractal dimension and the soil properties.The result showed that,12 land utilization type surface layer soil particles fractal dimension is between 2.818 5~2.924 9.Every forest soil particles fractal dimension is small comparing with rehabilitated land and the corn field;Compared with the 2.863 3 in 1990,soil fractal dimension 2.859 2 is diminished in 2006.The law of granular fractal dimension is not obvious.Deciding the primo of soil particles fractal dimension is <0.002 mm contents,the contents of 0.05~0.25 mm and 0.002~0.02 mm is second.The order deciding granular fractal dimension: 2~5 mm,0.5~1 mm and 1~2 mm.The particles fractal dimension and the granular fractal dimension may accomplish the index of soil erosion,the latter may store water as penetration more index.Rehabilitated land has more beneficial to soil fractal characteristic about water and soil conservation than forestation in degraded land.

Abstract:Considered the special climate and terrain conditions,the sustainable development in brown soil zone need the theory of scientific use,the soil oxide under different land use systems of brown soil was studied.The results show: In contrast with the forest land,the three different soil layers of the silkworm land and cultivated land have different combined forms of soil oxides.Among the various oxides,total aluminium in every layer are not clearly different,and free and active oxides have relative strongly changes between different layers.In the 0~20 cm layer,the tendency of free silica and active aluminium,which quantities increases with the higher degree of interference of human activities, is displayed.As it showed that the cultivated processes have promote the degree of weathering.In addition,from the distribution of free silica oxide and amorphous aluminium in the solum,the tendencies of three substances congregate downwards and the regularity makes us understand the human effect under different land uses.At the same time,from this result that amorphous iron enriches in cultivated land we further learn the effect of the weathering and eluviation to solum.Active silica seems not to explain the effect on weathering and eluviation in different land uses,but it can show the degree of silica that surface crop absorbs after cultivating land.After cultivating,active silicon is reduced in surface layer.

Abstract:Automobile exhaust can bring about Pb pollution to soils and trees along expressway,which can be decreased by green belts to some extent.However,fewer reports are available on this subject.The Pb concentration of soil and tree leaf sampled from roadside were measured and present situation of Pb pollution along expressways in Shandong province was studied.Also,the Pb attenuation by green belt was evaluated for different afforestation mode.The results showed that the pollution existed in roadside soil along expressway,which mainly within 50 m.The positive correlation was found between Pb pollution and traffic vehicle density,which might be used to indicate expressway pollution.The Pb concentration of tree leaf from inner side of green belt was increased by Pb pollution.Large traffic vehicle density resulted in heavier Pb pollution on green trees along expressway.The Pb attenuation by green belt varied much depending on afforestation mode.Green belt with too big width was not ideal to decrease Pb pollution.

Abstract:In order to understand the pollution of heavy metals and the heavy metals contents of crops in reclaimed soil filled with fly ash and coal gangue so that guide reclaimed work in future,based on experiment and tests for samples in different positions,this article have a contrast analysis research to the contents of heavy metals of elementary crop of comparative soil,fly ash filling reclamation soil and coal gangue filling reclamation,such as As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb,Cu and Zn.The results showed that there are different sensitivities to different heavy metal elements among different parts of crops during procreating stage and it is suitable for planting red bean in filling reclamation land,but unsuitable for rice and wheat.The cropping system and soil management should be changed.Red bean might be used pioneer crop in filling reclamation land.

Abstract:While irrigation with sewage water brings enough water and nutrients,soil was contaminated.As the biggest oil-sewage irrigation area,large amount of material oil had been accumulated in soil in Shenfu Irrigation Area(SIA) due to long-time sewage irrigation,and the highest concentration of material oil in soil was up to 6 861.1 mg/kg.There were several characteristics in this irrigation area: the content of material oil(CMO) in surface soil(0~20 cm) was higher than in next layer(20~30 cm);the significant differences of CMO were represented in different land uses,and CMO in paddy was higher than in dry farmland;the longer the sewage irrigation was,the higher CMO was,and CMO was higher than 3 000 mg/kg after the farmland had been irrigated with sewage water for 41~50 years;CMO decreased while the sewage water was discharged into the channel,and the extent of high concentration of material oil was in Lishizhai town nearby the outlet of sewage water.

Abstract:泾河下游南岸台塬边坡的滑坡灾害严重，本文中分析了滑坡的特征，通过计算边坡稳定性系数对台塬边坡进行了分类，对具有突发性和短期可变性的滑坡触发因素进行了分析，提出了滑坡治理的方法。研究结果表明，泾河下游南岸台塬边坡临界平衡边坡和不稳定边坡占80．8％，分布在西段和中段。滑坡发生的概率为多水年〉平水年〉少水年；年内夏雨集中的7月和秋雨集中的9月是易于发生滑坡的月份。灌溉期间的滑坡占68．8％，冬季发生的滑坡主要与灌溉有关。台塬区地下水位上升是诱发滑坡的根本原因，当地下水位上升与古土壤层重合时极易诱发滑坡。台塬区应根据地下水量平衡额定灌排量，使地下水位逐步下降至第五古土壤层之下是治理滑坡的根本之计。

Abstract:针对弃渣场边坡容易发生细沟侵蚀的问题,采集弃渣场坡面不同坡位的弃渣样品,对弃渣容重、含水量、饱和导水率、饱和含水量、砂粒含量、碎石含量等物理指标进行测定;与此同时,还对各点的样品进行直剪试验,并以此对弃渣场边坡稳定性特征进行分析。结果表明:新形成弃渣场坡面由上而下,其土体内摩擦角ψ逐渐增大,而土体粘滞系数C的变化与弃渣场坡面形成过程关系密切,一般而言,坡面的上部和下部粘滞系数C较小,说明弃渣场坡面上部土体的稳定性较中下部弱;对土体其他物理性质指标与土体的内摩擦角ψ、粘滞系数C进行相关性分析,结果显示内摩擦角ψ与>0.075 mm细粒含量的相关系数为-0.427*,粘滞系数C与饱和导水率的相关系数为0.514**,表明饱和导水率和细粒物质含量对于弃渣场坡面土体稳定性具有重要影响。

Abstract:In this paper,according to the investigation data on geography,geology,hydrology,weather,vegetation,and flood disaster in Qilian Mountain area,critical rainfall amounts were determined using Case Investigation Method of Disaster,Frequency Analysis Method,and Rainfall Formation Analysis Method.In addition,Risk areas in typical river basin were plotted based on frequency of flood and flood peak volume,which could be used for flood disaster prevention and control in small river basin in Qilian mountain area,as well as for a research reference in similar river basins.