Abstract:There are close relations between the development of Loess Plateau and breaking-off of Yellow River.In this paper,based on rainfall experiments of Lou soil,the variation trends of infiltration supplement coefficient to rainfall were analyzed,the time variation trends of sediment content in runoff and the cumulative sediment content were compared at different rainfall intensities,furthermore,the erosion data was connected with infiltration characteristics to discuss their relations observed at the same time.The results showed: the infiltration supplement coefficient of rainfall decreased when the rainfall intensity increased,the smaller the rainfall intensity,the larger the rainfall infiltration supplement coefficients,and the linear functions were fitted well to them;at the beginning of rainfall,the biggest value of sediment content existed,but its variation trends became flat within 10 minutes of sediment producing.The larger the rainfall intensities,the larger the initial and steady sediment contents,but their total variation trends differs little.Moreover,there are similar trends of sediment distribution curve and infiltration ratio curve;good power functions was fitted for cumulative sediment content and rainfall time at different rainfall intensities,and the exponential part increased when the rainfall intensities increased.The variation trends of infiltration ratios differed with that of cumulative sediment content,when the cumulative sediment content increased,the corresponding infiltration rate decreased,their variation trends was obvious when the rainfall intensities increased.

Abstract:Transport mechanisms of soil water and solute on slope land are important to promote the water and nutrient efficient and protect the water and soil resources in erosive region.According to the results of indoor simulation rainfall experiments,the transport traits of soil PO3-4,K and Br-on loess slope lands with different soil antecedent water content,1.3%,5.7%,9.7%,14.2% and 18.9%,respectively,are investigated.It shows that loss amount and loss percent of solutes climbs with the increase of soil antecedent water content.The mean concentration of solute in surface presents a parabola relation with soil antecedent water content.The mean concentration of 18.9% slope land is the highest,and it of 1.3% slope land is more than that of the 5.7% and 9.7%.The infiltration amount of soil Br-is the most of the three solutes,then K ,and PO3-4 least.Increase of soil antecedent water content will improve the infiltration amount of soil Br-.Km of soil K and PO3-4 is gaining with the increase of water content,and it of soil Brand K is more than that of PO3-4.Quality transport coefficient Km,based on the solute convection-dispersion theory and well reflecting the transport traits of non-adsorbed Br-with surface runoff,is unfit for the impacts of soil erosion on adsorbed soil K and PO3-4 transport.Avoiding spraying fertilizer in rainy season is favorable to lessen the surface loss of soil solute,especially the adsorbed solute.

Abstract:利用137Cs示踪方法,对宁南黄土高原阳洼流域土壤137Cs分布及土壤侵蚀进行了初步研究。结果表明:流域137Cs基准值为(1 966.99±112.06)Bq/m2。流域内林草地土壤剖面137Cs呈指数型分布,坡耕地137Cs在耕层内呈均一分布。受坡位影响,坡耕地上坡137Cs质量活度为中、下坡的25.14%~27%。流域内坡耕地土壤侵蚀最高,平均为3 889.95 t/km2,自然荒坡最小,仅为坡耕地的17.83%,坡耕地是流域泥沙的主要侵蚀溯源区。阳洼流域土壤侵蚀存在明显的空间格局,不同土地类型下土壤137Cs面积活度、土壤侵蚀模数呈斑块状镶嵌分布,以靠近流域西南边界、中部及东南部区域土壤侵蚀模数最大,平均侵蚀速率在3 405.59~7 080.73 t/(km2.a),沉积与侵蚀明显区域间有过渡区域。坡度是影响该流域土壤侵蚀空间变化的主导因子,但土壤侵蚀速率并不简单随坡度增加而增大,它还受土地利用方式、坡位、降雨等因素影响。

Abstract:模拟酸雨作用下红壤中稀土元素的释放水平大小依次为Pr＞Ce＞Nd＞Tb＞Sm＞La＞Er＞Ho＞Gd＞Dy＞Eu＞Y＞Lu≈Yb,轻稀土元素的释放水平要高于重稀土元素.酸雨对稀土元素的释放有明显的促进作用,且不同元素的CAR1/CCK、CR2/CCK比较接近(CAR1、CAR2和CCK分别表示pH4.5的酸雨、pH3.5的酸雨和对照3种情况下淋出液中稀土元素的含量).CAR1/CCK介于1.43～1.93之间,平均为1.61;CAR2/CCK介于1.76～2.27之间,平均为2.06,经过9 150～10 650 mm的模拟酸雨淋溶以后,pH4.5的酸雨使稀土总累积释放量平均提高37.61%,pH3.5的酸雨使稀土总累积释放量平均提高78.05%.稀土总释放量与Fe、Mn的释放量相关分析表明:多数红壤稀土总释放量与Fe、Mn的释放量呈显著或极显著性相关.初步推断红壤中的稀土释放可能是由于吸附载体Fe-Mn氧化物因H 的输入而解离所致.

Abstract:选取三峡水库消落区典型土壤,即紫色土、黄壤、紫色潮土和灰棕潮土为研究对象,以相应土壤胶体、蒙脱石矿物的10 mg/L Cd(NO3)2淋洗液分别淋洗土柱,研究了水分散态胶体对镉在土柱中迁移的影响.添加上述胶体的镉淋洗液,在紫色土、黄壤、紫色潮土和灰棕潮土土柱中镉迁移量分别是对照的1.18～4.96,1.05～2.37,1.10～4.33,1.03～3.33倍.结果表明胶体能够促进镉离子在土层中的迁移,其迁移能力遵循紫色土胶体≥紫色潮土胶体＞灰棕潮土胶体＞蒙脱石胶体＞黄壤胶体的规律.由此得出,胶体吸附态镉的迁移能力取决于胶体类型和土柱性质.

Abstract:Soil column is used to study the characteristics of the movement of copper in uprightness direction in brown soil which is in one year rainfall condition in Taian.The result shows that the higher the content of copper in soil,the more leaching loss,the content of SUB-Cu and RES-Cu increases by 28.57% to 33.49%.In the soil of high content of copper,the proportion of EX-Cu decreases by 9.97% to 10.48% and the movement of copper decreases by 15.54% with the content of calcium increasing;with the increasing of brown coal input to soil,the content of ex-Cu in the surface layer decreases,the leaching loss of copper decreases distinctly which moves to the layer of 5~10 cm and the content of OC-Cu increases by 22.76%~36.07%.

Abstract:Base on the study of Cu and Zn contents of typical arborous mire,scrub mire and herb mire of upper reaches of Gongbiela river watershed in the northern of Xiaoxing'anling,the results showed that the total Cu content appeared scrub mire > arborous mire >herb mire,but the valid Cu content showed arborous mire >scrub mire >herb mire,and at the meantime the characteristic of valid Cu content in the soil layer showed C layer >B layer >A layer;The content of total Zn in the different types of mire was insignificant,but the valid Zn content showed herb mire >scrub mire >arborous mire.The seasonal fluctuation of the surface soil total Cu content of scrub mire and arborous mire appeared a single peaked curve,but it showed great fluctuation in herb mire.There existed a similar trend for seasonal fluctuation of total Zn among three different types of mire,i.e.,was the total Zn in the different soil layers tend to increase wavily.The soil pH had a very significant correlation with soil Cu and Zn contents,but the content of organic matter didn't.

Abstract:黄土高原是我国植被破坏与水土流失最为严重的地区.本文基于室内坡地降雨实验,分析了(土娄)土坡面降雨入渗补给系数的变化,对比了不同雨强影响下径流泥沙含量和累积泥沙含量的时间变化趋势,并将侵蚀与入渗结合,分析了同时段产沙量和入渗率的变化关系,研究表明:入渗补给系数随雨强增大而逐渐减小,两者可描述为线性关系,雨强越小,入渗补给系数越高;降雨初始产沙值最大,在产沙10 min内变缓.雨强大的,初始产沙量和稳定沙量都稍大,但总体差异不大,产沙量分布曲线形状与入渗率曲线极为相似;不同雨强下累积泥沙量与降雨历时之间存在明显的幂函数关系,且幂函数的指数部分基本随降雨雨强增加而逐渐增加;不同雨强下入渗率和累积泥沙量的变化趋势相反,当累积泥沙量增加,相应的土壤入渗率减小,两者变化趋势随雨强增大而趋于明显.

Abstract:在自然降雨条件下,选择25°坡地种植草地雀麦,建立径流试验小区,并在抽穗期进行刈割处理,研究刈割后草地雀麦生物学特性变化及其对坡地水土流失的影响。结果表明:坡地种植草地雀麦,水土流失防治效果显著,可使25°坡地地表年径流量与土壤侵蚀模数达到6 781.7 m3/km2和36.4 t/km2.a,保水、固土能力为93.0%和99.9%。草地雀麦抽穗期刈割,对其固土能力影响不大,仍可保持93.8%,但对其保水能力影响显著,一定程度上可以增加坡面径流流失,使保水能力降低到53.9%。草地雀麦覆盖对坡地土壤侵蚀影响显著,抽穗期刈割草地雀麦,短期内可使坡面覆盖度下降,土壤侵蚀增加,但随着草地雀麦不断再生,覆盖度快速增加,达到76.7%以后,刈割与无刈割坡地的土壤侵蚀量差异不显著。草地雀麦覆盖度与土壤入渗率对坡地地表径流流失均有一定影响,抽穗期刈割,可使草地雀麦覆盖度减小,0~30 cm土层地下生物量与无刈割坡地相比,减少33.4%,土壤入渗率相应降低,地表径流有所增加。

Abstract:选择5种坡地利用方式,分别是裸地、农耕地(玉米)、荒草地、巨桉林地Ⅰ与巨桉林地Ⅱ,建立人工径流小区,对2006年6～11月各小区产流产沙及养分流失进行对比研究.结果表明:(1)5种坡地利用方式产流产沙差异显著(P＜0.05),径流深依次是裸地(250.9 mm)＞农耕地(232.9 mm)＞荒草地(175.4 mm)＞巨桉林地Ⅰ(170.5 mm)＞巨桉林地Ⅱ(141.3 mm);产沙量大小依次为:农耕地(313.63 t/km2)＞裸地(176.80 t/km2)＞荒草地(94.45 t/km2)＞巨桉林地Ⅰ(90.58 t/km2)＞巨桉林地Ⅱ(36.37 t/km2).(2)5种坡地利用方式养分流失差异显著(P＜0.05),其流失量大小顺序均为钾素＞磷素＞氮素.其中,氮素与磷素流失以水溶态为主,平均为96.16%与69.45%;钾素以颗粒态(与泥沙结合态)为主,平均为74.93%.(3)不同坡地产流产沙主要影响因素不同,裸地与农耕地受降雨影响较大,而荒草地与巨桉林地受人为干扰因素较大.(4)调整农事活动、改善经营措施与减少人为干扰对防止坡地产流产沙以及养分流失具有重要作用.

Abstract:A simulated experiment of repacked soil columns in flooding field condition was conducted to study dynamic leaching characteristics of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) from paddy soil through irrigation with contaminated river water.The results showed that the N losses by leaching of different N forms had higher values in early flooding stage(usually in about seven days after flooding), then decreasing.That indicated that the N in leachate might not come from irrigating river water but mostly from the paddy soil.In late flooding stage,the few leaching of NO-3-N and NH 4-N were observed except for dissolvable organic N (DON) that indicated DON might be main form of N leaching from paddy soil under contaminated irrigation.In addition,there were different results of the P leaching loss compared with N loss that few losses were observed in long period of time after flooding but a few found in late flooding stage,as the phenomena indicated the P absorbed by soil might have been up to saturation after a long-term flooding treatment with phosphorous sewage irrigation and soil could not hold in surplus P from outside input.

Abstract:A field plot experiment with 4 phosphorus application rates in 4 replications was conducted on the calcareous paddy soil in the Jianghan Plain under rice plant in the year 2005,in order to estimate the loss risk of phosphorus.Results show that: the P concentration in surface water has great relation with the P application rate,so considering of the environment impact,economic benefit and the need amount P of rice growth,we recommend the P application rate is 66 kgP2O5/hm2 by linear plateau model;during the days after P application,the concentration of P in surface water takes on a course that fall rapidly at first,then fall slowly and to be steady,and the P concentration of the surface water still keep high in 7 days after P application,so it is dangerous for P drainage;the logarithm model related to time can predict the concentration trend of the P(except SOP),r is 0.715 1 ~0.963 9(P<0.05),so we can utilize this model to predict the drainage safe time,and we find the safe time for water drainage is about 24 days after P application under the common P application rate;the soluble inorganic phosphorus(SIP) is main form of the total phosphorus(TP) in surface water,except the treatment P0,and the particulate phosphorus(PP) increases along with the increase of P rate,it indicates that the influence of PP can not be neglect when we estimate the P surface water contribute to the water eutrophication.

Abstract:对棕壤26年长期定位试验的无机磷分级表明:长期施入有机肥或化学磷肥,除了Ca10-P含量在耕层减少外,其它各形态无机磷含量都有所增加;仅施N肥或不施肥,Al-P,Fe-P,O-P,Ca10-P含量均减少,Fe-P,Al-P,Cas-P,Ca2-P占无机磷总量的比例增加,而O-P,Ca10-P则下降了.各形态无机磷的剖面分布相似,均为先下降而后略微上升.相关分析和逐步回归分析表明,Ca2-P,Ca8-P,Al-P,Fe-P,O-P与速效磷之间达到1%的极显著水平,Ca10-P与速效磷之间达到5%的显著水平.Ca2-P,Cas-P对速效磷的贡献最大.

Abstract:Level and vertical distributions of total content of phosphorus and phosphorus speciation in the sediments in Chaohu lake were examined and analyzed.The results showed that the content of total phosphorus in the surface sediment were ranged from 0.3 mg/g to 1.1 mg/g,and the average content was 0.55 mg/g.The trend of level distributions decreased gradually from north to south.Vertical distributions in the sediments of the river mouth existed the difference of change degree.The iron and calcium bounded phosphorus were the preponderant forms in the surface sediment,which the totals occupied above 80% of the total phosphorus.But Fe-P and Ca-P had the character of contrary space distribution.

Abstract:The objective of the study describes the quantitative relationship of the spatial structure of urban underlying surface and rainfall infiltration rate.The rainfall simulator is designed to study the proportion,shape,evenness and separation of impervious patch influence on rainfall infiltration rate in the same initial condition.The results show that changing the proportion,shape,evenness and separation of impervious patch causes different rainfall infiltration yield.Factors of affecting rainfall infiltration rate of urban underlying surface spatial structure,proportion of impervious patch have great contribution to the rainfall infiltration rate.The effect of shape,evenness and separation of impervious patch is less than the contribution of the proportion of impervious patch.However,the effect of shape,evenness and separation of impervious patch on rainfall infiltration rate is also very prominent.In urban landscape,arrange the shape,evenness and separation of impervious patch rationally will be very effective on controlling urban rainfall infiltration yield.

Abstract:对紫色土丘陵区4种典型土地利用类型的土壤抗蚀性进行了研究,结果表明:(1)通过主成分分析,＞0.25 mm和＞0.5 mm水稳性团聚体含量、结构体破坏率能较好地衡量紫色土不同土地利用类型的土壤抗蚀性能;(2)＞0.25 mm和＞0.5 mm水稳性团聚体含量均为竹林地＞园地＞传统农耕地＞农林混作型耕地,结构体破坏率则表现为竹林地＜园地＜传统农耕地＜农林混作型耕地;(3)不同土地利用类型水稳性指数差别明显,其中竹林地为0.868,其次是园地、农林混作型耕地,分别为0.704,0.627,传统农耕地为0.469.

Abstract:Based on the study of long series hydrological and precipitation data from 1960 to 1999 and analysis on time variation tendency of annual sediment delivery and annual precipitation of the Dalihe river basin,the paper finds that sediment yield has been increased in the period of 1986~1999 based on the overall condition of reduction in the region since 1972.The increasing tendency is closely related with the situation of the reduction of check-dams building since 1980's and lost effectiveness of most reservoirs for sediment retaining built in 1970's.In addition,the man-made sediment increase is great in 1990's,making up about 20% of sediment reduction through soil and water conservation measures and partially counter acting sediment reduction benefits gained through soil and water conservation measures.This is an important reason why the sediment yield is increased in 1990's.Therefore the paper puts forward some counter measures and suggestions in accordance with existing issue such as putting stress on the sustainable construction of the check-dams,cooperating with all kinds of ramp measures,paying attention to new added soil and water problems and so on.

Abstract:Granite base soil region distributes widely in drainage area of Dongting lake.It is intrinsic mechanism and the special condition of weather and the relationship between human and land of Dongting lake drainage area that make this type soil region become the most serious soil erosion region,hence bring the worst environmental and social and economical result.In the area of granite,topography is rapidity,weathering is rapidity,the layer of weathering is very deep and the soil is very easy to be eroded away.With inner force and external force acting together,the features of time sequence are relevant with the features of every weathering layer.On the basis of the observation to granite base,the author indicates the soil erosion region of different area and bring forward the time sequence characters of soil erosion and reveal the time and spatial difference of soil erosion.For the valid management,authors first try to classify the regional difference of granite soil erosion in the granite region of wet area,then brings forward the scientific measures in controlling the soil erosion.

Abstract:The relations of configuration and function were studied by comparing growth mass,the quality of soil physics and chemistry,water conservation,plant diseases and insect pests for Robinia pseudoacacia,Platycladus orientalis and their mixed forest at Badaling forest centre in Beijing.The results showed that: the growth mass of mixed forests is higher than that of pure forests, the quality of soil physics and chemistry is be improved,which increases the capability of water conservation.In addition,the capability of resisting plant diseases and insect pests is advanced by mixed forests.The mode is that the Robinia pseudoacacia of one line mixes the Platycladus orientalis of three lines,and the amount of Robinia pseudoacacia does not exceed 1/4,which has definite significance for forestry health in Beijing.

Abstract:Vegetation is one of the most active factors of landscape and the important content of evaluation for cropland to forest.The relationship between different vegetation styles is central to ecological research.In the loess hilly region,study of vegetation characteristics is required for understanding of landscape ecological processes and restoration of cropland to forest.Spatio-temporal variance of(vegetation) species richness,diversity,evenness of cropland to forest of different vegetation characteristics in the loess hilly region are analyzed in this paper.The results showed no significant differentia between were observed in two vegetation index,expect species richness between Yan'an and Ansai and species diversity between Ansai and Wuqi come to significant differentia.Since north of forest zone in Yan'an to forest-grass zone in Ansai,vegetation index presented digressive trend and its maximal depressed extent was 17.65%.Coefficient of variance presented ascensive trend and its ascending extent was 21.49%.Since forest-grass zone in Ansai to grass zone in Wuqi,species richness index and its coefficient of variance both showed ascensive trend,but species diversity and evenness showed digressive trend and theirs coefficient of variance showed ascensive trend.Vegetation community was step by step steady after 20 years of cropland to forest and grass.

Abstract:Based on land use and land cover data,the landscape has been classified into twelve types,transition of landscape components and the changes of landscape patterns have been studied in Lancang river basin from 1985 to 2000 using GIS and Fragstats3.3.According to the results,the transition of the landscape was mainly happened among dry land,forest land,brush land,sparse woods,high-coverage grassland,middle-coverage grassland.At the landscape level,the fragmentation of landscape was decreased with a decrease in patch number from 44 054 to 44 978,the index of area-weighted fractal dimension and landscape shape index was decreased respectively,which leaded to the shape of patches more regular and simple.The other index of landscape was increased respectively,which leaded to the spatial aggregation and connectedness was improved,both the diversity and evenness of landscape were increasing.At patch level,the landscape components had a complex structural change and their pattern had a biggish difference due to man's advantaged and disadvantaged disturbance to landscape,the change trend of landscape pattern for forest land,bush forest and high-coverage grassland was consistent with that of regional landscape,however,the change trend of landscape pattern for sparse woods,middle-coverage grassland,paddy field and construction land was inconsistent with that of regional landscape,the dry land had a more complex structural change.The distribution of landscape components types has evident verticality and the landscape types about 80% distribute in elevation from 1 000 to 25 000 meter.The elevation 2500 meter is the important boundary for human activities and landscape types in this basin.The disturbance coming from human activities are focused on middle and low elevation.

Abstract:Through planting licorice in different density caragana forest to soil environment respond,the restoration measure of forest plant-medicine intercropping was studied in arid desert,the result showed:the water content in 8 m,6 m of caragana strap is obviously higher than the natural recovery,the water content in 3 m of Caragana strap is less than the natural recovery,soil bulk in 6m and 8m strap is lower,the natural recovery is the highest,total porosity in 6 m strap is the highest,the difference of other processing measures isn't prominent,soil readily available nitrogen,soil readily available phosphate,demonstrates relatively tally with the natural recovery;Species variety demonstrates artificial licorice in 8 m strap> artificial licorice in 6m strap > wild licorice in natural recovery area > artificial licorice in 3 m strap;The restoration models of suitable forest medicine intercropping have increased the species number and vegetation covering degree,to some extent,but the exorbitant density of artificial caragana forest would cause the decline of the vegetation overlay degree and the increase of single plant advantage degree.

Abstract:Experiments have shown that,for the infiltration process in soils with sand interlayers,the changing of cumulative infiltration volume with time included two stages: an initial non-linear stage,and a gradually-formed linear,stable stage.Most current studies modeled the two stages separately based on the time that the linear,stable stage had been reached.This paper proposed a continuous approach by separating the initial,non-linear stage into two independent sub-processes.The first sub-process was for stable infiltration,and its rate equaled that in the second,stable stage.The second sub-process was a transient process for filling the storages in the upper layer soil,and its rate varied with lapsing time,which eventually diminished after entering the second stage.By incorporating this approach,the entire infiltration process could be fitted into a single model.Experiment proved that,not only could the model better describe the physical infiltration process,but also achieved better accuracy.

Abstract:Based on typical black soil in northeast of China,the proportion of soil solid-liquid-gaseous phase and the concentration of soil available nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium were measured after machinery harvesting and subsoiling.The effect of heavy machinery operation on soil three phases and available nutrient were revealed,it could provide scientific basis for guiding machinery activities and sustainable utilization of black soil resources.The results showed that:(1)It was a new and effective analysis method for soil structure to put soil solid-liquid-gaseous phase in a two-dimensional-three-phase diagram.The variety of three phases and trend to optimal structure would be shown intuitively.(2)The field operated by heavy machinery inclined to the ideal structure intensely.Heavy machinery operation ameliorated soil three phases more distinctly than medium machinery in topsoil.There is an contrary action in subsoil.The soil three phases were far from the optimal structure point because of various soil compaction.(3)Heavy machinery operation could increased the available phosphorus content significantly,especially after subsoiling in topsoil,and the improvement scope was 20.07%~380.91%.The concentration of soil available potassium both heightened after heavy and medium machinery operation,with different increase scope: 10.04%~20.61% and 17.05%~27.52% respectively.Soil available nitrogen was not sensitive to machinery operation,T test showed that the differences were insignificant except for medium machinery in subsoil.

Abstract:对1.5～4.5年生厚荚相思人工林5种营养元素(N、P、K、Ca和Mg)的含量、积累、分配和生物循环以及它们随林分年龄的变化趋势进行了研究.结果表明,厚荚相思人工林不同器官中营养元素含量排序大致为树叶＞于皮＞树枝＞树根＞干材,林木各器官中营养元素含量均以N最高,其次是Ca,然后是K和Mg,P最低;厚莫相思人工林营养元素贮存量依次为145.00～611.70 kg/hm2,随生长过程中生物量的增加而增大;不同器官微量元素贮存量的分配随林分年龄的增长发生变化,1.5年生时营养元素贮量主要集中在树叶和树枝,2.5～4.5年生时营养元素贮量则主要集中在树干和树根;林分营养元素年净积累量为96.66～135.93 kg/(hm2·a),林木各组分营养元素年净积累量总的变化趋势以树干最高,树皮最低,年吸收量为116.50～258.10 kg/(hm2·a),年归还量分剐为19.83,117.21,114.83,122.17 kg/(hm2·a),利用系数分别为0.80,0.78,0.55和0.42,循环系数分别为0.17,0.49,0.48和0.47,周转期分别为7.34,2.64,3.73,5.01年.

Abstract:Pot experiments were carried out to compare different effects of sulfur-coated urea(SCU) with urea on growth and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of rice.Results obtained were as follows:(1) SCU had significantly positive effects on growth of rice at tillering stage,but with smaller increment compared to urea.At harvest stage,on condition of applying the same rates of fertilizer and N dosage,the grain yield of rice applied with SCU were 35.7% and 19.3% higher than those with urea,respectively.At the same nitrogen usage,treatment with SCU has higher thousand-grain weight while less effective spike number than those of urea;(2) NUE and partial factor productivity for applied N(PFP) of rice fed with SCU were higher than those with urea.At the same fertilizer dosage,NUE of SCU treatments were 47.35% to 57.48%,which were 12.5% higher than urea treatments on the average.PFP on SCU treated rice were increased by 10% than urea.At the same N dosage,NUE of SCU application treatments were 17.12% higher than those of urea,reaching 51.11%.

Abstract:This paper studied the effects of complex super absorbent polymers on nitrogen and water leaching and agriculture character of the maize through soil column test and pot experiment.The soil column test showed that the volume of eluviations was reduced;the accumulative leaching losses of soil nitrogen,phosphorus and kalium were depressed in treatment with complex super absorbent polymers.The pot experiment showed that the biomass of maize and fertilizer use efficiency was increased visibly in treatment with Complex super absorbent polymers.

Abstract:On the basis of 16-year long-term located fertilizer experiments in paddy soil,the changes of four fertilization patterns(no nitrogen fertilizer,nitrogen fertilizer,organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer,organic fertilizer nitrogen fertilizer azolla) on soil mineralizable N and biomass N were studied by the short-term and long-term submerged incubation-intermittent leaching method and chloroform fumigated method.Results showed that after 16-year fertilization and planting of rice,the only nitrogen fertilizer application could decreased mineralizable N of paddy soil compared with no nitrogen fertilizer application(p<0.01),and combined application of farmyard manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer could increase mineralizable N of paddy soil(p<0.01).The only nitrogen fertilizer and the combined application of farmyard manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer application could increase the amount of biomass N in paddy soil(p<0.01),but the only nitrogen fertilizer application made a max increasing range.Based on combined application of farmyard manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer,the soil mineralizable N and biaomass N were no obvious change compared with inoculating "Azolla" for 7-year after transplanting.There was no-linear positive correlation between soil mineralizable N and biomass N,but there was extremely significant linear positive correlation between soil mineralizable N and its ratio to biomass N.

Abstract:The spatial distribution patterns of the soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN) and the stock of SOC were studied in Northeastern China.The relationships among the SOC and TN with and mean annual temperature(MAT),and precipitation(p),effective accumulation temperature(s) and p/t(the ratio of precipitation to mean annual temperature) were also analyzed.The effects of long term fertilization on the content of SOC and TN in areas with different gradients of rainfall and temperature.The results showed that the contents of SOC and TN and the stock of SOC enhanced with the increase of latitude,and the significant relationships were found amog the contents and stock of SOC and TN and the precipitation and temperature.The addition of manure and reasonable chemical fertilizers could increase the content of SOC under the same precipitation and temperature.The differences of the contents of SOC and TN and the stock of SOC were significant under the same fertilization and the different precipitation and temperature.

Abstract:In order to study the change of the SOC's,Nitrogen's,SMBC's and SMBN's contents in soil,a experiment on the long-term locating field plots was performed smoothly on the semi-humid areas of the west of the Henan province.The results suggested that organic carbon in soil and nitrogen in soil are both increased under the sub-soiling tillage and no-tillage.Comparing with the other tillage patterns,the sub-soiling tillage have a highest SOC contents in soil,that is 6.79 g/kg,13.82% improved comparing to the traditional tillage.Nitrogen contents in soil under no-tillage have a highest contents among the above tillage patterns that is 0.797 g/kg,10.42% improved comparing to the traditional tillage.SOC and nitrogen is decreasing with soil layer being deepened.In the 0~20 cm soil layer under the sub-soiling tillage and no-tillage,SMBC and SMBN contents have been 79.3%,19.9% and 17.92%,8.13% improved comparing to the traditional tillage,and then the phenomenon of the bacterial enrichment was occurred under the low sloping soil.The positive co-relation distinguishedly was appeared between the SMBC and nitrogen in soil,SMBN,SMBC,and SMBN can be considered as the biological indexes to estimate the quality of the soil,for which have a distinguished relation.Hence,the subsoiling tillage and no-tillage have perfect future in appliance.

Abstract:The storages,densities and spatial patterns of carbon in bamboo(Pleioblastus amarus) and birch(Betula platyphylla) forest ecosystems which had been converted by farmland 5 years ago were studied to understand the contribution of forests converted by farmland(FVF) to carbon sink.The results indicated that:(1)the carbon density of different bamboo organs varied from 0.348 5 gC/g to 0.518 6 gC/g,and the carbon density of different birch organs varied from 0.4519 gC/g to 0.513 7 gC/g;(2)the carbon density in litter layer were 0.341 7 gC/g and 0.395 3 gC/g beneath bamboo and birch forests,respectively;(3)the carbon storage was significantly and positively correlated with the biomass of the corresponding organs,the biomass carbon storage accounting for 48.87% and 53.06% of the total biomass and carbon storage in the bamboo forest,and for 57.25% and 57.27% in the birch forest,respectively;(4)in the forest,the soil held the largest carbon storage,the second was plant organs,and the smallest was the litter layer;(5)the soil carbon storage decreased because of the artificial disturbance during the initial of FVF;(6)the land of FVF would develop an important carbon sink.

Abstract:Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of sulphur rates on characteristics of post-anthesis carbon and nitrogen assimilation and transfer, and grain yield,protein and starch contents,using wheat cultivars with different grain protein contents,i.e.Yumai 34(high protein content) and Yumai 50(low protein content).The results showed that,sulphur application of both cultivars increased grain weight and grain nitrogen accumulation of single stem, the transfer amount of dry matter and nitrogen to grains after anthesis and the contribution of transferred dry matter and nitrogen to grain were increased too.Comparing with no sulphur fertilizer application treatment(S1),the yield components with the treatment of 20 kg/hm2 sulphur application of both cultivars were obviously increased,and grain yield was significantly increased by 10.69% and 9.78%,meanwhile the contents of protein and starch were extremely significantly increased.The effects of high rate sulphur application(100 kg/hm2) treatment was inferior to moderate sulphur application(20 kg/hm2) treatment.The result showed that moderate rate of sulphur application could obviously regulate the assimilation and transfer of carbon and nitrogen,and increase grain yield and the accumulation of protein and starch.

Abstract:The dynamical changes of soil pH,organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzableN,quick-acting phosphorus,quick-acting kalium,and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the soil of different fertilization treatments were monitored at the long-term located brown earth experiment site in Shengyang agricultural university within six growth periods of corn.The results indicated that long-term fertilizations made pH decline.The fertilization treatments of M4 and M4N2P1 make organic matter increase and N4 treatment make it decrease.The alkali-hydrolyzable-N in the soil of fertilizations is higher than CK.The trends of organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzable-N in corn growth periods remain decreasing.Organic matters and the combination of organic and inorganic matters can enhance quickacting phosphorus and quick-acting kalium in a large extent.The quick-acting phosphorus under M4 treatment reaches the climax in heading.Meanwhile,N4 treatment makes the average microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen decrease.While,M4 and M4N2P1 treatment makes them increase.The microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil of fertilizations has very high content in the heading of corn.

Abstract:采用Bowman-cole有机磷分级法研究了典型棕壤及其各级微团聚体中有机磷组分在林地、柞树林地、耕地3种土地利用方式下的变化情况.结果表明,有机磷总量在3种利用方式下表现为林地＞耕地＞柞树林地,有机磷占全磷的比例却为林地＞柞树林地＞耕地.土地利用方式对棕壤活性有机磷和高稳性有机磷的含量及有效性影响甚微,开垦为耕地可保持中活性有机磷含量并提高其有效性,开垦为柞树林地则显著降低其含量,耕垦可显著降低耕地中中稳性有机磷含量及其比例.耕垦可以降低有机磷总量在各级微团聚体中的含量,且降低率随粒级的增大而增加,提高50～250 μm粒级活性有机磷的有效性,降低＜10 μm和50～250 μm粒级中的中活性有机磷含量,开垦为耕地有利于＜10 μm粒级中其有效性的保持,可显著降低10～50 μm和50～250 μm粒级中稳性有机磷含量,尤其显著降低耕地中其占有机磷的比例,开垦为柞树林有地有利于高稳性有机磷在各粒级中的分解转化,开垦为耕地的却有利于高稳性有机磷在10～50 μm和50～250 μm粒级中累集.

Abstract:The soil nutrients,microorganism quantity and enzyme activity are studied and analyzed in artificial grassland with different cultivation years in the headwater area of Yangtze and yellow rivers.The results are as follows: soil nutrients of artificial grassland decreased and then increased regularly with change of the cultivation years.The soil nutrient content of two aged artificial grassland was highest,and the six aged grassland lower than two aged,and both of them were significantly higher than the four aged.The changes of soil bacterium and actinomycetes were consistent with the soil nutrients.Similarly,the soil urease,catalase and neutral phosphatase activities have equal regularities. The quantities of fungi descended with the increase of cultivation years.Meanwhile,the soil nutrients,microbial quantities and enzyme activities decreased with the increase of soil depth.The canonical correlation analysis showed that soil bacterium had the best correlation with soil organic matter,total nitrogen, effective K and pH value;soil urease and catalase activities had the best correlation with soil organic matter,total nitrogen,effective nitrogen,effective K and pH value.So the soil microorganism and enzymes can be used as evaluation index of soil fertility.

Abstract:Based on the wetland in the Sanjiang Ecology Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences,the characteristics of soil enzyme activity and fertility under different types of land use,including wetland ecosystem,dryland ecosystem,conversion from dryland to wetland,conversion from dryland to forestland,were investigated.The results showed that there was great significance between the soil enzyme activity(invertase,urease,phosphatase,and catalase),the contents of organic carbon and soil nutrients under different types of land use,they were the highest in the unreclaimed wetland,20 years after the wetland was reclaimed,the enzyme activity,the contents of organic carbon and soil nutrients all declined greatly than that in wetland,when the reclaimed dryland was recovered to wetland,the enzyme activity,the contents of organic carbon and soil nutrients increased significantly than that in dryland,however,when the reclaimed dryland was recovered to forestland,the contents of all above components were also increased at a different extent than that in dryland.Therefore,it is imperative under the situation to recover the wetland from dryland so as to keep high soil fertility and biological activity,and to maintain the stability of organic carbon in the wetland of Sanjiang plain.

Abstract:Number of soil microorganism and enzyme activity and their relationship with soil nutrients were investigated with the density change of subalpine Fargesia denudate under the primitive Fargesia denudata-Picea purpurea forest in Western Sichuan.The results showed that with the density increasing,the number of soil microorganism and enzyme activity decreased which led to the decomposed rate of the forest floor decreased and the standing pool increased gradually.The storage of total and available P decreased significantly with the density increasing but there had no notable change for the storage of total and available N and K among different densities.There were significant correlation between the amounts of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities and soil organic matter,total N,total P,alkali-hydrolyzable N and available P.Therefore soil biological index can be used as evaluation index of soil fertility.In order to avoid soil degeneration and accelerate subalpine coniferous plantation succession and building the food base for panda,keeping suitable Fargesia denudate density would be a good measure for subalpine Fargesia denudata-Picea purpurea forest management.

Abstract:用100,300,500 mg/L的氯化胆碱(CC)水溶液喷施干旱胁迫下的地黄叶片,研究了CC对干旱胁迫下地黄叶片抗氧化代谢、细胞膜稳定性、叶绿素荧光参数及块根中梓醇含量的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施CC有效调节了干旱胁迫下地黄叶片的抗氧化酶SOD、APX、CAT的活性,降低了叶片MDA的含量和相对电导率,减缓了叶绿素的降解.因此,使地黄叶片在干旱胁迫条件下维持较高的通过PSI的电子传递速率(Fv/Fo)、PS Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPS Ⅱ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),从而提高了干旱胁迫下地黄块根的产量和梓醇含量,其中以300 mg/L的CC浓度效果较好.

Abstract:The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of soil depth on vegetation cover and above ground biomass of natural grasses protected from grazing in the east part of Inner Mongolia through field survey.The results show that when soil depth was under 20 cm,the vegetation cover and above ground biomass decreased sharply as the soil depth decreased.When soil depth was less than 10 cm,the vegetation types were different from that of normal vegetations,and the vegetation cover and above ground biomass were very low(less than 30% coverage and 150 g/m2);When soil depth was greater than 20 cm,the vegetation cover and above ground biomass were greater than 80% and 200 g/m2,and changed slowly as soil depth increased.The minimum soil depth in this area should be at least 20 cm for the natural grasses to grow healthily.

Abstract:通过原位进行低氮(LN,50 kg N/hm2.a)、中氮(MN,100 kg N/hm2.a)和高氮(HN,150 kg N/hm2.a)处理,研究了川西南天然常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸及其对模拟N沉降的响应。结果表明:(1)该森林土壤呼吸速率最大值612.21±77.82 mg CO2/m2.h出现在7月份,最小值108.95±17.01 mg CO2/m2.h出现在2月,年均土壤呼吸速率为348.00±157.83 mg CO2/m2.h,年均土壤呼吸通量为8.31±3.77 t C/hm2.a。采用双因素关系模型(Rs=aebTWc),土壤温度和土壤湿度共同解释了该常绿阔叶林2005年10月~2006年7月土壤呼吸速率季节变化的68.6%~73.9%,其拟合结果优于以土壤湿度或温度为参数的单因素关系模型。影响土壤呼吸速率的主导因子是温度,其地表温度变化响应的敏感程度Q10值为2.12,以土壤5 cm深处的温度为参数时,Q10值为2.51。(2)N沉降处理3个月后,该森林中HN和MN处理的土壤呼吸速率(309.43±17.24 mg CO2/m2.h,303.82±11.50 mgCO2/m2.h)均显著高于CK(269.28±13.78 mg CO2/m2.h)(P<0.05);处理4个月后,HN的土壤呼吸速率(272.42±13.25 mg CO2/m2.h)均显著高于MN(239.65±10.33 mg CO2/m2.h)、LN(229.10±9.90 mg CO2/m2.h)和CK(234.51±12.77 mg CO2/m2.h)(P<0.05);但处理7~10个月时,各处理之间无显著差异。研究表明,N沉降初期明显促进了常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸,后期无明显影响。

Abstract:Taking middle and upper reach of Yellow River drainage basin as research area,this paper divides it into three ecotopes and twenty-four ecosystem subregions by remote sensing information extraction,traditional information analysis and field investigations.The ecotopes include north-eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau ecotope,Ordos plateau-Hetao plain ecotope and Loess Plateau ecotope.On the basis of ecotope partition,quantitative evaluation and analysis of ecological quality in middle and upper reach of Yellow River drainage basin was carried out by selecting environmental indices and mathematical modeling in Arcinfo system,quantitative evaluation of ecological quality in large areas was implemented.The research could provide scientific foundations for the Yellow River drainage area ecosystem environmental management.

Abstract:The adsorption mechanisms of cadmium on montmorillonite were investigated and the effects of different kinds of humic acid on adsorption mechanisms were revealed.It was found that adsorption amount of Cd2 increased as pH value of ambient solution increased.After humic acid added,the adsorption of Cd was logged because humic acid adsorptions took precedence of Cd2 .Then co-adsorptions of Cd2 were carried through between humic acid and montmorillonite. So the quantity of adsorption was greater than adsorption without humic acid.In addition,the adsorption mechanisms were related to the dose and its added manner of humic acid.

Abstract:为提高磷肥利用率和研究磷肥增效技术,通过恒温振荡试验研究了硅藻土对水溶性磷肥(磷酸二氢钙)在红壤中有效性的影响.结果表明,在0.31 mg P/g土和1.25 mg P/g土水平下,硅藻土显著地降低了供试土壤对磷酸二氢钙的吸附,增加了水溶性磷、0.01 mol/L CaCl2溶液解吸磷和Olsen P的含量,且三者随硅藻土用量的增加而增加,其主要归因于硅藻土多孔、比表面积大和富含羟基的结构组成.硅藻土与磷酸二氢钙的施用顺序也显著地影响着供试土壤中磷的有效性,硅藻土先于磷酸二氢钙加入供试土壤处理的水溶性磷和0.01 mol/L CaCl2溶液解吸磷含量高于添加次序相反的处理,Olsen P含量差异不显著.

Abstract:The 3-nitrogen content and distribution of the fleet layer groundwater in Kunming basin was studied through the analysis of water quality in the research area.On the basis,this paper discussed the mechanism of the 3-nitrogen transferring,transforming and polluting from the following aspects: the pollution resources,geology environmental conditions and the groundwater exploitation.In conclusion,the 3-nitrogen pollution has become a common problem of the fleet layer groundwater of Kunming basin,to some extent;the 3-nitrogen input flux takes important role on the eutrophication of Dianchi Lake.

Abstract:Based on leaching experiment,the leaching rule of heavy metal in coal mine waste was brought out.The research showed that: Zn,Cr,Pb and Cu concentrations were most in the leachate of weathered coal waste,and the concentration became stable rapidly;only Zn concentrations are found in fresh coal waste leachate in the beginning time.The soil around coal mine waste also was contaminated by heavy metal,such as Zn,Cr and Pb.The process that heavy metal is leached out is a long time,and heavy metal could be migrated and accumulated.Some heavy metal gradually decreased with the soil depth increasing in the soil section.

Abstract:Two strains,Cu/Zn SOD and APX gene transferred sweet potato(TS) and non-transgenic sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas L.)(NT),were used as experimental materials to study the effects of water stress and rewatering on photosynthetic characteristics of sweet potatoes.The result showed that the activities of SOD of both TS and NT first increased and then decreased under water stress,but the activity of SOD of TS was always higher than that of NT,under 24 h water stress,the activity of SOD of TS was 20% higher than that of NT.The activities of SOD of TS and NT both decreased after rewatering.Under water stress,the activity of APX of TS firstly increased and then decreased;in NT it firstly decreased and then increased.After rewatering,the activity of APX of both TS and NT firstly increased and then decreased,after 12 h rewatering,the activity of APX of TS was 50% higher than it of NT.Under water stress,the membrane structural stability of TS was better than it of NT,after 24 h water stress and 12 h rewatering,the MDA content of NT were 20% more than it of TS. At the beginning of the water stress,pn decreased in both TS and NT,when stress time became longer,pn in TS increased,in NT pn almost keep the same level,after 36 h stress,pn in TS is 50% higher than it in NT,after rewatering,pn in both TS and NT began to increased,after 12 h rewatering, pn in TS was 1 times higher than it in NT.Under water stress,Ci increased in both TS and NT.After 36 h water stress,Ci in NT was 40% higher than it in TS,after rewatering,Ci in both TS and NT decreased.The result showed that transferred both Cu/Zn SOD and APX gene,the antioxidative system of the transgenic sweet potato had a higher ability to protect and recover the photosynthetic system of the plant.

Abstract:Seasonal characteristics of algae composition and responses to its habitat in shallow subsidence pool as new wetland were discussed with a case study of Pan-san pool in Huainan city.The results showed that as new wetland,the shallow subsidence pool was seriously polluted in summer(CODCr of 52.63 mg/L,TP of 0.45 mg/L,TN of 2.01 mg/L) and its nutrient status was heavily trophic(dominant algae species of Cyanophyta).Meanwhile,in spring and fall,the shallow subsidence pool was lightly polluted and its nutrient status was medium trophic,but closed to heavily trophic(dominant algae species of Chlorophyta in the fall).Algae biomass in the shallow subsidence pool reached 27.54 mg/m3 in the fall(highest),5.82 mg/m3 in spring(lowest),16.85 mg/m3 in summer,respectively,and showed positive relationships with TP and TN,and significantly positive relationship with CODCr,indicating that algae biomass could be used to reflect the level of nutrient and organic pollutants.But there is not relationship between algae biomass and total rigidity in shallow subsidence pool,indicating that algae does not affect total rigidity heavily.It is interesting that negative relationships between algae biomass and water depth(H) showed that water quantity in shallow subsidence pool could change seasonal characteristics of algae.All got information can provide insights into water environment in shallow subsidence pool.