Abstract:Nutrient export coefficient of land use is an important parameter for constructing model of non-point source pollution. Xitiaoxi watershed located in Taihu lake region, 11 representative sub-watersheds were delineated and selected by GIS. Land use data derived from Spot satellite images in 2004. TN/TP concentrations were measured by 3 times in Jul. , Sep. and Dec. of 2004 at outlets of these sub-watersheds. The relationship between land use composition and nutrient export was qualitatively analyzed, the result showed that nutrient export increase with a higher percentage of arable land area and a lower percentage of forest land area. Based on this result, the quantitative equation between percentage of land use area and TN/TP concentration was established. TN/TP export coefficient for arable land is 4. 747 3 mg/L and 0. 089 6 mg/L, and TN/TP export coefficient for forest land is 0. 271 3 mg/L and 0. 007 5 mg/L.

Abstract:Nutrient accumulations and the changes of exchangeable cation ions and their ratios in the soils under sunlight greenhouses in Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi province were analyzed.The results showed that the contents of organic matter,nitrate,and available phosphorus and potassium in the greenhouse soils were significantly accumulated.The cation exchangeable capacity(CEC) in the greenhouse soils was also higher than that in the open fields;on the contrary,the soil pH of the greenhouse was declined.The content of exchangeable K ,or Mg2 ions and the ratio of the ion to the total exchangeable ions in greenhouse soils were increased,especially for K ion.There was no significant difference in the content of exchangeable Ca2 ion between the greenhouse soil and open fields.The ratio of the exchangeable Ca2 ion to the total exchangeable ions,and the ratios of Ca/K and Mg/K in greenhouse soils were lower than that of open fields,due to the excessive application of potassium fertilizer in the greenhouses.It is suggested that to evaluate the supply of available nutrients in the greenhouse soils,not only the contents of exchangeable ions but also the ratios of these ions in soils is needed to be included.

Abstract:Studies on effect of applying several new type nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate accumulation in two-reap leafy vegetable and soil nitrate leaching in high fertility vegetable by earth column simulation experiment method.Results showed that,in high fertility vegetable soil,applying several new type nitrogenous fertilizers couldn't increased the first reap rape biomass and ammonium sulphate nitrate(ASN) decreased biomass,but the second reap spinach's biomass decreased in no fertilizer treatment.Urea nitrification inhibitor DMPP(Entec46),Urea nitrification inhibitor DCD(U DCD) and organic-inorganic fertilizer(OIF) decreased significantly nitrate content of rape.The urea maize straw(U MS) and ammonium sulphate nitrate nitrification inhibitor DMPP(Entec26) reduced soil nitrate nitrogen leaching,while urea super absorbent polymers(U SAP) increased soil nitrate leaching

Abstract:采用短期室内淋溶的方法研究了模拟酸雨对供试果园土壤交换性Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、交换性盐基总量（BS）、阳离子交换量（CEC）、电导率（EC）等变化的影响。试验结果表明,土壤交换性Ca^2＋（pH2.5）、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋、BS（pH2.5）、CEC（pH≥3.5）含量较酸雨淋溶前增加,且随着剖面深度表现出较好的层次性;淋出液中Ca2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋含量随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强而依次增加,其中pH2.5酸雨处理与其它淋溶处理间淋出液Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋、Na^＋含量差异显著;以土壤交换性Ca^2＋、BS、CEC、盐基饱和度（BSP）与EC为指标衡量土壤的酸化,pH 2.5酸雨处理导致了淋溶土柱表层和中间土层的土壤酸化,其中交换性Ca^2＋、BS、BSP指标表征pH 3.5的酸雨处理引起了表层土壤酸化,而pH≥4.5的酸雨淋溶缓冲了土壤的酸化,土壤的酸度减弱。

Abstract:以中国科学院红壤生态实验站林草生态试验区阔叶林红壤为对象,通过土壤淋溶试验,模拟研究了不同氮输入量对南方红壤阳离子(Ca2 、Mg2 、K 、Na 、H 和A l3 )淋溶的影响。结果表明,无氮(0mgN/月.柱)、低氮(7.8 mg N/月.柱)、中氮(26 mgN/月.柱)和高氮(52 mg N/月.柱)输入处理下,土壤交换态盐基淋溶总量分别占土壤交换性盐基总量的13.6%,18.4%,27.7%,48.1%。不同的盐基离子对氮输入的反应不同,Ca2 和Mg2 淋溶量随氮输入量的增加而增加,对Na 和K 则无明显影响。土壤交换态离子中随淋洗液输出最多的为Ca2 (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为22.6%,31.4F.7%,82.5%),其次为Na (其比例分别为16.0%,10.7%,17.6%,26.3%),最少的为Mg2 (其比例分别为5.0%,6.9%,11.1%,16.9%),无土壤交换性K 输出。随氮输入的增加,土壤致酸离子H 和Al3 的淋溶量增加。大气氮沉降的增加,将加速南方红壤的养分淋失和相邻水体的酸化。

Abstract:Using the soil columns leaching experiment,the dynamic change characteristics of leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus in the Purpli-Udic Cambosols soil affected by acid rain with different fertilizers were investigated.The results showed that the leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen in the soil was far more than that of phosphorous.The leaching loss of both was obviously influenced by the amount of fertilizers and acid rain and can be shown in the order of Organic manure>Fertilizer>Organic manure>Control check treatment.The loss of nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus increased with the amount of fertilizers increasing and mainly occurred in the rainy season.Under the same kind of fertilizer,the loss of nitrate nitrogen increased as the pH values of rain rose.However,the 5.5 of pH value was a critical point for the loss of phosphorus when there was the largest amount of available phosphorus in the soil and the loss came to the head.

Abstract:Croplands under rainfall were used as test fields to analyze changes of soil particle size distribution and nutrient loss before rainfall and after rainfall.Change characteristics of sediment particle size distribution and its nutrient were discussed.The results have shown that after rainfall the clay and silt contents of the surface soil decreased and the sand contents increased in watermelon land and rape land.The nutrient contents of the surface soil declined,and the declined rate were deferent in different forms in watermelon land and rape land,among which the declined ratio of the hydrolysable nitrogen(9.67% and 7.99%) and rapidly available phosphorus(9.50% and 8.76%) was obvious,while total nitrogen(2.17% and 1.54%) lower and total phosphorus lowest.The contents of clay,silt and nutrient of sediment decreased approximately with time change,and the direct correlations were close among the contents of clay and silt and the contents of nutrient.Clay enrichment and nutrient enrichment occurred in sediment,but the enrichment ratio was different: Clay was 1.23 in watermelon land and 1.20 in rape land,total nitrogen and rapidly available phosphorus was higher than 1.3,and total phosphorus and hydrolysable nitrogen was 1.1~1.3.

Abstract:Grass coverage has great influence on the stay of overland flow.The objective of this study is to reveal the influence of grass coverage on the time of runoff beginning and stop in the hillslope-gully slope erosion system on loess hilly area.In scouring experiments,five grass coverage degrees(0,30%,50%,70% and 90%),three spatial distributions of grass on the hillslope(upper,middle and lower) and two water inflow rates(3.2 L/min and 5.2 L/min) were used in the experimental soil box for the hillslope-gully slope erosion system experiment and the single hillslope experiment.Results showed that in the scouring experiments the time of runoff beginning has a negative relationship with the water inflow rate,and has a positive relationship with the grass coverage percentage.The time of runoff stop has a positive relationship with the water inflow rate and the grass coverage percentage.The delaying role of grass coverage on runoff increased with increasing grass coverage percentages and decreased with increasing water inflow rates.Usually,when the grass coverage was located on the upper and middle sections,the delaying role is relatively larger.

Abstract:Ephemeral gully erosion in cultivated land is an important source of sediment.Topography has significant impacts on its development.The correlation between catchment topography and ephemeral gully erosion in northeastern China with black soils was discussed.The results show that ephemeral gully length and eroded volumes are significantly correlated with watershed length.A critical slope-upslope area relationship(S=aAb) for ephemeral and classical gullies was established for the study area by means of log10-linear regression to analyze the evolution from ephemeral to classical gully.The resulting relationships are S_EG=0.052A-0.148_EG and S_G=0.072A-0.141_G,respectively,for ephemeral and classical gullies.Furthermore,a linear regression model for the prediction of total gully length at the catchment level was established using field data,and although it didnot successfully predict the length of individual gullies,it explained better the variation in total gully length in the catchment.

Abstract:The process of grading soil erosion potential danger and its spatial distribution of Changchun city is carried out in ARCGIS 8.3.Firstly,soil erosion modulus is estimated using USLE and maps of soil density and soil horizon thickness are derived from detailed soil survey data.Then,the year that can be eroded of soil thickness is calculated using soil erosion modulus,soil thickness and soil density.In guideline with Ministry of Water Resources' classification standards,the potential danger of soil erosion is divided into five grades and the index of soil erosion potential danger(SEPDI)is established.By using GIS,the authors analyzed the soil erosion potential danger under different erosion background such as different gradient level,different aspect,different geomorphology type,different land use type etc.,and thus discussed the distribution characteristics of soil erosion potential danger.

Abstract:The soil physical and chemical characteristics were examined in the lower reaches of Tarim River,southern Xinjiang.The results showed that the indices of soil properties including organic matter,total nitrogen,total kalium and so on except total phosphor existed vertical difference among different soil layers and the layer producing significant difference was at 50 cm depth of soil.About the water content of soil in the 0~15 cm depth,there were not obvious difference among different places which had various distances away from river course of Tarim River.From 15cm depth the water content of each soil layer locating at 50 m site was greatly different from the water content of each layer locating at 300m or 500m site,but the water content of each soil layer of 300m site was similar to 500m site's.In a 0~50cm depth,the content of total N(y) has obvious linear relation with the content of organic matter(x)(y=0.0278 0.05x,R2=0.9524).In a 50~170 cm depth,it shows exponential relation(y=0.0659e0.3126x,R2=0.904).According to soil quality,the lower reaches of Tarim River is generally divided into upper parts and lower parts and the content of nutrition in upper parts soil is high relatively.In the past fifty years,the degree of soil desertification in the lower reaches of the Tarim River turned more worse,for example,the soil organic matter decreased hardly and the soil pH value increased obviously.

Abstract:Using ecological mat to control mobile sand dune can achieve outstanding effect. At first, ecological mat can effectively reduce soil temperature of the soil layer from 0 cm to 15 cm, in detailed, the average daily soil temperature can decrease 2.06 C to 4.56 C, which is benefit to reduce soil evaporation in high temperature;During the rainless period ,the soil moisture content covered by ecological mat is much higher than mobile sand, especially, the soil moisture content of the layer form 0 cm to 15 cm always keep the stable level. For the existence of ecological vegetation, the preserving ratio and growth ratio of artificial vegetation has greatly improved, which is much bigger than mobile sand. In conclusion, ecological mat combined with some biological measure can quickly and effectively restore and rebuild the degraded ecosystem of mobile sand dune.

Abstract:通过水培试验,研究了氮素水平对超积累植物东南景天植株生长和镉吸收积累的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内供氮（4.0-16.0 mm ol/L）能明显促进东南景天的生长,随着氮素水平的升高,地上部和根系的生物量也提高,在供氮水平为16.0 mm ol/L时达到最大值,而当供氮水平≥32.0 mm ol/L时,东南景天的生长受到严重的抑制,其地上部和根系的生物量开始下降,各项根系形态的指标（包括根系长度、根系表面积、根系直径、根系体积）均有所降低。氮对东南景天体内镉积累有一定的促进作用,随着氮素用量的增加,体内镉含量逐渐升高,与生物量不同,镉含量在氮水平32.0 mm ol/L条件下达到最大。研究结果表明,适当提高营养液氮素水平,有利于东南景天的生长和镉吸收,为进一步利用东南景天修复镉污染土壤,提高修复效率提供科学依据。

Abstract:Geographic information system(GIS) combined with geostatistics was applied to reveal the spatial variability of heavy metals and its affecting factors including Cu,Zn,Pb,Ni and Cd in Shuangcheng of Heilongjiang province.The results showed that Zn,Ni and Cd had a strong spatial correlation,which were affected by intrinsic characteristics of soils,whereas the spatial correlation of Cu and Pb were moderate,indicating that they were affected by intrinsic properties of soil and random factors together.The ranges of Cd,Pb were smaller than that of Cu,Zn and Ni,indicating that the 3 former heavy metals were affected by smaller range factors.The spatial variability characters of heavy metals in studied area soils were as follows.The contents of Cu and Ni decreased from east to west,and contents of Pb decreased from south to north,whereas the distribution of Zn was block-like and Cd was insular.Intrinsic and random factors were the main factors of driving forces of the heavy metals'distributions.Intrinsic factors included soil types,the characteristics of soils,elevation and so on.Random factors included towns,roads,factories and so on.

Abstract:It is concerned that animal manure application to soils have been shown to result in relatively high nutrient runoff.In order to understand whether the addition of alum(aluminum sulfate) to the manure decreases runoff loss of pollutants from soils,a field experiment was carried out to study the effects of alum addition to manure on water soluble nutrients and heavy metals in the manure and runoff losses of nutrients and heavy metals from the field applied with animal manure.The results showed that alum addition to manure could decrease significantly the solubility of P and heavy metals in the manure.Water-soluble P in the manure treated with alum was 79.3% lower than that in the manure without alum treatment.Addition of alum to manure decreased significantly the concentration of P and heavy metals in runoff from field applied with manure.However,addition of alum to manure did not have significant effects on the concentration of total soluble N,NO_3-N and NH_4-N in runoff.Also,alum addition did not change significantly loss of Al in runoff from the experimental field and yield of vegetable.

Abstract:The pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of lake sediment and inorganic fertilizer combined application on soil chemical properties and heavy metal(Cd) of winter wheat seed.The results showed that content of nutrients could be increased in the soil by combined application of lake sediment and inorganic fertilizer,although content of heavy metals(Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn) could be increased,the soil was clean.The content of heavy metals of Cd in wheat seed of different treatments were not exceeded the National Control Hygienic Standard for Foods,the amount of combined application was the safe and economical,if lake sediment was 200 t/hm2 and inorganic fertilizer was 150 kg/hm2(CO(NH_2)_2) 150 kg/hm2((NH_4)_2HPO_4).

Abstract:在喀斯特边远农区典型植烟县采取代表性植烟土壤样品66个,研究县级尺度下植烟土壤重金属含量及其特征。结果表明,Pb,Hg,Cr 3种重金属含量全部符合国家土壤环境质量二级标准,As含量符合国家土壤环境质量二级标准的样点数高达98.5%,4种重金属环境状况良好,无污染。Cd含量符合国家土壤环境质量二级标准样点数占69.7%,且有10.1%的样点含量高于国家土壤环境质量三级标准,部分植烟土壤已受到染污。3种不同植烟土壤类型重金属含量差异较大,石灰土Cd,Hg,As平均含量最高（分别为0.51 m g/kg,0.173 m g/kg,15.45m g/kg）,水稻土Pb,Cr平均含量最高（分别为66.13 m g/kg,55.63 m g/kg）,黄壤居于中间水平。土壤重金属含量与土壤质地密切相关,与土壤粒径具有一定的相关性,粘粒与镉、砷极显著正相关（r=0.333^＊＊,r=0.345^＊＊）,与汞显著正相关（r=0.289^＊）,砂粒与汞、砷显著负相关（r=-0.286^＊,r=-0.245^＊）。喀斯特边远农区植烟土壤重金属环境状况总体良好,但应重视Cd的控制管理。

Abstract:The compositions of humic acids(HAs) in various soils were common in nature,but the aromatic structures,function groups,molecular weight,and the level of HAs from various soils were significantly different.On these base,the influences of HAs on hydrolysis of phoxim were studied.The results showed that the hydrolysis effect differed for soils that contained different level of HAs. With the concentration of HAs increasing,hydrolysis of phoxim decreased gradually,and the effect by acid purple soil with the lower level of HAs was distinct.Therefore,it may be conferred that the speed of hydrolysis of phoxim was related to the concentration of HAs and the level of HAs.

Abstract:Researching on the canopy precipitation interception,litter layer water-holding capacity,soil physical property and water holding capacity of main artificial forest type and waste grassland in Lianhua lake reservoir area.The results indicate that the canopy interception were 34.83%,13.05%,19.61%,the stem-flow were 6.79%,0.58%,4.01%,the throughfall were 58.37%,86.18%,77.66% of Korean pine,Larch,weed trees,respectively.The maximum water retention percentage of litter layers was 278.2%,295.3%,260.3%,154.8% of Larix gmelinii plantations,Pinus koraiensis,weed trees,waste grassland,respectively.The result shows that the litter layers of Pinus koraiensis had the best water absorption capacity and the waste grassland had the worst in different vegetations in Lianhua lake catchments.The maximum water storage in different forest type varied from 1 838.6~2 186.3 t/hm2,and the order was Larch> weed trees> Korean pine >waste grassland;In the matter of soil layer thickness,it manifested a tendency of lowering in soil infiltration rate with the drop layer.In other words,the spatial characteristics of soil infiltration rate along the soil layer is up layer>middle layer> down layer.By using runoff plots,this paper discussed the correlation between runoff generation and sediment generation and interception factor in 4 runoff plots.The results showed that runoff generation yield and sediment yield generation had a significant correlation with rainfall and its intensity.

Abstract:对流动沙丘上栽植的6年和11年生小叶锦鸡儿灌木林防风固沙效应进行了测定与分析,研究结果表明：（1）在小叶锦鸡儿灌木林内各个高度风速和输沙量均显著低于流动沙丘,防风固沙效果明显。（2）小气候得到改善,小叶锦鸡儿林内空气温度低于流动沙丘,相对湿度则高于流动沙丘,土壤浅层温度变幅明显小于流动沙丘,有利于植物生长。（3）随着植被生长发育年限的增加,土壤理化性质均得到不同程度改善。土壤中微沙（0.05-0.1mm）和粘粒（〈0.05 mm）含量增加,表层土壤容重减小,孔隙度增大,土壤持水能力提高;土壤中有机碳、全氮、速效氮及速效钾含量逐年增加,土壤肥力有所提高。

Abstract:Effects of closing measures on ecosystem function of forest were analyzed.The results showed that the stability of community of Pinus yunnanensis forests and evergreen broad-leaved forest was improved by closing measures,which mainly included increasing of breast diameter and height,improving of conspicuousness and regeneration of most species of tree layer and continuity of its vertical distribution.Comparing with forest that of not being closed,the abundance and biodiversity of that of being closed were higher.With closing measures,the abundance and biodiversity increased rapidly.The order of the biodiversity was evergreen broad-leaved forest> mixed coniferbroad-leaved forest>coniferous forest>shrub.Soil quality was also improved by closing measures.The thickness of soil humus,soil total porosity,soil capillary porosity,soil organic matter, available nitrogen and available phosphorus were higher than that of not being closed,which indicated closing measures were contribute to improving soil fertility,productivity of community.The results also showed that soil maximum water holding capacity,litter maximum water holding capacity were higher than that of not being closed.

Abstract:This paper with the bush forest,needle leaf forest and rich leaf forest of Qilian mountains 3 kinds of forest land is research material,discuss the different type of forest land as soil reason melts,the influence of nature and the selfcontrol function of source of water,show as a result: Soil porosity,granule structure and physicalness glue grain content is bush forest > needle leaf forest > rich leaf forest,soil unit weight and physicalness sand grain content are bush forest < needle leaf forest < rich leaf forest;Soil organic matter,whole N,N of quick result,P of quick result,K of quick result and CEC is bush forest > needle leaf forest > rich leaf forest,and CaCO_3,pH,completely salt content is bush forest < needle leaf forest < rich leaf forest;Soil water layer thickness,natural water content,saturation reservoir storage and woollen pipe reservoir storage,not woollen pipe reservoir storage,store water quantity is bush forest > needle leaf forest > rich leaf forest;Withered fall thing accumulation thickness,withered fall thing accumulation dry quality,hold water quantity,biggest hold water rate is bush forest > needle leaf forest > rich leaf forest.Bush forest plant kind is rich,closing degree big,withered fall thing accumulation quantity much,the self-control function of source of water is strong.

Abstract:To analyze the four forest types such as Larix principris-upper-chtii, shrub forest, Pinus armandii and Betula platyphylla in the small watershed of Xiangshuihe, Liupanshan mountain. It ,ndicated that these plots are different among soil bulk density, water holding capacity and the infiltration characteristic. The max water holding capacity in different forest land is influenced by thickness of the soil layers and the whole porosity, its values are between 313.4-604.8 mm; the stable infiltration coefficients are between 5.94-8.65 mm/min. As a result water-holding function of shrub forest is the best, we should plant more shrub forest.

Abstract:By the method of whole digging sampling,the ecological characteristics of roots of Artemisa arenaria were studied in different types sands land in arid desert area.The results indicated that: Root total biomass of Artemisa arenaria was changed in different sand land types.The root biomass order is moving sands land(122.43 g)>fencing sands land(106.35 g)>semi-fixed sands land(90.15 g).In the range of 0~40 cm soil layer,in different type sands land 75% roots biomass of Artemisa arenaria were existed.The proportion of taproot biomass of Artemisa arenaria with 0~20 cm to total root biomass is that fencing sands land(67.11%),moving sands land(53.52%),semi-fixed sands land(62.48%).Lateral roots biomass of Artemisa arenaria of fencing sands land and semi-fixed sands land is in 0~20 cm,one of moving sands land is in 20~40 cm.The relativity of soil water content in different types and roots biomass of Artemisa arenaria is remarkable.

Abstract:采用样方法对辽宁章古台地区樟子松固沙林采伐迹地撂荒后1-5 a内自然恢复植被组成及多样性特征进行了定位研究,结果表明：采伐迹地自然恢复形成的自然植被群落共有49种植物,分属于26个科,以菊科和乔本科植物最为丰富。1a采伐迹地、2a采伐迹地、3a采伐迹地和5a采伐迹地植物群落的Simpson多样性指数分别为0.681,0.792,0.845和0.870,Shannon-Weiner信息统计指数、Pielou均匀度指数的变化趋势和S im pson优势度指数基本相似。植被总生物量由1.351 t/hm^2增加到9.745 t/hm^2,撂荒2a时植被系统开始产生枯落物。随着植被恢复时间增加,死地被物生物量从0.824 t/hm^2增加到1.403 t/hm^2。与采伐前相比,撂荒使采伐迹地土壤表层（0-15 cm）有机质含量和土壤各层的养分含量明显增加。撂荒具有较早归还凋落物和增加土壤养分的能力。

Abstract:Seabuckthorn plant flexible dam is a new biology project used in preventing soil erosion and sediment retention and conservation of water in gully, especially in soft rock region with serious environment. An experimental research in field on sediment retention and water conservation of seabuckthorn plant flexible dam is carried on in the small east-one-branch gully of the representative soft rock region in Zhun-Ge-er county in inner Mongolia. It is showed by the results that the flexible dam can strikingly regulate soil water in the gully channel,and the spatiotemporal dynamic change is obviously different in distribution of soil water in soil profile in different positions of seabuckthorn plant flexible dam in a year and several years,and the important factors affecting spatio-temporal chang of soil water are rainfall,categories of vegetation,growth status of vegetation,physical and chemical characteristics of soil,terrain and hydrology whether condition of local region etc. , while rainfall and condition of vegetation in gully channel are mainly affecting factors among those.

Abstract:The spatial variability of soil moisture is remarkable.Here we used traditional statistics and semivariance analysis of geostatistics to test for differences in the spatial heterogeneity of top soil(0~20 cm) moisture of three different stand age of Salix psammophila in the MU US sandy land.The results showed that there is a tendency towards increasing of the topsoil moisture with the growth of Salix psammophila stand age;the increase range is 5.46% to 6.60%.And all the sampling date of different stand age of Salix psammophila had a significantly(p<0.01) effect on top soil moisture.Semivariogram analysis demonstrated that there is a high spatial heterogeneity in soil moisture.The means of nugget,sill and structural ratio(C/C_0 C) increased with the growth of Salix psammophila stand age.Spatial heterogeneity in top soil moisture was mainly caused by spatial autocorrelation,63% to 87% with the growth of Salix psammophila stand age.There are high levels of variation in pattern in the different stand age of Salix psammophila.The spatial patchiness for top soil(0~20 cm) moisture of 4 years old Salix psammophila is the most fragmented.Because of the increase of spatial heterogeneity,the tendency of top soil moisture is dispersed.

Abstract:Influence of soil texture,tillage practices and stubble on water storage content before wheat sowing was studied by using the method of contrast in Linfen and Xiangfen,Shanxi province.The results showed that water storage content of every main soil layer covered from 0 to 200 cm was mediate clay soil>mediate loamy soil>light loamy soil under conventional tillage practices of different soil texture after through an idle summer.Influence of soil texture and sequential autumn crop on water storage content before wheat sowing was soil texture>sequential autumn crops after through an sowing summer.Water storage content before wheat of different soil tillage practices was shallow rotary stubbling>no-tillage>subsoiling tillage>conventional tillage>all soil layer subsoiling tillage.The maximal water storage content before wheat sowing of stubble of different spring crop was Rehmannia glutinosa stubble,the second was Salvia miltiorrhiza stubble,the minimum was cotton stubble.The study has provided academic evidence to select soil texture of sequential summer crops,rational soil tillage practices through after idle summer and spring crop stubble for renewing water storage content before wheat sowing.

Abstract:2005年10月-2006年6月对冬小麦种群5种不同分布方式,即行距分别为7 cm（A）,14 cm（B）,24.5 cm（C）,（20＋40）cm（D）,49 cm（E）进行研究,结果表明,随生育进程的推进,叶片水势和渗透势逐渐下降,至5月29日E处理与其他处理间达到极显著差异（F=40.791^＊＊和F=9.522^＊＊）,不同处理的叶片水势日变化呈现明显的“V”型特征,E处理波动幅度最大,14：00的最低值比18：00的最高值低1.09 M Pa;E处理RW C低于其他处理;产量表现为：B〉A〉D〉C〉E,其中,B处理与A处理间差异不显著,但显著高于其他处理（P〈0.05）,E处理极显著低于其他处理（P〈0.01）;不同处理间随行距加大,分蘖数量和单株小穗数有降低趋势,分析结果表明,产量与分蘖数量、小穗数呈正相关,与千粒重呈负相关。

Abstract:The eco-tone between oasis and desert is a important zone for vegetation restoration.The key for vegetation restoration is to know the soil water content of dune.The temporal and spatial variation of soil water content in sanddunes in Zhangye city was measured continuously from October in 2003 to October in 2004,and the application of eco-mat to combating desertification was studied.The records showed that the dynamic variation of soil water content was affected by precipitation,vegetation and surface coverage,and the monthly change of soil water content lagged behind the precipitation.The variation coefficients decreased with increasing soil depth,and decreased when covered with eco-mat(CV=4.43%).The soil water content was significantly different between shifting dune and fixed dune.Soil water content of shifting dune in upper layer(1.19%~1.27%)was lower than fixed dunes(1.61%~1.75%),while the other layers was reverse;the soil water content of shifting dune(1.27%~1.73%) increased from the foot of dune to the crest,while the fixed dune(1.75%~1.11%) was reverse.Additionally,by using standard deviation and variation coefficient,the vertical layers of soil water content were divided into three layers,i.e.,rapid change layer,active layer and sub-active layer,respectively.Correlation analysis was applied to analyze the relationship of soil water content among different layers and coefficients of soil water content and means of all layers under eco-mat condition.The study showed that the eco-mat could maintain soil water content of dunes effectively,and meanwhile,provided a new mode of desertification combating.

Abstract:This research analyse on the soil nitrogen variation features of different ecological patterns in estern desertification region,Guizhou province. The author gathered soil samples of woodlands, grasslands, agricultural land and de-farming land, then carried out physics and chemical analysis. The results showed soil organic matter, nitrogen levels overall lower ,its content increase with the increasing of vegetation cover, degree with the strengthening of soil erosion and reduction, and the nitrogen levels of return with the return of soil nitrogen level limit increases then increased by tiine pasted. Based on this conclusion, the paper deduced that it is possible to restore the nitrogen fertility under natural condition.

Abstract:Nutrient content of farmland soil in Shanghai suburb was studied in the paper.The result show that in the past about 20 years' succession cultivation from 1980s,nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient of dry farmland soil in Shanghai suburbs increased greatly with fertilization increase.Employing too much fertilizer causes waste and increases dry farmland N,P potential losses possibility.Nitrate content in vegetable of greenhouse cultivation is significantly higher than that of soil open in air.The effects of different cropping systems on content of nitric nitrogen in soils and vegetable were studied.Soil nutrient level of different cultivation mode from high to low in turn is: greenhouse vegetable,melon and fruit soil,open vegetable soil,traditional vegetable soil,rice and wheat dry farmland.The results indicated that,there is more Olsen-P in vegetable soils than in paddy soil.It depends on fertilization level.

Abstract:通过野外取样和室内分析,初步研究了科尔沁沙地植被恢复过程中结皮的理化性质及其结皮发育对下层土壤特性的影响。结果表明,半流动、半固定和固定沙丘分别发育了物理、地衣及苔藓结皮,结皮的厚度、紧实度、水分、粘粉粒含量及各种全效、速效养分随沙漠化逆转趋势依次增加。同时,结皮的存在增加了其下层土壤的容重值,提高了颗粒组成中的极细砂和粘粉粒含量,富集了结皮下土壤的有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P等养分,随着结皮的发育,结皮对下层土壤的上述影响作用从半流动沙丘到半固定、固定沙地呈逐渐增长的趋势。沙漠化逆转过程中,结皮对土壤养分的富集在0-5 cm范围内,由表及里呈递减趋势。同一沙丘结皮下0-2.5 cm层土壤的容重、粘粉粒含量、养分含量均高于2.5-5 cm层及对照无结皮层相对应的值。

Abstract:In order to understand the property of different kinds of water retentive agents and the applied effects so that to use it reasonably on drought resistance and water saving.The paper is to test the capabilities of major four kinds of water retentive agents,including Poly(acrylate sodium),Starch-sodium acrylate graft copolymers,Poly(acrylate sodium)/attapulgite,Poly(acrylic acid-potassium acrylate)/humic-acid.It was analyzed the absorbency,swelling rate,anti-ionic property,pH,frequent absorbency and so on.The results showed that the capabilities of four different kinds of water retentive agents is very different and the best one of them is Poly(acrylate sodium) that recapitulate swelling rate is decreased fast in re-absorbent swelling;Starch-sodium acrylate graft copolymers has lose the capacity of water swelling in 7th process of water swelling;multi-component water retentive agents,such as Poly(acrylate sodium)/attapulgite and Poly(acrylic acid-potassium acrylate)/humic-acid have a special characteristic on anti-ion with bivalent(Ca2 ,Mg2 ) and anti-ion with three combination(Fe3 ) markedly,respectively,and they all have a good capacity on recapitulate swelling rate.The pot experiments showed that Poly(acrylate sodium)/attapulgite and Poly(acrylic acid-potassium acrylate)/humic-acid,compared to Poly(acrylate sodium)and starch-sodium Acrylate Graft Copolymers as well as mixed use of water retentive agents and mycorrhiza can increase the growth of maize.

Abstract:This paper is based on the background of different effective soil amount resulting from two different sectional types "wave type" and "flat type" under the current cultivation system in the black soil of Songliao Plain maize belt.The tested soil is the medium-fertility black soil in the experiment station of Jilin agricultural university.The paper has studied the effects of different soil amount on the total nitrogen content,the total phosphorus content,the total potassium content and nutrients uptake amount of maize plant during the weeding stage,the heading stage and the maturity stage by the outdoor simulation pot experiment.The results was shown that the total nutrients of maize plant were increased with the increasing of packing soil amounts,however the total nutrients of maize plant reached to the highest value during the seeding stage,and they decreased gradually subsequently,and the rate of decreasing reached to the quickest during the stage from seeding to heading,but after heading stage,the decreasing rang is not significant.

Abstract:We measured soil respiration(SR) and soil characteristics under canopy and open land of Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.in field station(FS) and Haloxylon ammodendron Bge.in north desert(ND),southern of Gurbantunggtun desert,with an infrared gas analyzer system(model CIRAS-1,PP Systems,Hitchin,UK) equipped with a flow-through closed chamber.The results showed that heterogeneity of characteristics was different significantly between canopy and open land,soil respiration under canopy was higher than open land.In FS scrubland,the characteristics such as: SOM,EC,TN,CaCO_3 content were higher than ND as well as soil respiration.Relativity of soil respiration and CaCO_3 was marked;the changes of CaCO_3 content controlled the changes of soil respiration in temporal and spatial in scrubland.The objective of this study was to investigate spatial change of soil characteristics and soil respiration in scrubland,the changes were critical to understand the ecosystem process of desert,interaction between soil microbial and soil characteristics,study of global climate change.

Abstract:The activity of soil urease, invertase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and catalase were studied during the process of natural vegetation succession on the Yunwu mountain area. The result showed that. The activity of soil invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase are all increase along with the vegetation rehabilitation ages. But soil catalase has no obvious increasing with it. In the plant community which was enclosed 23 years, soil sucrase, urease, neutral phosphatase, dehydrogenase enhanced significant, especially soil sub-layer. In the plant community which was enclosed 78 years, Soil sucrase, urease are highest which showed that the turnover of soil C and N are very active. Soil urease and invertase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase are positive relative, and the activity of these enzymes can reflect the vegetation rehabilitation in the certain extent, also natural revegetation play an important role in enhancing soil biological quality.

Abstract:土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性可以反映土壤的肥力状况。本文研究了东营泥质海岸不同林分下土壤养分、微生物数量、土壤酶活性及分布特征,结果表明：①土壤微生物、土壤酶和土壤养分主要分布在0-20 cm的土层,20-50 cm的较少;②不同林分微生物数量差异显著。白蜡林微生物数量最多,柳林、枣园数量较少,柽柳林数量最少。③不同林分土壤酶的活性表现出差异性,各种酶之间过氧化氢酶活性最高;④土壤养分含量差异显著,柳林土壤养分含量相对较高于其它样地,白蜡和桑园土壤养分含量次之;⑤林地土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性与土壤养分密切相关。

Abstract:Surface soil samples(0~20 cm) of several urban parks were collected at central district in Guangzhou city,and soil pH,organic matter,clay,N,P,K content,urease,sucrase and phophatase activities were studied.The results indicated that the soil pH value was dominated by acid(pH4.5~5.5) and neutrality(pH6.5~7.5),and had increase tendency as compared with natural soils;soil organic matter was dominated by medium level;soil total N and alkali-hydrolyzable N were medium to low level;soil total P,available P,total K and available K were medium or over medium level.The average values of soil urease,sucrase and phophatase activities were 0.36 mg NH_3-N/g,12.29 mg glucose/g and 2.14 mg phenol/g respectively.The soil fertility properties and enzyme activities had significant difference among urban parks.There existed marked correlation among soil urease,sucrase and phophatase activities(p<0.01).Soil urease,sucrase,phophatase activities and soil fertility properties such as soil organic matter etc.had significant correlation,and their activities can be taken as one of index for assessing soil fertility of Guangzhou urban parks.

Abstract:Winter cover crop effects on soil microbe and biochemical properties.This study examined microbe and its relation to soil fertility in paddy soil in southern China.The main results shows: the use of cover crop such as Chinese milk vetch and ryegrass had higher amount of aerobic bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes than fallow treatments before paddy soil tillage in the second year.The amount of soil aerobic bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes ascended at the early stage and then declined during rice growth,but ascended slightly again at early rice maturity.The difference of amount of aerobic bacteria was significant,respectively enhancing 94.29% and 25.71%.The former-stubble crop treatments were higher amount of microbe than winter fallow stubble during early rice growth.Soil microbial activity ascened at satge of rice growth and declined at later rice maturity.The positive correlation between soil microbial activity and soil organic carbon was significant(r2=0.887,P<0.05)There was a positive correlation between soil aerobic bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes and soil biochemical.

Abstract:选取小叶锦鸡儿、山杏、杨树和差巴嘎蒿4种典型人工固沙群落为研究对象,以半流动沙丘为对照,对土壤养分含量、微生物量和主要酶的活性进行了对比研究。结果表明,4种固沙植物均能明显改善土壤C、N、P、K和微生物量C、N含量,提高土壤水解酶和氧化还原酶的活性,尤其是对土壤表层0-10 cm的改良效果更加明显。其中小叶锦鸡儿群落0-30 cm土层内微生物量C、N含量、脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、脱氢酶和硝酸还原酶的活性以及有机质、N、P、K等养分含量明显高于其它3种植物群落,表现出强大的改善沙土环境的能力,可在沙化土地植被建设中大面积应用。土壤微生物量C、N分别与有机质和全N以及与各种土壤酶活性之间均存在显著的正相关性。

Abstract:Different land use affect soil physical properties and nutrient characteristics, taking the hilly upland of red soil as a study case,the system selected consist of 4 different treatments of 10 years,that is regional natural recuperation,farming plot,planted forest tea plant and orange.We have investigated the soil characteristics and aluminum forms under different land use.The result showed that there is significant difference in the content of soil pH,organic matter and active aluminum forms by reasons of different land use.Compare to regional natural recuperation,the content of soil exchangeble aluminum in farming plot decreased because of straw and root stubble incorporation into the soil and adsorbent hydroxy aluminum and organically complexed aluminum increased.As for planted tea and orange plant,soil exchangeble aluminum increased,adsorbent hydroxy aluminum and organically complexed aluminum decreased.Soil corrasion transite to soil deposite from uphill slope to downhill slope position,so soil dissovled organic material piles up along with the runoff,which will increase soil pH and soil organic matter in downhill slope position.The correlation analysis indicated that soil pH value have a negative correlation with soil exchangeable aluminum and a positive correlation with soil adsorbent hydroxy aluminum remarbly,the equation is as follows respectively: y=-97.6x 6009.2(R2= 0.7315),y = 2810.8x-9293(R2=0.9003).Soil organic matter correlate with soil exchangeble aluminum negatively and with soil organically complexed aluminum positively,the equation is: y=-2963x 17616(R2=0.8977)and y=553.4x4779.1(R2=0.4364).As a result,the results showed that soil aluminum forms and nutrient properties largely depended on the land utilization and landscape on slope.

Abstract:Different forms of Aluminum(Al) have different harm intensities to different plants,so the study of vegetal responses of plants to different forms of Al stress is of great significance.In this research,Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat) and Fagopyrum cymosum(gold buckwheat) were cultured in soil to studied the various forms of Al in the their rhizosphere soil and the effect of the forms on plant growth,under four different Al treatment concentrations(0,0.1,0.2,0.4 g Al3 /kg).The result revealed that when acid-aluminum concentration was less than 0.2 g/kg,buckwheat and gold buckwheat had higher shoot length,shoot weight and water utilization efficiency(WUE),indicating they adapted this condition at a certain extent.When acid-aluminum treatment reached 0.4 g/kg,it was found that the photosynthesis of buckwheat and gold buckwheat were greatly inhibited,the obvious aluminum toxic symptom as plant rhizosphere soil pH values decreased to the least,while the amount of different aluminum forms extracted from plant rhizosphere soil solutions increased to the most.Combining with those conclusions,it can be inferred that the threshold of actived Al toxicity in the rhizosphere soil on buckwheat was between 0.106~0.143 mg/g,while that on gold buckwheat was between 0.046 ~ 0.057 mg/g.

Abstract:Changes of soil's water content,dehydration of leaves,root's water content and activity of roots of the six wild flowers were studied in the easten section of Yanshan Mountain.The results showed that the tolerance of the species was in order of Securinega suffruticosa(Pall.) Rehd.>Euonymu phellomanus Loes.>Elaeagnuas multiflora Thunb.>Grewia biloba var.parviflora(Bge.) Hand.>Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.>Myripnois dioica Bge.There was not necessary relationship between leaf abscission,the time when the wilting leaf appeared and the ability of drought-torance.Euonymu phellomanus Loes.and Elaeagnuas multiflora Thunb.were belonged to delay dehydration species that the time that the wilting leaf appeared were the latest;Securinega suffruticosa(Pall.) Rehd.and Grewia biloba var.parviflora(Bge.) Hand.were belonged to the species that endure drought stress by leaf abscission.The leaves' water content dramatically decreased and the time that the wilting leaf of them appeared were the earliest;The time that the wilting leaf of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb.and Myripnois dioica Bge.appeared were between them and had the least ability of drought-torance.The root's water content gradually decreased with the drought stress.The trends of the ratio to free water of bound water and root activity were similar,they increased at first and then decreased and reach the minimizeat the dead point.The time appeared of increasing peak was different for the six plants and the peak was adapt to the drought stress.

Abstract:The nitrogen contents and nitrogen forms were studied in albic soil with long-term crop rotation and soybean, maize, wheat continuous cropping. The results indicated that under no fertilization condition, the decreasing range of total nitrogen, alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen were largest, but hydrolizable nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, amino sugar nitrogen were least in the wheat continuous cropping plot. Under applying manure condition, the increasing range of total nitrogen, alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen were least in the wheat continuous cropping plot, but were largest in the maize continuous cropping plot. The increasing range of amino acid nitrogen and amino sugar nitrogen were largest in crop rotation plot, and the variation of the other nitrogen forms could not been found law in the two cultivations.

Abstract:A pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of slow-release fertilizers(SRF) on yield and quality of Trifolium pretense in strong acidic soil,acidic soil and neutral soil.As comparison to common compound fertilization(CCF),the results indicated that the yield of Trifolium pretense was increased significantly for the application of SRF in different soils,and in terms of the increase degree,the sequence of the soil was strong acidic soil(55.8%)> neutral soil(39.9%)> acidic soil(7.4%).The yield was differ from application of different SRF in different soil.The best yield was appeared for the application of SRF2 in strong acidic soil and acidic soil,while in neutral soil the highest yield was obtained for the application of SRF2.The forge nutritive quality and mineral quality was enhanced for the application of SRF in the first and second batch of Trifolium pretense.The crude protein(CP) was increased from 4.0%~23.1%,the ether extract(EE) was increased from 2.5%~38.6%,the crude ash(CA) was enhanced from 1.4%~23.6%,the acid detergent fiber(ADF) was decreased from 2.5%~23.3%,the element phosphorus was increased from 4.9%~18.6%,and calcium was increased from 1.8%~13.7%.The content of isoflavonoids in Trifolium pretense was strongly affected by different soils,in strong acidic soil and acidic soil the content of isoflavonoids was lower in treatments SRF than in treatment CCF,while in neutral soil the content of isoflavonoids in Trifolium pretense were all enhanced in different treatments.

Abstract:To study the effects of water disposal on the growth and yield of rice,the method of the pot culture was adopted in this experiment,and three levels were designed in tillering stage,booting stage,blooming stage and milk stage of rice.Comparing with the treatment of keeping water flooding,there were three other treatment.Treatment H1,soil water potential was 0 kPa(90%~100% of soil saturation contains water);treatment H2,soil water potential was-30 kPa;treatment H3,soil water potential was-50 kPa.The results showed that in tillering stage the effects of water stress on tillering number,LAI,and plant height of rice were evident,the yield was seriously affected with no enough effective panicles in unit area,and the average yield of the treated was 29.5% lower than that of the control.In booting stage,owing to water stress on rice,the rice tillering panicles was restrained,the yield was seriously affected because there were not enough effective panicles in unit area,and fewer of the grains of panicle and light of weight of 1000-grain.The average effective panicles of the treated was 26.7% lower than that of the control,the average yield of the treated was 63.8% lower than that of the control.In blooming stage,1000-grain weight of treatment H1 was 12.9 % higher than that of the control,and the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01),the yield of treatment H1 was higher than that of the control,the yield of treatment H2 and treatment H3 was lower than that of the control,and the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01).In milking stage,1000-grain weight of treatment H1 was 11.2 % higher than that of the control,and the difference was extremely significant(P<0.01),the yield of treatment H1 was 12.76% higher than that of the control,and the difference was extremely significant(P<0.05).

Abstract:This paper focus on the description of landscape-scale land quality quantitative assessment and its evolution rules for mining area,in which "P-S-R" framework is taken as a tool for working out the land quality indices.Luan mining area is taken as an example,the basic theories and methods of landscape ecology and ecology are integrated to discuss the indices,contents and methods of quality assessments for mining area.Then according to the outcomes about the assessments,measures and suggestions are put forward.