Abstract:Land desertification is one of the most main types of land degradation in the arid and semiarid region,northern China.However,there is a lack of knowledge on mechanisms of soil degradation in desertification processes in this region.A field experiment was conducted from 2002 to 2003 on desertified land with gradients of wind erosion to investigate changes in soil properties resulting from desertification in the Horqin sandy land.The results showed that physical and chemical properties exhibited greater differences among different particles-size fractions.Soil fine particles had lower soil bulk density and higher soil hardness,capillary water-holding and nutrient contents.Soil bulk density increased by 10.32%,and soil hardness,capillary water-holding,organic C,total N decreased by 99.15%,51.23%,83.73% and 80.24% from clay silt fraction to coarse sand fraction,respectively.In land desertification processes,the soil physical and chemical properties changed significantly with desertification.Compared to undesertified land,coarse sand contents non-capillary porosity and bulk density increased by 35.04%,117.50% and 21.7%,fine sand,clay silt,total porosity,capillary porosity,field water-holding,capillary water-holding,soil organic C,total N and P,available N and P decreased by 77.78%,70.00%,15.38%,27.49%,54.34%,37.54%,64.15%,70.77%,65.90%,66.32% and 50.59%,respectively in the severely desertified land.The results of correlation analysis showed that soil organic C,total N and P,soil moisture and hardness had a significant positive correlation with the soil clay and silt contents,and had a significant negative correlation with coarse sand content.Those results showed that selective removal of the finest soil particles that contain rich nutrients and higher water-holding capacity and hardness under wind erosion was the primary mechanism of soil degradation in land desertification processes.

Abstract:The geomorphologic characteristics of different type of sand dunes in Kumtag desert were investigated.On-the-spot sand samples were collected and the characteristics of grain size were analyzed in laboratory.The result shows: there are various types of sand dunes in Kumtag desert,such as: pyramid dunes(stare dunes),simple linear dunes,network dunes,crescent dunes and featherlike dunes.The majority grain size of sand dunes is 0.25~0.063 mm,and the minority is 0.5~0.25 mm and1~0.5 mm.The grain of each dune is good in sand-sorting,which had been selected by wind.The grain size of pyramid dunes in topside of NE slope is the same as that in downside,and become thicker and thicker from top to bottom in South and WS slope;the grain size of two sides of simple linear dunes are the same,while the downside of south slope is thicker.The grain size of outside network dunes slope is thicker than that inside.The grain size of middle part of crescent dunes is thinner than that on topside and downside;the grain size of featherlike dunes "quill" is same as that in crescent dunes,and grain size of "plume" is alternately changed between thick and thin grains.

Abstract:The release and transport of soil chemicals in surface runoff is not only an agricultural issue,but also a problem of the quality of surface and ground waters.Soil bulk density is one of the important factors affecting soil chemicals transportation with runoff.The characteristics of soil nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium transport with surface runoff on two types of soil from Loess Plateau were studied by simulating rainfall indoor.Results indicated that,when soil bulk density increased,the runoff initiation time shortened,runoff coefficient increased,soil erosion became heavy,and soil phosphorus and potassium loss increased.The sequence of extent of soil bulk density influencing on chemical concentration in runoff was NO-3-N>PO3-4-P>K .There was one peak during the chemical loss from runoff.The characteristics of peak,including time arrived peak to spend and quantity of peak value,was results from the synthetical interaction of soil bulk density,physical and chemical characteristics of chemicals and other hydrologic parameters.By simulating results,it was further confirmed that power function was the optimal model to fit the process of runoff chemical concentration under unsaturated condition and without rill erosion on the loess section.The study offered a reference for understanding the mechanism of soil nutrient in runoff transport of the loess slope.

Abstract:坡度是土壤养分流失的重要因素,通过室内人工降雨模拟试验,研究不同坡度土壤侵蚀和养分流失的过程与机制。研究结果表明:土壤中养分的流失量随坡度的增大而增大,但在20°附近时存在转折点,25°时养分流失量反而减小。同时利用两种类型描述径流养分浓度模型对实测资料进行分析,结果显示与指数函数模型相比较,采用幂函数模型能够较好地模拟黄土坡面非饱和条件下径流溶质浓度变化过程,同时幂函数模型也能够较好地描述径流中钾离子和溴离子的质量变化过程,为进一步完善黄土坡面径流养分迁移模拟模型提供了参考。

Abstract:The simulated test was conducted by means of three kinds of soil column of 20cm, 40cm and 60cm length. The results were as follows. The amounts of phosphorus leaching from organic vegetable soil were 26 times more than that from conventional vegetable soil in the different length column when 780mm rainfall was simulated. Irrigation not only reduced the soil available phosphorus content, but also changed the characteristics of phosphorus sorption and desorption of different soils. In addition, organic cultivation increased phosphorus content in the groundwater more obviously than conventional cultivation. It is suggested that the risk of soil phosphorus leaching to the groundwater body from organic cultivation could be greater than that from conventional cultivation and some managements should be adopted at the development of organic cultivation to prevent phosphorus leaching IOSS.

Abstract:采用室内模拟径流冲刷试验,对煤矸石堆置体水土流失规律进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在20,°25,°30,°35°4个坡度、放水流量为2 L/min,2.5 L/min,3 L/min,3.5 L/min的情况下,煤矸石堆置体的侵蚀产沙过程存在明显的差异:在较小坡度和流量下,侵蚀的脉动性、随机性、间歇性明显,径流体积含沙量变化幅度很大;在较大坡度和流量下,侵蚀呈现明显的突发性,泥沙移动具有类似泥石流移动的特征,在冲刷初期含沙量便达到最大值,随着时间的延续,含沙量逐渐降低,最后趋于稳定。(2)集中径流对煤矸石堆置体具有很强的冲刷作用,会造成严重的侵蚀,总侵蚀量的大小与设计流量呈线性关系,与坡面坡度呈幂函数关系。

Abstract:Ten experimental plots,with different slope and covering rate of vegetation,in Shen-Dong mine region were selected to conduct simulated rainfall.The intensity of simulated rainfall was designed to be 2.0 mm/min.Four of these plots were accumulated with abandoned soils in the different years of 1990~1991,1996~1997,2002~2003 and the one primary soil,the others were accumulated with abandoned soils in the year of 1990~1991.Ten curves of infiltration process content were acquired by processing data.The results showed that the soils accumulated in different years had different infiltration process,and with the increasing of accumulation time,the stable infiltrations were declined gradually to be similar to primary soil.Grade and length of slope affected the infiltration process respectively,while the change of grade and slope length had little influences on the stable infiltrations.

Abstract:Soil secondary salinization poses a substantial threat to irrigated agriculture in oasis irrigation districts,Xinjiang.Taking Weigan river irrigation district located in the Tarim basin as an example,with a brief analysis of the controlling factors in irrigated areas,the characteristics of hydro-salinity balance and their effects at three scales(namely,irrigation area scale,farmland scale and soil profile scale) are analyzed deeply based on the hydro-salinity principles.The leaching water requirement is calculated and discussed extensively.The driving factors of soil secondary salinization are surveyed and the corresponding strategies countermeasures to control soil salinization and promote sustainable agriculture are proposed.We conclude that the improvement of water utilization rate and maintaining necessary leaching water requirement are the key methods to control soil secondary salinization.

Abstract:Mulberry shoots were planted in the plain sandland and hill terrace in the eastern of Hebei province,and they were mainly intercropped by peanut and maize.Root distribution of mulberry shoots and its influence on soil moisture and nutrient in Qian'an were studied.The results showed that: the weight of the roots in the 20~ 40 cm soil layer were 60%~ 80% of the total amounts,and distributed decreasingly with the depth increasing.The hairy roots(diameter<3 mm)were 30%~40% of the total amounts,concentrating in the 20~ 40 cm soil layer.The roots(diameter>7 mm) were the least and only 15% of the total amounts.The horizontal distribution mainly concentrated in the cluster of 0~ 100 cm from the center of mulberry shoots cluster in the plain sandland.The weight of roots in the 100 cm soil layer from the cluster was 6.25% of the total amounts.The root vertical distribution could reach up to 3.28 m in depth,and some roots embed the deep soil layer where the horizontal distribution range was little,but the horizontal distribution was obvious in the hill terrace.The roots horizontal distribution could reach to 250 cm in width with few roots embed the rock.The roots weight,diameter and section area distribute characteristics of mulberry shoots were different according to site condition and the depth of the soil.The deepsoil moisture could be increased.There were not obvious moisture deficits in the horizontal range near the cluster.The soil nutrient near the cluster could be improved by the mulberry shoot

Abstract:Based on the remote sensing SPOT-5 reflection picture and intensity map of soil erosion of Dongzhen reservoir watershed,this paper applied GIS technology's information management and spatial data disposal or analysis,concerned with studying the region landscape,extracted information of the landscape pattern characteristics,chose indexes of analysis for landscape pattern,made quantitative research and searched into some laws in order to discuss and reveal the relationship between landscape pattern and soil erosion procession,and the influence of human activities to landscape pattern and landscape ecology procession as well.Research shows: reservoir landscape types and ecosystem uneven distribution;Continuing up erosion intensity,diversity index diminishes,landscape dominance becomes evident,uniformity reduces;the higher rate of decay of Dongzhen reservoir garden plot and agricultural land landscape is first cause of soil erosion.

Abstract:研究了石灰岩山区的黄栌、连翘、绣线菊和黄荆4种灌木林地根系分布特征及其固持土壤效应。结果表明：4种灌木林地根系的分布特征存在极显著差异,黄栌林地根系的生物量和长度均最大,各径级根系中直径〈1 mm的根系生物量最大;连翘林地根系的生物量和长度均较小,各径级根系中直径≥5 mm的根系生物量最大;黄荆林地根系的生物量和长度较高,主要分布在0～20 cm土壤层;绣线菊林地根系生物量最小,主要分布在0～20 cm土壤层。4种灌木林地土壤的抗侵蚀性能明显高于荒坡地,且与0～20 cm层根系生物量和根系长度显著相关,根系固持土壤效应从强到弱依次为：黄栌林〉黄荆林〉绣线菊林〉连翘林。

Abstract:The solk water stable aggregates of different diameter(>4 mm,2~4 mm,1~2 mm,0.5~1 mm,0.25~0.5mm) were gained and determined by drying-wetting sieving method in three kinds of eroded(slightly,medium,severely) ultisols.The paper studied the distributions of organic matter in aggregates.The result indicated that the content of >0.25 mm water-stable aggregate(WSA) took on a falling trend with the enhancing of erosion degree,but the dispersing percent of aggregate(PAD) went up.Small aggregate played an important role after moistened.As to slightly and medium eroded ultisols,the content of their organic matter increased with the enlarging of diameter of aggregate,but it was opposite to severely eroded ultisol.In eroded ultisols,soil organic matter had a marked positive correlation with the content of >0.25mm water-stable aggregates.The contribution of aggregate to soil organic matter is in the sequence of slightly > medium > severely in three kinds of eroded ultisols.

Abstract:The composition of clay minerals and adsorption characteristics on P,K,Cu,Zn, Pb of main orchard soils in Shandong province were studied.The results show that the composition of clay minerals was different between different soil types in Shandong main orchard soils.The kaolinite was the dominant mineral type in brown soils(Hap-Udic Luvisols) with high leaching and lower soil pH. This soil expressed a strong adsorption on phosphorus,but less or weak fixation on potassium.The availablity of phosphorus was relatively low for the Cao soils(Och-Aquic Cambosols) and cinnamon soils(Hap-Usdic Luvisols),due to the high adsorption,high carbonate content and chemical precipitation action.Because Shajiang black soils(Cal-Aquic Vertosols) contained large amount of montmorillonite and 1.4 nm interlayer minerals,this soils displayed a strong adsorption capacity and crystal lattice fixation on potassium.Therefore,the availability of phosphate and potash fertilizers in Shajiang black soils were lower than that in brown soils.The adsorption ability and capacity on heavy metals of Cu,Zn,Pb in Shajiang black soils and Cao soils was significantly greater than that in brown soils and cinnamon soils,the dominant influence factors were the differences in clay content,clay mineral types and their composition among different soil types.The adsorption capacity on Pb was far greater than that on Zn and Cu in the same soils,which was mainly dependent on the chemical property of these elements and the adsorption characteristics of the colloids.

Abstract:以往主要注重加入常量有机物料对土壤腐殖物质中的胡敏酸（HA）、富里酸（FA）影响的研究,而对于添加大比例有机物料及其对胡敏素（HM）各组分影响的研究较少,特别是关于添加大比例有机物料后腐殖物质中胡敏素（HM）各组分的动态变化研究尚未见报道。因此为更好地发挥土壤固碳潜力、提高土壤和环境质量,本文运用Pallo修改法将土壤HM分为铁结合胡敏素（HMi）、粘粒结合胡敏素（HMc）和不溶性胡敏素（HMr）3个组分,对加入大比例玉米秸秆后黑土底土各胡敏素组分数量和性质的变化进行了研究,结果表明：在HM中HMi/HMc随着土/秸比的增加而增加,高土/秸比有利于HMi的形成和积累,而低土/秸比有利于HMc的形成和积累;随着培养时间的延长HMi和HMc的ΔlogK值降低,分子向复杂化方向发展,且随着土/秸比的增加而减少,分子复杂程度增加;高土/秸比更有利于HMi活性的提高和脂肪族结构的增加,而低土/秸比更有利于HMc活性提高和脂肪族结构的增加。

Abstract:The experiment of controlled-release fertilizers(CRFs) on growth of Rosa chinensis plant in pot was conducted in comparison with common compound fertilizers(CCFs).The research results were: The nutrient release of CRFs could be characterized by changes of available N,P and K.Compared with the CCF,the CRF significantly increased the contents of NO-3-N,NH 4-N,available P and available K in the soil and promoted the conditions of Rosa chinensis.The contents of chlorophyll,plant height,stem diameter,plant width and growth potential of the Rosa chinensis treated by CRFs were significantly greater than those by CCFs and CK.Furthermore,the treatment with CRFs distinctly advanced efflorescence,boosted florescence flourish and extended view period,which promoted Rosa chinensis growth.Under the experiment condition,the optimum amount for fertilizer application on Rosa chinensis was N 1.6g g/pot soil.

Abstract:Nitrogen removal and crop growth in a trial soil column wastewater irrigation system are observed,and the impact of increased wastewater organic carbon content on them are tested.It is shown that with the increase of wastewater organic carbon content,the volume of drainage,the amount of leached nitrogen(ammonium,nitrate and total nitrogen) and COD will increase,while the dry matter yield of the crop and the amount of nitrogen uptaken by the crop will decrease.The changed soil circumstance resulted from increased wastewater organic carbon content has a negative impact on crop growth.

Abstract:A study was carried out to explicate the characteristics of Pb uptake by four herbaceous(Lolium perenne,Cynodon dactylon,Poa annua,Agrostis stolonifera)in acid yellow soils,in order to provide scientific basis for improvement of the ecological environment.Adopt a pot experiment,determined the concentration of lead in the roots and shoots of the four herbaceous.S/R,bioaccumulation coefficient,total heavy metal translocation of lead,root tolerance index of the four herbaceous were also investigated.Correlation analysis between Pb contents in plants and Pb-added concentration in soil four kinds was marked,coefficient of correlation were greater than 0.90;To sum up the four indexes,the resistance to lead was Agrostis stolonifera>Lolium perenne>Poa annua>Cynodon dactylon,four plants without stress,especially can endure and grow normally in the pollution soil of 3 000 mg Pb/kg,suited much more for phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soils.

Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of amendments of Mn mining tailings with red soil on the phytoextraetive potential of Mn by four plant species, such as Phytolacca acinosa, Phytolacca americana, Polygonum lapathifolium, Amaranthus paniculatus. Pot culture experiments were conducted by using Mn mining tailings diluted with red soil in different ratios. Amendments of Mn mining tailings with red soil were friendly to growth of the four plant species. The biomass for P. acinosa, P. americana, A. paniculatus, growing in sub- strates with 20%-100% Mn mining tailings, were significantly higher than that in controls without Mn mining tailings. In all treatments, the biomass of P. acinosa and P. americana were higher than that of the other two species. In T80 treatments, P. acinosa, P. americana and A. panuculatus grew normally and Mn extraction by them were the highest value for all treatments. The results showed that P. acinosa, P. americana were more adaptive and tolerant to Mn mining tailings than the other two species. P. acinosa, P. americana were the most suitable species and should be first selected for phytoremediation on sites contaminated by Mn mining tailings. In order to reconstruction of a stable ecosystem with more plant species, A. paniculatus may be co-planted with them. The T80 amendment approach, in which Mn mining tailings in substrates was 80 %, was the more reasonable for reclamation in sites polluted by Mn mining tailings.

Abstract:采用水培试验,研究了不同的锰营养水平下,水蓼、小飞蓬、杠板归和美洲商陆的生理响应,通过丙二醛含量（MDA）、质膜透性（MP）、根系活力（RA）、可溶性糖含量（SS）、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量等指标的分析比较,来揭示它们的耐锰性差异。结果表明,锰对4种植物的生理特性都有明显的影响。在高浓度锰处理下（16000μm ol/L）,4种植物的质膜透性极显著升高（p〈0.01）,根系活力明显降低（p〈0.05）,地上部锰含量极显著增加（p〈0.01）,除美洲商陆外的其他3种植物的丙二醛含量明显上升（p〈0.05）,其中小飞蓬的变化幅度最大,美洲商陆的变化幅度最小。水蓼、杠板归、美洲商陆的可溶性糖及叶绿素总量维持在一定水平,与对照相比无极显著差异（p〉0.01）。植物通过维持较低的质膜透性和丙二醛含量、较高的根系活力、稳定的可溶性糖及叶绿素含量来增强耐锰性,研究发现,美洲商陆的耐锰性最强,水蓼和杠板归的耐锰性较强,小飞蓬的耐锰性最差,并且发现水蓼和杠板归均已达到锰超富集植物的标准。

Abstract:By means of analyzing the content of proline and soluble sugar,leaves-washing technology,X-ray analysis and scanning electron microscope(SEM),the change of proline and soluble sugar and the composing of washings from oats leaves were analyzed,and superficial structure of leaves were observed under saline-alkali stress.The results revealed that the content of proline and soluble sugar increased with increasing salinity in both breeds,the washings from oats leaves of saline-alkali stress were comprised Cl-,Na ,K ,HCO-3,Mg2 and Ca2 and none of CO2-3 and SO2-4.The quantities of Cl-,Na and K of treated leaves washings were most significant higher than control.The quantities of HCO-3 and Mg2 of treated leaves washings were significant higher than control.There was none significant difference to the quantity of Ca2 between treated and control.There were large numbers of salt crystals on the stomata,the resistant mechanism in oats to saline-alkali stress is discharging salt by stomata.

Abstract:To research the content and concentration of heavy metals in soil of green food producing areas,the study was performed in a town named Zhouxiang in Cixi city.The study evaluated the heavy metal contents in soil using the integrative index approach,and based on the geo-statistical method,analysing the distribution of heavy metal in soil and drawing the distribution figures.The results showed that all the single polluted index of eight heavy metals was exceed 1,this suggests that all the heavy metal elements bring the pollution to soil in this area.The integrative index calculated by Nemerow method is 1.54,suggests that the soil is belongs to the slight pollution level.With the change of location and land use type,heavy metal contents in soil increase from north to south.The research of heavy metal in different soil profiles showed that heavy metal assembles in top soil or sub-soil,the contents of heavy metal in soil decreasing with the sample layer deep added,these suggests that heavy metal in soil of this area is strongly affected by human being.

Abstract:Crude oil and loess soil from north Shaanxi Province were selected to study effects of oil on growth of plant seedling and soil respiration in this pot experimental.Two kinds of oil treatment,the spilled oil-polluted soil(SOPS) and the mixed oil-polluted soil(MOPS),were designed with different oil contamination levels.Result showed that SOPS treatments had no effect on germination of maize(Zea mays L.)and alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) but adversely affected growth of the two plants;Both germination and growth of alfalfa were affected severely in the MOPS treatments.Soil respiration was sensitive to oil pollution, and increased with oil pollution rates.Although inhibition of oil contamination and some fluctuation since one week after oil treatment,soil respiration of all oil treated soils gradually went stable and had been significantly(p=0.05) greater than the control by the end of the experimental.The results indicated there were tolerant microbial species in loess soil.

Abstract:采用盆栽实验,研究了在模拟酸雨、镍单一或复合污染的红壤中,莴笋的生长和叶片中抗氧化酶活性、活性氧和丙二醛含量的变化。结果表明,单一酸雨污染或酸雨与25 mg/kg镍的复合污染对植株生长无明显影响;酸雨增强了50-100 mg/kg镍对莴笋生长的抑制效应。复合污染下,酸雨为pH4.5时,莴笋叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的总体活性较单一镍污染高,而酸雨为pH3.5时则两者活性降低。复合污染下,叶片过氧化物酶（POD）活性升高,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性降低,且随酸雨pH降低,变化的幅度增大;同时,O2^＊ˉ的产生加快,H2O2和MDA含量升高,表明叶片组织遭受了氧化胁迫和膜脂过氧化损伤,这可能是复合污染下莴笋生长受阻的重要原因。

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of fluorine(F) on soil pH value,soil bulk density,maize dry weight and potassium adsorption in fluvo-aquic soil and yellow-brown soil.The results showed that the soils pH and bulk density increased with F being applied.The pH of yellow-brown soil and fluvoaquic soil increased from 5.22 to 5.99 and from 8.12 to 8.64,the bulk density of yellow-brown soil and fluvo-aquic soil increased 26.89% and 27.72% by compared with that of controls.F gave no inhibition on catalase activities of the fluvo-aquic soil,but catalase activities of the yellow-brown soil were inhibited after 600 mg/kg of F being applied.F gave no effects on alkaline phosphates activity of the yellow-brown soil,but it was inhibited with applying of 400 mg/kg of fluorine in the fluvo-aquic soil.The neutral phosphate enzyme vitality in the two soils was obviously inhibited by applying of 600mg/kg of F.F gave less effects on acid phosphates activity of yellow-brown soil than that of fluvo-aquic soil.Acid phosphates activity in the fluvo-aquic soil was inhibited by 600 mg/kg of F added,but in the yellow-brown soil inhibition began in case of 1 000 mg/kg of F added.The soil urease activity was strongly inhibited with 200~400 mg/kg of F added in the two soils.During maize seedling period,in case of applying 400~600 mg/kg of F,the dry weight of maize began to decrease.By applying of 1 000 mg/kg of F,maize seedling dry weight decreased 20.1% and 9.8% compared with that of control.During maize jointing stage,the maize dry weight decreased obviously with applying of 200~400 mg/kg of F.F gave more noticeable adverse effects on maize root than its upper part.The potassium content of maize decreased significantly with F applying.By applying of 1 000 mg/kg of F,the potassium content of maize growing in fluvo-aquic soil and in yellow-brown soil decreased 43.7% and 41.9% respectively.

Abstract:利用冬春季沉水植物菹草构建的阶梯式水生植物系统研究了其对水体悬浮泥沙及氮、磷污染物的净化效果。结果表明：由菹草构成的生态物理模型系统对挟沙水体氮、磷负荷以及泥沙含量具有较好的改善作用,菹草系统前后总氮负荷分别为0.746 mg/L和0.622 mg/L,去除率为16.57%,其中菹草净化率占6.67%;停留时间分别为24 h和48 h时,菹草系统对总磷的净化百分率分别为18.52%和22.22%,其中菹草对总磷的净化作用分别占10.83%和6.84%,因此,菹草系统对挟沙水体中氮、磷的净化,包括自身营养需求对氮、磷的吸收利用和菹草促使泥沙沉积和吸附过程中泥沙对氮、磷的携带作用两个方面。菹草系统对经过它的挟沙水体的泥沙含量具有较好的改善效果,并对平均粒径及10～25μm范围泥沙颗粒改善效果较明显。出水口挟沙水体总磷变化与悬浮泥沙含量具有较强的相关一致性（R=0.96）,说明在挟沙水体的总磷净化过程中,泥沙起到了举足轻重的作用。

Abstract:Soil enzymatic activities and its relationship with available heavy metal content in rhizosphere of hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance were studied based on field investigation and pot experiment.The results showed that DTPA extractable-Zn content in rhizosphere soil of Sedum alfredii Hance decreased by 14.3%,7.9% and 47.4%,and DTPA extractable-Cd content decreased by 25.1%,21.9% and 20% as compared with non-rhizosphere soil,when planted in mining,heavy polluted soil and light polluted soil,respectively.In Pb/Zn mining area where hyperaccumulating ecotype Sedum alfredii grow,sucrase,acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity in soil were much higher than other place.Soil enzymatic activities(urease,acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase) in rhizosphere of hyperaccumulating ecotype Sedum alfredii were much higher than both in non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere of non-hyperaccumulating ecotype,especially in mining and heavy polluted soil.Urease,sucrase and dehydrogenase activities in rhizosphere of hyperaccumulating ecotype Sedum alfredii were restrained by Pb,Zn,Cd and Cu significantly,whereas acid phosphatase activitie was prompted by Pb.Acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity was significantly correlated with combined available content of soil heavy metals in rhizosphere of hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance.

Abstract:The distribution and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in multi-phase media(water phase,surficial sediments,surface coatings and suspended particulates) in the Nanhu Lake were investigated.The results show that 12 kinds of PAHs among the 13 kinds of PAHs were measured in surficial sediments,11 kinds were investigated in water phase and surface coatings,and only 7 kinds were investigated in suspended particulates.The accumulation capacity of surface coatings was similar to that of suspended particulates,and was much better than that of surficial sediments.This was due to the differences in the content of total organic carbon(TOC) among the surface coatings,suspended particulates and surficial sediments and the TOC content of surface coatings and suspended particulates was more than that of surficial sediments.According to the Pen/Anth and aromatic rings distributions of PAHs in the surficial sediments,the dominated source of PAHs in the Nanhu Lake was the combustion of fossil fuel.

Abstract:在水污染物综合降解系数率定、分析和验证的基础上,估算不同设计条件下曹娥江上游主要支流的水环境容量,并给出了综合体现社会性、经济性和历史性的水环境容量分配方案。结果表明,河流中CODMn和NH4^＋-N的综合降解系数受到水温和流量的影响,而具有显著的时间变异性,变异范围分别为0.078～0.29/d和0.087～0.3/d,其中以冬季枯水期（11月,10月,12月,1月）的值最小。不同设计条件下,CODMn和NH4＋-N全年水环境容量分别为139.74～633.80 t和56.47～151.09 t。通过增加设计流量、降低水质目标、采用段末控制的方法均能不同程度地增加河流水环境容量,但加大污染治理力度、削减流域内各业的排污量,才是提高河流水质的根本方法。为保证社会、经济、水环境的协调发展,河段沿岸的部分排污企业需削减当前CODMn排放量的27.5%～70.5%,所有NH4＋-N排污企业需削减当前NH＋4-N排放量的12.6%～70%。这样的分配结果不但具有实际的可操作性,而且有利于促进排污权交易市场的形成。

Abstract:Soil water is crucial to plant growth and plays a vital role in re-vegetation.Based on spatial databases and sampled soil moisture data,a method was developed to relate the sampled soil water data to different combinations of land typeland use-slope grade thus getting using GIS techniques,and maps were made indicating the spatial variation of soil water in different soil layers.Using these maps,we calculated the amount and distribution of average soil water content in different soil layers in Ansai county.The results showed: Soil moisture is at its bally difficult-available and difficult-available state before rainy season and at its slow-available and quick-available state after rainy season in soil layer of 0~60 cm.Compensatory rate of soil moisture is high.Soil moisture is at its bally difficult-available,difficult-available and slow-available state before rainy season and at its slow-available and quick-available state after rainy season in soil layer of 60~120 cm.Compensatory rate of soil moisture in this layer is lower than that in up-layer.Soil moisture is at its bally difficult-available,difficult-available and slow-available state before rainy season and at its difficult-available,slow-available and quick-available state after rainy season in soil layer of 120~200 cm.Compensatory rate of soil moisture in this layer is lower than that in up~layer evidently.Soil moisture is at its bally difficult-available and difficult-available state before rainy season and after rainy season in soil layer of 200~300 cm.Compensatory rate of soil moisture in this layer is very low.Soil moisture is at its bally difficult-available,difficult-available and slow-available state before rainy season and after rainy season in soil layer of 300~500 cm.Soil moisture of this layer can hardly be compensated and is steady state.

Abstract:The depth of edge influence,the temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture in different soil layer in Weibei loess plateau were discussed.By using moving split-window method,it was obtained that the depth of edge influence was 16 m from 4 m inside forestland to 12 m outside forestland,the ectone between forestland and grassland was gradual type.The forestland-grassland landscape could be divided into 3 parts;grassland area,ecotone area and forestland area.By traditional analysis methods,it was obtained that soil water in different layers absent or descent with the change of horizontal distance,and that the change of soil water on ecotone area were most significant.The vertical change of soil water in the profile could be divided into four layers in grassland and forestland,and three layers in ecotone area.Based on the seasonal variation of soil moisture,it can be divided into three phase:the soil moisture stocking phase from April to May,the 1ose phase from June to July,the refill phase from August to October.The temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture is mainly affected by the difference of vegetation,soil mechanical composition.

Abstract:The particle composition of the different soil layer,distribution characteristics of the soil moisture and the relevancy of the soil water in different soil layers were investigated in the field experiment.Results showed:(1) It was crucial reason that the particle composition of the soil layer decided the capability of the soil moisture retention,which reflected on the variety of the distribution and the movement actions of the soil water and affected the detention time in the soil.The percentage of the grit was higher in the soil layer,and the percentage of the clay content was lower,and the soil moisture was smaller.The detention time of the soil water in the loam was longer than in the sand soil.(2)The region of the soil moisture loss,the region of the soil moisture detention,and the region of the soil moisture transition were named for the soil layer from surface to 3 m depth in the field experiment district.The region of the soil moisture detention was the place of the soil water reserving,and provided the water resources for the plant.The influence of the particle content of the silty loam was great crucial for forming the region of the soil moisture detention and the capability of the soil moisture regulated.(3) With the deep under ground water table,irrigation water supplied the soil water and affected the redistribution characteristics of the soil moisture,which influenced the regulating capability of the region of the soil moisture detention and the growth of the crop and plant.

Abstract:通过大型蒸渗仪和植物径流测定系统对民勤绿洲5种主要防风固沙植物单株生态需水进行了测定,并结合G IS和野外调查,确定不同植被类型的面积、生态需水定额和生态需水量;通过天然降水与生态需水的耦合,分析了不同植被类型生态需水的时空变化规律。研究表明,5种植物年平均单株最大生态需水定额分别为:沙枣1597.4 mm、新疆杨806.77 mm、梭梭534.05 mm、柽柳426.76 mm、白刺318.83 mm;5种植被年最大生态需水总量为2.29×108m3;实际生态需水量分别为:新疆杨0.29×108m3、沙枣0.69×108m3、梭梭0.44×108m3、柽柳0.05×108m3、白刺0.02×108m3,总实际生态需水量1.49×108m3,减去0.35×108m3有效天然降水用于植被生态需水,另需1.14×108m3的生态需水,占民勤绿洲总用水量的14.92%;降水高峰期与植被生态需水的高峰期一致,主要集中于6,7,8,9四个月,分别占全年的74.1%和77.25%;有效降水对杨树、沙枣、梭梭、柽柳和白刺生态需水的贡献率分别为8.59%,10.29%,43.25%,58.4%和196%。

Abstract:The litter storage,the water-holding capacities and soil hydrology physical properties in the 5 main forest type in south part of Daxing'anling were studied.The results showed that the litter storage were 12.35~48.46 t/hm2,the litter storage of conifers is higher than that of broadleaf forest,the semi-decomposed litter storage of each forest stand is 1.3 times higher than that of nondecomposed;the max water-holding percentage ranged 565.66%~676.36%,averaged 617.13%;the max water-hoolding capacities ranged 92.70~319.96 t/hm2,averaged 193.68 t/hm2,the highest one is grass-larix,the lowest one is betula;the max water-holding capacities of the semi-decomposed is 1.3~6.1 times higher than that of nondecomposed;the max water-holding capacities of conifers is higher than that of broadleaf forest;the lowest one is that of broadleaf forest.the maximum interception rate ranged 416.55%~545.61%,averaged 454.12%;the maximum interception amount varied 71.5~200.27 t/hm2,averaged 125.97 t/hm2;the modified interception rate changed 327.28%~418.99%,averaged 356.52%,the modified interception amount changed 57.60~152.27 t/hm2,averaged 96.91t/hm2;there are the same order about soil total porosity percent and capillary pore percent;the non-capillary pore percent of betula is highest for 14.52%,the least one is grass-larix for 7.09%,the maximum moisture content and capillary moisture content of oak is highest for 5 682.60 t/hm2 and 7 162.80 t/hm2,the lowest is grass-larix for 2 683.60 t/hm2 and 3 817.00 t/hm2.

Abstract:From 2004 to 2006, a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation which was 33 years old was observed to study canopy interception, throughfall and stenflow in western reservoir of Miyun of Beijing. The results showed that the average ratio of interception, throughfall and stenflow were 31.67%, 67. 65% and 0. 68%, respectively. The rates of interception dropped off rapidly and inclined to the terminal value with the increasing amount of precipitation. The relationship between the amount of canopy interception and precipitation was power function. There was a prominent and positive correlation between throughfall amount and precipitation amount. Stemflow contributions to total fluxes of rainfall are particularly small. Stemflow was close correlation with precipitation amount, average rain density and the maximal rain density in thirty minutes by partial correlation.

Abstract:Based on the methods of double-rings and core sampler,the primitive characteristics of water storage capacity and permeability of undisturbed typical black soil(the prairie meadow and the Populus davidiana secondary forests in Keshan farm,Heilongjiang province) were researched.The results suggested that,the prairie meadow and the Populus davidiana secondary forests had better capability of water storage and permeability compared with abandoned land and fallow land.Within the depth of 1m,the saturated water storage of prairie meadow(5 271.14 t/hm2) was higher than the Populus davidiana secondary forests(4 945.91 t/hm2),but the non-capacity water capacity were closer,respectively 402.20 t/hm2 and 425.40 t/hm2;the soil initial permeability and solid permeability rate of the prairie meadow were 8.5 mm/min and 7.5 mm/min,and the latter are accordingly 1.2 mm/min and 3.2 mm/min,the Populus davidiana secondary forests had the better permeability during the whole process.Above all,this result would provide more important primitive characteristics of water storage capacity and permeability for undisturbed typical black soil scientifically.

Abstract:Prediction of soil profile water content is important in irrigation, soil and water conservation, and environment improvement, etc. In this paper, we measured daily soil water content at different depths in a red soils field, and estimated the moisture at depth of 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm and 60 cm by the time series analysis methods using 10cm measured data . The results showed that there were significant relationships between soil water content at different depths. Based on the water content at depth of 10cm, soil water content at lower layers were predicted by the distributed lag models. With the increase of soil depth to be forecasted, the lag time in the model increased. The average relative error of soil water content between measured and estimated was less than 6 %, and the maximum relative error was not more than 10%. By combining soil water content in 10cm depth and soil water content in 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 em and 60 cm respectively, we simplified the models to autoregressive distributed lag models. With shorter lag times, the models also got acceptable precisions.

Abstract:Based on the filed experiment in the projected Yangou watershed,Yan'an city, the soil water of 26 sits under different land use and land cover had been surveyed during April to Oct.The soil water content and soil water volume had been analyzed accordingly with the land use type by coupling land use data and soil gravity data,and also the effects of slope grade and altitude on the soil water content.The soil water of 8 types land use had been compared and systematically analyzed including slope arable land,terrace land,silt dam land,arbor forest land,shrub land,pasture land,fish-scale pot land,and narrow level belt land in 0~4 m soil layer.Under Arcview environment the soil water in 0~1 m,1~2 m,2~3 m,3~4 m,and 0~4 m layers of the watershed as a whole had been given monthly from April to Oct.The four scenarios of land use had also been compared to study the effect of land use change on the soil water resources in the watershed.The results could help the on going eco-environment project named "grain for green" in loess region.

Abstract:By monitoring Miyun reservoir watershed for 5 years from 2001 to 2005,the study showed that: the average annul precipitation in watershed was 594.7 mm,mainly concentrating from June to August,and being 70% to 80% of the annual precipitation.The average annual surface soil moisture was 6.8%~11.3%,and the annual variation increased firstly and then decreased later,which was similar to that of precipitation.With the improvement of vegetation coverage,runoff and sediment yields in watershed reduced gradually,and setback ratio of vegetation reached 77%.By sampling inspection on water quality of watershed,the results showed that most indexes of water quality achieved the government standards of First water,while over-leveled indexes were total N content and P content.

Abstract:原生植被优势种及生物多样性的空间分布特征对于青藏铁路沿线植被恢复和重建具有重要的理论指导意义。在对青藏铁路沿线1142 km设置27个样带、248个样地、2242个样方进行系统调查的基础上,系统研究了青藏铁路沿线植物群落优势种组成及生物多样性空间分布规律。在铁路沿线样方中共出现种子植物305个种与变种,22个灌木种,283个草本种和亚种,分别隶属于40科、134属;优势种种类相对较少,共40种,灌木4种;物种丰富度（S）沿铁路呈南多北少趋势,在高平原地段丰富度相对较高,且随海拔的升降而升降;α多样性指数也呈南多北少趋势,其值的变化主要受到水热条件的影响,而与海拔变化并没有必然的联系;以相邻样带之间的β多样性指数值为依据,将铁路沿线分为6个不同生境区段。

Abstract:土壤水分特征曲线（SWCC）测定过程本身会引起很大的容重变化。随着容重的增大,土壤的持水特性也发生改变。为了明确这种容重变化对土壤水分特征曲线的影响,本研究以4种原状土壤为例,用离心机法测定了不同定容重下的土壤水分特征曲线,分析了容重变化对Brooks-Corey和van Genuchten模型参数的影响。结果表明：土壤的容重越大,相同吸力下所对应的有效饱和度就越大,水分特征曲线就越平缓。4种土壤的参数A和α均随容重的增大而减小,可用幂函数表示。黑垆土和土娄土的λ、n随容重的增加而增大,可用线性函数描述,有别于黄绵土和红壤。从总体上看,无论扰动与否,土壤水分特征曲线测定过程引起的容重变化对粉质粘壤土和粉质粘土的影响情况一致。与van Genuchten模型相比,Brooks-Corey模型参数与容重具有更强的关系性。本研究有益于土壤水分特征曲线测定过程中容重影响因素的修正。

Abstract:Daily weather data are required as climate input to many compositive,CLIGEN model is a stochastic weather generator to meet this need.The paper focused on the adaptability of climate generator in Suining purple soil based on the CLIGEN model as a research tool,the paper utilized CLIGEN model to simulate respectively the average precipitation monthly,the average highest temperature monthly and the average lowest temperature monthly by using Suining average meteorological data of 15 years and referencing three meteorological stations in America(CENTERVILLE,MADISONVILLE and CROCKETT).Results show,using the CLIGEN model to simulate,the value and distribution of precipitation and temperature in a year are fitted with actual value well.We select the available coefficient E of model and meaning absoluted percentage error(MAPE) as the index sign of most excellent selection station,finally select CENTERVILLE station as the most excellent station,the meaning absoluted percentage error(MAPE),which use the CLIGEN model to simulate the average precipitation monthly,the average highest temperature monthly and the average lowest temperature monthly are only 7.15%,7.03% and 6.17% respectively;and the available coefficient are 0.9962,0.9266 and 0.9957 respectively.Thus definite the applicability of CLIGEN model in Suining purple soil finally

Abstract:利用热脉冲技术对胡杨树干液流进行了研究,分析了胡杨树干液流日变化、不同胸径树干液流流量及胡杨液流的变化规律和其主要影响因子的关系。结果表明：在正常生长状态下,胡杨树干单位面积液流通量为0.450L/（cm^2.d）,在4～8月生长期内,日平均耗水量为78.335 L/d。胡杨树干断面单位时间内液流量变化呈明显的昼夜节律,白天的流速变化曲线呈双峰型,夜间树干液流速度处于平稳的低值,白天10：00与午后18：00左右达到两个峰值。随着胸径的增大,树干液流速度和液流量也随之增大。最后从理论分析着手建立2种类型的胡杨蒸腾模型,并用监测资料进行了验证。

Abstract:Based on the continuous CO2 flux observation with eddy covariance system conducted in the alpine shrub on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the relationship between CO2 flux and precipitation was analyzed according to data of October and November in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The results shown that after individual rain events the large pulses of CO2 flux were observed over the alpine shrub ecosystem during October and November, and the increase exceeded normal variations under the former balance, evidently. The precipitation after longer dry period distinctly facilitate soil respiration, consequently, the CO2 flux over the alpine shrub markedly increased after the occurrence of precipitation during October and November.

Abstract:Based on analyzing the historic literature and the grain size and the susceptibility for 110 samples in the Gaoling Weihe river floodplain,the character of magnetic susceptibility was researched whthin the depth of 4.0m near 120 years.According to the analysis some conclusions have been summarized as follows: there is a obvious change rhythm of susceptibility in the Gaoling Weihe river and the profile is divided into 6 stages,the 1st,3rd,5th frequency dependent susceptibility are higher than the 2nd,4th,6th ones.The susceptibility and sediment have a good relation,which is the frequency dependent susceptibility lower and the size of sediment thiner.On the contrary the conclusion is opposition.At the same time the frequency dependent susceptibility reflact the flood changes.The flood depth and scale of the 1st,3rd,5th are biger than the 2nd,4th,6th.The flood also show the changes of climate near 120 years.