Abstract:三峡库区土壤侵蚀量研究对于该区水土保持、土地资源合理利用、生态环境改善以及水库的使用寿命具有重要的实践意义。本文运用137C s示踪法对三峡库区土壤侵蚀速率进行初步研究,结果表明:研究区137C s的背景值为2 029.2 Bq/m2;不同土地利用类型中,土壤侵蚀强度的大小顺序为:耕地>园地>草地>荒地>林地,按照水利部1997年颁布的土壤侵蚀强度等级标准,则耕地为中度侵蚀,园地、草地和荒地为轻度侵蚀,林地为微度侵蚀。不同坡度段土壤侵蚀强度差别不大,由强到弱依次为5~°15,°0~°5,°25~°35,°15~°25°和>35°坡度段,皆属轻度侵蚀;重庆-万州段和云阳-宜昌段土壤侵蚀等级虽皆为轻度,但前者已接近中度侵蚀,其土壤年均侵蚀模数为后者的2.18倍。

Abstract:Through studying the spatial characteristics of slope soil erosion intensity and susceptibility in the small watershed of Shandong province, we find out the relationship between soil erosion intensity and soil susceptibility. In this study, we choice the small watersheds of Taian city and Qufu city to measure the slope soil erosion intensity and susceptibility of different slope and different parts of slope in different small watershed. The results show that the slope soil susceptibility variation is like wave, from the upper part to the lower part of the slope. And the law is the soil susceptibility of lower part of the slope is higher than the upper part of the slope. It show that the susceptibility of sediment area is higher than erosion area of the slope. At the same time, we can see the soil susceptibility of woodland is higher than grassland, and the susceptibility of grassland is higher than farmland in the middle part of the slope. From the slope different direction, we can see, the soil susceptibility of the slope exposed to the sun is the lowest. And the soil susceptibility and soil erosion intensity is negative correlation. The soil susceptibility of different part of the slope can reflect the soil erosion intensity of the slope.

Abstract:To probe into the primary and secondary relation of factors influencing runoff coefficient,based on the grey system theory,a grey correlation analysis on factors which is herb layer coverage,litter layer thickness,shrub layer coverage and canopy density surface runoff was made,using the data measured in different vegetation types of Jinyun mountain,Chongqing.The results indicate that the effects on surface runoff coefficient by the parameters of vegetation status is herb layer coverage(0.772 0)> litter layer thickness(0.744 5) > shrub layer coverage(0.666 1)> canopy density(0.614 2).The mixed wood and broadleaf forest has better effect on surface runoff coefficient in different vegetation types,the grey correlation degree is 0.634 56,0.618 5 in turn.The bamboo forest has the smallest effect on surface runoff coefficient,the grey correlation degree is 0.500 0.It is prove the mixed wood and broadleaf forest has better hydrological and ecological function.

Abstract:The effects of rainfall intensity(RI) and rain-fertilization interval(RFI) on N export by runoff in oilseed rape land were studied with simulated rainfall and in situ soil pot experiment.The tested soil was collected from the surface layer(0~20 cm) of cole field,in Jiaxing city,Zhejiang province in Southeast China.Our results show that: firstly,N concentrations in runoff increase with the increase of RI and decrease with the increase of RFI.The process of N export by runoff can be separated into two steps,i.e.,fluctuation step and stable step,and there is a high loss risk for N in the fluctuation step.Nitrate-N is the predominant N form in runoff,with the ratio of nitrate-N/TN more than 0.3 in all treatment.This study indicates that high RI and short RFI would enhance N loss by runoff greatly,and suggested that fertilization should be taken at RFI>5~7 days,so that N loss by runoff could be largely mitigated.

Abstract:采用短期室内淋溶方法研究了模拟酸雨对供试荔枝果园土壤全N、碱解N、硝态N、铵态N含量变化的影响。结果表明．各处理土壤淋出液的全N、硝态N、铵态N含量随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强而依次增加，其中pH2．5酸雨淋溶处理与其它处理间的淋出液含量差异显著，而pH≥4．5酸雨淋溶处理与对照（pH6．5）间的差异大部分不显著；各处理的土壤较淋溶前其全N、NOjN（pH2．5酸雨处理例外）、NH1＋-N的含量均有增加趋势。引进土壤的实际酸化速率H＋产生值衡量供试土壤的酸化，只有pH2．5的模拟酸雨淋溶促进了土壤的酸化，而pH≥3．5的模拟酸雨处理对土壤的酸化具有一定的缓冲作用，且土壤酸度减弱。

Abstract:A series of field observations of sand blowing on different utilizing land patterns in Beijing outskirts was finished during the winter of 2005 and the spring of 2006.The result showed:(1) In three patterns of shelterbelt,the roughness length of arbor-shrub-grass compound land was the most than the roughness length of the others(sparse woodland and woodland-grass compound land),the effect of weaken wind speed and reduced soil erosion was the significant.(2) In farmland,the roughness length of fruit-cabbage intercrop land was the most than that of the other farmland patterns,and the effect of weaken wind speed was the best.(3) The effect of no-tillage land reduced soil erosion was the significant.(4) In three patterns of shelterbelt,the effect of arbor-shrub-grass compound land was the best,and no-tillage and fruit-cabbage intercrop land were better in farmland on the surface soil erosion.

Abstract:在贵州中部采取0～1000cm土层的黄壤样品，分析了土壤基本理化性质，测定了土壤水分特征曲线，采用数理统计方法对数据进行了整理与分析。贵州中部低山丘陵区黄壤粘粒含量高。〈0．01mm颗粒含量806．23～686.2g／kg，〈0．001mm粒径颗粒含量651．05～263．57g／kg，粘粒含量高．犁底层透水性差，不利于降雨入渗。黄壤的持水量高，有效水的范围极窄10～100cm土层总库容5515．3m^3／hm^2。贮水库容4094．1m^3／hm^2，有效水库容仅9．69％，其比例较广州赤红壤、华北潮土和东北黑土低35．65，43．17和41．19个百分点；黄壤的通透库容小，不利于水分的上、下运行。

Abstract:The soil properties and water conservation function of main forest types were conducted in eastern mountainous region of northeast China,the results show as the follows: organic matter content and soil total porosity from high to low were all Larix sp.plantation>secondary forest>Pinus koraiensis plantation>mixed wood.The soil bulk desity(0~40 cm) was mixed wood>secondary forest>Pinus koraiensis plantation>Larix sp.plantation.The saturation holding capacity of Larix sp.plantation was 2 326.24 t/hm~2,2 258.6 t/hm~2 in secondary forest,2 252.29 t/hm~2 in Pinus koraiensis plantation,and 1851.11 t/hm~2 in mixed wood.The water-holding capacity of litter was 136.63 t/hm~2 in Larix sp.plantation,56.08 t/hm~2 in mixed wood,54.29 t/hm~2 in Pinus koraiensis plantation,and 40.1 t/hm~2 in secondary forest.The order of the water conservation function was: Larix sp.plantation(2 462.87 t/hm~2)>Pinus koraiensis plantation(2 306.58 t/hm~2) >secondary forest((2 298.87) t/hm~2)>mixed wood(1 907.19 t/hm~2).

Abstract:Based on the analysis of soil water holding capacity,water interception of litters,soil infiltration ability and soil and water loss regime,the soil water conservation functions of several vegetation types Pinus yunnanensis forest,Pinus armandii forest,Pinus yunnanensis Quercus variabilis forest,Pinus yunnanensis Alnus nepalensis forest,Alnus nepalensis forest, Lithocarpus dealbatus forest,Quercus aquifolioides forest in Zhujiang fountainhead region were studied.The results indicates that:(1)due to the rich litters and its fast decomposition,the broad leaved forests have the strongest soil infiltration ability and water holding capacity,next the broad leaved and coniferous mixed forests,the coniferous forest is the poorest.(2)the surface runoff are increase by degrees that is the broad leaved and coniferous mixed forests,the broad leaved forests,the coniferous forest in turn.But there is a marked differences of which the highest runoff of Pinus yunnanensis needleleaved forest is 2.18 times of that the lowest Quercus aquifolioides forest and the highest silt amount of Pinus yunnanensis forest is 25.65 times of that the lowest Pinus yunnanensis Quercus variabilis mixed forest while a minors between the broad leaved forests and the broad leaved and coniferous mixed forests.(3)the soil water holding capacity of coniferous forest is poor while the broad leaved forests and the broad leaved and coniferous mixed forests are higher.

Abstract:The mixed artificial Pinus tabulaeformis and Pinus armandi forests are the main community type in the upper reaches of Minjiang river. By using the method of water balance, the contents of crown-interception, throughfall,stemflow are studied. Through 24 precipitation located observation in the forests distribution,the results shows that the canopy interception,throughfall and stemflow of the mixed forest are 83.47 mm, 81.43mm and 2.00 mm,respectively. Which accounts for 11.4% ,69.0% ,19.6% of rainfall in the same time. The relationships between canopy interception and rainfall could be described significantly by a power function,while the relationship between tbroughfall,stemfall and rainfall is linear. The results indicate the effects of the mixed forest ecosystem on water preserving capability and soil and water conservation is significant.

Abstract:The article analyse effect of vegetation restoration and infection factors of different measure in destroyed region of Taishan pumped storage power station with field investigation and lab analysis measure.The results as follows: the damaged region have large excavating amount and plenty of dregs,destroy the vegetation and make the rock bareness and no soil,it is absence water and soil condition that adapting to vegetation growth.The vegetation restoration need assist block wall,pensile stone plant holes,pillowing stone fish-scale pits and so on engineering measures and filling with soil from the other land.The afforestation survived rate and saved rate are the biggest in virescence flat and smallest in pensile stone plant holes among different vegetation restoration measures.The growth increment of Pinus tabulaeformis high and diameter from big to small are fish-scale pits of northeast slope>virescence flat>fish-scale pits of southeast slope>pensile stone plant holes.The soil texture,bulk density,total porosity and soil depth all affect on the growth;the bigger depth of soil help to the growth of pine.When the soil cubage is same,the pine growth increment of small size holes is fine to that of big size holes;the relationship between high growth increment of pine(Y) and soil amount(X) accord with logarithm correlativity,the equation show as Y=alnX b,but the diameter growth increment have no marked correlativity with soil amount.

Abstract:The purpose of the study is to explore the potentiality of rainwater resources of small watershed in soil stone mountain region of North China, Which can not only provide scientific basis for soil and water loss harness, but also for raising the rainwater use rate and rainwater use efficiency. By choosing small watershed in hilly area of middle southern part of Shandong province as the typical experimental site, on the basis of the calculating methods of theory and practical potentiality of rainwater resources, the potentiality of rainwater resources and its sup- ply-demand balance are analysis. Results showed that the percentage of ecological demand water is the largest in the total demand water amount of small watershed, it is 68.11 % of the total demand water amount, and the percentage of agricultural production demand water is the next, it is 31.37 % of the total demand water amount, and the smallest is life demand water amount, it is only 0.52 % of the total demand water amount. Under the different rainfall frequencies of 50%, 75% and 95%, the demand water amount of the small watershed is 63%, 75.2M and 101.7M of the supply water amount respectively. So the small watershed in the experimental site is being in condition of serious shortage water. Moreover, this paper also proposes the main direction of water resources development and utilization of small watershed in hilly area of middle southern part of Shandong province.

Abstract:研究不同林地类型土壤水库蓄水量变化，以期加深对森林土壤水库理水机理的认识。以裸露地为对照，封山育林地、杉木林地和木荷林地为研究对象，对其土壤水库的蓄水功能及其动态变化进行研究。结果表明：土壤水库月蓄水量大小顺序为对照〈封山育林地〈杉木林地〈木荷林地，封山育林地、杉木林地和木荷林地月蓄水量的最大值和最小值分别比对照高22．45％，32．83％，34．53％，53．51％，70．09％，79．60％。对照不同层次蓄水量的月变化都远大于林地，林地中以木荷林地的变化量最小。除了封山育林地，杉木林地、木荷林地和对照不同土层的蓄水量随深度的增加呈逐渐增大趋势，但它们土壤水库0～40cm．土层蓄水量变化都远较底层80～100cm大，对水分的调节能力比底层强。

Abstract:Studying on soil moisture is the base of demonstrating ecosystem function and evaluating comprehensive environmental benefits of forest. The shelter belts of horizon and up and down of hill were selected in second and eighth small catchment of Hebei watershed in Heilongjiang to investigate the potential effects of shelter belt on dy- namic of soil moisture, soil water profile and soil moisture of cropland of two sides of shelter belt. The results showed that the shelter belt had no significant effects on dynamic and profile of soil moisture, but the depth of maximum soil moisture appeared were different. Influenced by runoff interception and shady produced by shelter belt, there were significant difference on soil moisture between up and down slopes, and between right and left sides of shelter belt. The soil moisture of inside and close to shelter belt was less than cropland.

Abstract:Through gathering massive soil samples and determining the moisture content in the lab.,the author had research on the moisture content and the moisture restore in the depth of 0 ~ 6 m in the different vegetation around extreme precipitation in Xi'an area.The research indicates that in Xi'an area in the poplar woods,the plane tree forest and the Chinese parasol tree forest the moisture content in the depth of 1.5 ~ 4 m separately is 9.3%,9.0% and 9.7%,the soil dryer has existed,and the thickness is approximately 2.5 m.In the wheat and lawn field the soil dryer does not appear in the depth of 0 ~ 6 m.In abundant water year after extreme precipitation the soil dryer vanishes,the soil moisture restores well,and the moisture content in the original dryer is obviously higher than the upside and lower part.That the weak-growth dryer does not affect the normal growth of the planted forest indicates in Xi'an area or in other area of loess plateau with similar rainfall amount to the Xi'an area planting big tree forests is feasible,but should avoid a more serious soil dryer appearing.

Abstract:Based on the experiment of the constant head method for saturated hydraulic conductivity,the effects of soil-stone ratios and stone sizes on K_s were studied.Meanwhile,we calculated the K_s with Peck-Watson and Bouwer-Rice equations respectively,then compared the results with the measured data.The results show that: K_s firstly decreases with the increases of the stone contents,and then increases.The relation between them follows binomial function;K_s decreases with the increases of the mean diameters of the stones;the relation between them follows index function.The values calculated by the equation of Peck-Watson and Bouwer-Rice are much greater than measured data when the stone sizes are between 1.0~5.0 cm.

Abstract:The hydro-physical properties of black soil under different type of eco-systems were studied. The results showed that bulk density, SOM, porosity, soil moisture capacity and wet-aggregates run down, when grass eco-system turning crop eco-system. But, fertilizing can restrain the trend, the effect become more significant extra-adding organic manure. Fertilizing promotes planting, especially root growth to improve the hydro-physical properties, moreover, increasing SOM, improving soil structure, adjusting soil moisture capacity and porosity. Bare field eco-system became worse than crop eco-system, confirming plants make important effect to soil hydrophysical properties.

Abstract:Bryophytes are the main understory dominant species in forest areas of Qilian Mountain,which play an important role in keeping a humid environment,surface runoff modulation and water sources holding.We conducted a field investigation of bryophytes along altitude gradient,and made a detailed bryophytes taxonomy.Based on the characteristics of bryophytes distribution,partitioning them into different distribution zones,including low altitude bryophytes distribution zones,arboreal bryophytes distribution zones and alpine bryophytes distribution zones.The water-holding capacity of bryophytes varied with its layers' thickness,and reached the maximum 519.44% when the layers is 7.4 cm thick.In the forest areas,bryophytes water content showed a downtrend from May to September,with maximum occurred in May and minimum in July,moreover,soil with bryophytes coverage showed lower evaporation than that without bryophytes coverage

Abstract:By the method of soil sampling and laboratory analysis, effects of different land use types on soil nutrients have been discussed. The result indicated, the different land use types have significant impacts on soil nutrient. The content of soil organic matter and total N decline in sequence from paddy land, forest land, vegetable land, dry land to grassland. The content of soil total K and available K decline in sequence from paddy land, vegetable land, dry land, forest land to grassland. The content of soil total P decline in sequence from vegetable land, dry land,forest land, paddy land to grassland.

Abstract:Analyzing nutrient elements cycle of agricultural ecosystem is one of the principal bases for people to understand its functions,carry out artificial regulation to raise productivity and keep durative of the system.Through located observation and investigation of 3 villages,in the middle-south Loess Plateau,Feimahe and Nangou of Baota District in Yan'an municipality as well as Xipo of Chunhua county,the writers analyzed plant nutrient cycles and system's nutrient cycle.Results show:(1)Absorptions of N and K by plants are more than that of P while storage of the three elements in soil manifests K>P>N.Absorption of N,P and K varies from plant to plant,and generally speaking absorption of the elements by crops is more than that by fruit trees.N,P and K return quantities change from plant to plant,and general law is that fruit tree is more propitious to the return of soil N compared to crops.Referring to the turnover period of N,P and K,fruit tree shows that N turns over fastest while crops wheat,millet and corn manifest that K turns over quickest except rape acquits that P does fastest.(2)Cycling coefficients of nutrients N,P and K in the crop-fruit ecosystem are Feimahe village>Nangou village>Xipo village,and turnover periods are Nangou

Abstract:采用7种水分处理：清水适宜灌（FPI）、混合适宜灌（RFPI）、再生水充分灌（RFI）、再生水适宜灌（RPI）、再生水轻微干旱胁迫（RLWS）、再生水中度干旱胁迫（RMWS）、再生水重度干旱胁迫（RSWS），相应灌溉下限分别为田间持水量70％，70％，80％，70％．60％，50％，40％，灌水定额相同。研究结果表明：与清水灌溉相比，短期内采用再生水灌溉不会使大量氮紊残留于土壤，不会快速提高土壤供磷水平，土壤速效钾含量增加不显著，土壤阳离子含量增加也不显著。再生水灌溉不同水分处理下，土壤养分元素累积量与供水量成反比，特别是在中度及重度干旱胁迫处理下土壤速效养分累积明显。通过对再生水灌溉下土壤化学性质主成分分析表明，再生水灌溉下土壤盐分离子及氮钾元素变化较快，其次是水溶性钠离子．再次为速效磷。

Abstract:Spatial variability and appropriate sampling quantity of soil salinity for various depth layers(0~20 cm,20~60 cm,60~100 cm,and 100~140 cm) was measured and analyzed by using statistics and geo-statistics,which was performed in an approximately 520 hectare field in the Yellow River Delta.The results indicated that soil salinity for all depth layers were generally high and salt accumulation at the surface soil layer was significant;Soil salinity for all depth layers exhibited moderate spatial variation and moderate spatial autocorrelation resulting from compound impact of structural and stochastic factors.The spatial distribution maps of soil salinity interpolated by Kriging interpolation showed apparently that the spatial distribution of soil salinity was mostly controlled by micro-topography and climatic conditions,and there existed spatial correlativity between soil salinity distribution maps of different depth layers.Analysis on the appropriate sampling quantity,which was determined by using Cochran and distributed sampling methods respectively,showed that distributed sampling methods could reduce the appropriate sampling quantity effectively,the appropriate sampling quantity for rational distributed sapling was the most reasonable and practical,and rational distributed sampling could furthest reduce some 35% of the appropriate sampling quantity compared with weighing distributed sampling.The research results can serve as a theoretical and technical basis for the scientific management,amelioration,and utilization of saline soils in the Yellow River Delta.

Abstract:侵蚀退化土壤具有较大的碳吸存潜力,恢复我国大面积退化土壤对增加碳汇具有重要意义。在长汀县河田镇研究了侵蚀退化裸地恢复为马尾松、板栗园和百喜草地后土壤有机碳库的变化,试图揭示植被恢复对土壤有机碳垂直分布的影响,以及侵蚀退化红壤在植被恢复过程中碳吸存潜力和速率。裸地的土壤有机碳含量和储量极低,垂直分布变化不明显;而植被恢复显著增加了土壤的有机碳含量和储量,0~5 cm土层受植被恢复影响最大,40 cm以下土层深度受植被恢复的影响很小,0~20 cm土层是储存有机碳的主要层次。以次生林为参照,裸地土壤的碳吸存潜力为56 t/hm2,而植被恢复后土壤仍约有30~44 t/hm2的吸存潜力。马尾松林、板栗园和百喜草地0~100 cm土层土壤碳吸存量分别为25.234 t/hm2,11.418 t/hm2和15.394 t/hm2,年平均碳吸存速率分别为1.06t/(hm2.a),1.90 t/(hm2.a)和3.08 t/(hm2.a),短期碳吸存速率高于长期碳吸存速率。

Abstract:The dynamics of soil organic carbon(SOC)decompositions and the carbon pool sizes and turnover rates of active carbon pool,slow carbon pool and resistsant carbon pool under different vegetations are discussed in the paper.The results indicate that cumulative emission of CO_2 is 1 723~5 065 mg/kg in the surface soil and 178~642 mg/kg in the subsoil from incubation data for 90 days.The general trend is that the former decomposition rate is faster than later period and in the surface soil than in the subsoil.Decomposition rate decrease in the order of silver fir,birch and mixed forest,pine forest.Under different vegetations,the size of active carbon pool from surface and subsoil respectively accounts to 0.54%~1.67% and 0.45%~5.48% of total soil organic carbon,and the mean residue time is 11~56 days and 60~88 days;Slow carbon pool,23.0%~63.3% and 33.2%~72.2%,4~70 years and 24~161 years;Resistant carbon pool,35.5%~75.5% and 26.0~65.0%;The contents of soil organic carbon,active carbon,slow carbon and resistant carbon is more in the surface soil than subsoil.The chemical composition of litter from vegetation mainly determine the content of active carbon pool and slow pool.The resistant carbon pool is mainly determined by soil clay and other physical and chemical character.

Abstract:This study was conducted to determine the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon(BC),and nitrogen(BN),K_2SO_4-extractable organic carbon(DOC),and nitrogen(SON) in three different soil types and under two different use patterns in the south part of Loess Plateau.The results showed that the contents of BC,BN,DOC and SON in the forest soils were higher than those in the arable soils;and the concentrations of these parameters in the forest litter were significantly higher than those in the 0~20 cm soil layers.Under the different agricultural cultivation,the concentrations of BC and BN in the anthrosols were higher than those in the isohumisols and the argosols.The concentration of DOC in the argosols was higher than that in the anthrosols and the isohumisols.The concentration of SON in the isohumisols was higher than that in the anthrosols and the argosols.Soil types had significant effect on the concentration of BN,but had no significant effect on the concentrations of BC,DOC and SON.The ratios of BC to soil organic C(BC/TC),and BN to soil total N(BN/TN) were significantlyhigher than the ratios of DOC to TC(DOC/TC),and SON to TN(SON/TN).There were significant positive correlations between BC,BN and DOC,SON,indicating the close relationships between BC,BN and DOC,SON.

Abstract:This experiment was conducted on the loamy brown earth derived from loess-like parent materials at Shenyang Agricultural University during 1987~2003.The main results showed that the NO~-_3-N has been accumulated in the long-term plastic film mulching treatments.And the net N-mineralization rates in all covered treatments have increased.Also covering with plastic film can improve the content of NH~ _4-N and NO~-_3-N.In addition,the application of organic materials with inorganic fertilizers could improve the levels of net N-mineralization rates in soil.

Abstract:A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of aerobically mulch treated rice(R) cultivation on post-cultivated barely(B) growth and soil nitrogen dynamics.The aerobic treatments included plastic film mulching(FM),rice straw mulching(GC) and no mulch(LL),and the control treatment was the rice grown in waterlogged soil(SZ).The results showed that soil nitrate contents in GCB were higher than any other treatment,while soil ammonium contents order was determined as follows: SZB > GCB > FMB > LLB.In addition,both soil nitrate and ammonium contents gradually decreased up to 80 cm in soil profile.After barely harvest,residual soil nitrogen was maximum in SZB,GCB and LLB,and it was 40.5%,39.5% and 36.1% higher than FMB,respectively.Treatment GCB produced the highest barely grain yield,which was 837 kg/hm~2 and 251 kg/hm~2 more than SZB and LLB,respectively.In GCB,maximum nitrogen uptake left after barley harvest.Nitrogen use efficiency of FMB,GCB and LLB was 16.1%,17.5% and 13.8% higher than SZB,respectively.Rice cultivation with straw mulching under aerobic condition has a pronounced effect on post-cultivated barely growth and this treatment can be used under water deficient area to grow rice.

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of controlled release fertilizers applied in different position on yield and quality of strawberry,N,P,K use efficiency and nitrogen balance.The results showed that the controlled-release fertilizers improved the changes of available N,P,K contents in soil,promoted the growth of strawberry and increased sugar/acid ratio and the Vc content of the fruit.Dry weight of plant,yield of fruit,N,P,K use efficiency were in the order of controlled release compound fertilizer(CRCF)>controlled release nitrogen fertilizer(CRNF) >common fertilizer(CF).Nitrogen residual ratio was in the order of CRNF >CRCF>CF and N loss ratio was in the order of CF >CRCF>CRNF.There were no marked differences on sugar/acid ratio,the Vc content and N residual ratio with different methods of fertilizer application.Dry weight of plant,yield of fruit,N,K use efficiency were in the order of underneath application>side application and mix application>surface application.The P use efficiency with underneath application was significantly higher than other three treatments,and there was no significant difference among other three treatments.Nitrogen losses ratio was in the order of surface application>side application and mix application>underneath application.

Abstract:Pot and field experiments were conducted to study the dosage and the effect of compound nitrogen fertilizer synergists combined with different dosage of urea on the growth,yield,uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of rice with()~(15)N-labled.The results showed that the growth of rice seedling was obviously promoted with appropriate dosage of compound nitrogen fertilizer synergists(20% of N).Treated with urea and added with compound nitrogen fertilizer synergists,the growth of rice wasn't affected,the Ndff%,the total()~(15)N uptake and total nitrogen uptake of rice and the nitrogen use efficiency were increased.Treated with urea reduced by 5%~15%(7.8~23.7 kg/hm~2) and added with compound nitrogen fertilizer synergists,the growth,yield,and nitrogen content of rice were not affected,the total()~(15)N uptake and total nitrogen uptake of rice were the same as CK_2 or higher than it,and the nitrogen use efficiency,physiological rate and agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen were remarkably increased comparing to CK_2.Treatment with urea reduced by 30% and compound nitrogen fertilizer synergists,the growth and absorption and utilization of nitrogen of rice were apparently decreased.As a result,treated with appropriate dosage of compound nitrogen fertilizer synergists(20% of urea),the growth and yield of rice were not affected,the utilization of nitrogen was enhanced and the dosage of nitrogen fertilizer was decreased by 15%.

Abstract:Effects of post-anthesis irrigations on carbon and nitrogen assimilate translocation in high-oil corn were investigated in field experiments.Three water treatments were established from anthesis to maturity,i.e.no-irrigated,irrigated once,irrigated third.The results indicated that post-anthesis irrigations reduced the amounts and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored assimilates and nitrogen,total amount of pre-anthesis stored assimilate and nitrogen.Nitrogen increased amounts and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored assimilates in leaves,stem and sheathes significantly decreased with the increase of irrigation times from 0 to 3.It was reduced amounts and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen in leaves,amounts of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen in stem and sheathes,total amount and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen,nitrogen accumulation in grains and the translocation of pre-anthesis accumulated nitrogen into grains with irrigation.The amounts and remobilization rate of stored nitrogen and assimilate of pre-anthesis much more bigger than post-anthesis's.The grain yield,starch yield,protein yield and oil yield is high when high-oil corn is just irrigated once during later stage.Irrigation favored oil content,but reduced protein content.The results indicated that irrigation regulated translocation of carbon and nitrogen assimilate and sequentially regulated accumulation of grain starch,protein and oil in high-oil corn from anthesis to maturity.Some suggestions were also put forward for realizing high yield and quality of high-oil corn and increasing water use efficiency(WUE) in high-oil corn cultivation.

Abstract:Coated urea was made by solid-liquid reaction technology using the nonmetal minerals as coated film material. By the means of water dissolution, the nitrogen release character of 4 type coated urea were researched that nitrogen release rate of solid-liquid reaction SRF with different films were greatly different. The results of rice pot experiment using the coated urea and overseas SRFS show that suitable release rate was critical for increasing crop yield and nutrient efficiency. Rice biomass, grain yield and N use efficiency of 4 type coated urea were significantly higher than that of urea which use the same amount of nitrogen or the same weight of fertilizer. Compared with the Methylene Urea and Osmocotte, velocity of nutrient release rate of LU is consistent to nutrient requirement of rice.

Abstract:The experiment of controlled release compound fertilizers(CRFs) on cotton in pot was studied by comparison the effects of CRFs on cotton with common compound fertilizers(CCFs).The results showed that,compared with the CCF,the CRF significantly increased the contents of NO~-_3-N,NH~ _4-N,available P and available K in the soil.The chlorophyll readings,plant height of the cotton treated by CRFs were greater than that of CCFs.The node,boll,yield of plant with CRFs treatments of any rate was insignificant greater than that of the cotton treated by CCFs.Though the application rate of CRF treatments was less than CCFs treatments in the experiment,the yield of the cotton of the CRFs treatments was still higher than that of CCF treatments.And the rate of increased cotton yield of CRFs was 113.05%,34.54% respectively,compared with pure N CRFs 0.2,0.4 g/kg soil.The CRF showed its advantages of controlling release nutrient,increasing yield and reducing nitrogen application rate.

Abstract:Through comparing the physico-chemical property of soil in artificial timber land with almond-aprieot of different planting age which was planted on the near plot of land, the varying law of soil water and nutrients was analyzed. Results indicated that the longer age of almond-apricot was, the larger the effects of the physicochemical property of soil were. Water consumption of almond-apricot of two was basic equal to the precipitation in the same stage. Water consumption of almond-apricot was gradualy increased by an increase in the age of almond-apricot. Water consumption of almond-apricot of six already exceeded the precipitation of the same stage, available moisture storage in soil body decreased and soil moisture were gradualy exhausted. Moreover, the concentrations of soil organic matter, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and readily available potassium in artificial timber land with almond-apricot decreased with the age of almond-apricot increasing, soil fertility rapidly fell down. Nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and readily available potassium are limiting factors of the growth and development of almond-apricot.

Abstract:Based on analysis of chemical compositions of three crop straws(rice,wheat and rape),decomposition characteristics of straws and its effect on soil fertility in hilly area of Sichuan Basin was investigated through a fixed field experiment of two years.The results indicated that the soil was enriched with C,N,P,K when straw was returned to soil.The decomposition rate of straw in the first three months was faster than the later date.Decomposition rate(k) from the three straws followed the order as wheat straw > rice straw > rape straw,and straw-buried > straw-mulched.The content of nutrient releasing was characterized as K>P>N.Soil water retention curves of different treatments were derived,and the correlation coefficient of empirical equations were over 0.87.Straw mulched could improve soil granular structure,and increase the content of water-stable aggregates,so the ability of permeability,fertilizer and water conservation got improved.At the same time,the soil covered with straw was favorable to reducing soil bulk density and increasing soil porosity,soil organic matter,available N,available P and available K as well.So it realized the goal of soil fertility improvement.

Abstract:通过实地调查，采集不同免耕年限土壤进行对比分析，研究了水早轮作条件下长期自然免耕对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：水早轮作条件下，不进行秸秆覆盖长期双免耕的农耕措施对土壤理化性质有较大的影响。0～15cm土层容重随免耕年限的增加而减小，免耕7～8年后趋于稳定，而15～30cm土层的容重几乎不受影响；土壤团聚度随免耕年限的增加而增加，表层增加更明显；土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和磷含量均随免耕年限增加而逐年上升，并且有明显表聚现象，但对速效钾的影响则不明显。

Abstract:The recommended project of diversion of water from Changjiang River to Huaihe River is a water allocation programe which involve both Changjiang River and Huaihe River.Water quality of Wabuhu Lake is one of the attentive environment problem of the project.The paper analyze the difference of phosphorus release between dried and fresh sediment from Wahuhu Lake,discusses the effects of environmental conditions(P concentration of overlaying water,illumination,pH,temperature,DO,microorganism and disturbance) on the experiment of P release.The results are showed that:the capability of P release in fresh sediment was obvious than of dried sediments;the P concentration of overlaying water has stronger function to adjust the P release of sediments;the effect of illumination to P release of sediments is not obvious;high temperature profits sediment P released to water,and the maximum is concerned with the increase of temperature;the amount of sediment P released can get the maximum rapidly under the stirring condition;the changes of DO and pH increase the capability of P released in various degree.The character of sediment P released and the hydrology of the Wabuhu Lake make the geochemistric behavior of P release realize easily for the project of diversion of water.

Abstract:通过对漳泽水库沉积40余年淤泥的6种重金属含景和淤泥养分含量分析，并对淤泥重金属进行单因子评价和多因子综合评价以及对淤泥养分含量评价的结果可知，淤泥重金属单因子评价Pi〈1，属清洁级，淤泥重金属多因子综合评价Pi〈0．7，属安全、清洁级，该淤泥在农业上的使用符合无公害要求。该淤泥有机质含量很高，有机质占Ⅰ级的百分率达到100％，有效钾含量占Ⅰ级的百分率达到80％，此外淤泥还含有一些氮、磷等速效养分，可用于制作肥料和改良低产土壤，也可在园林、花卉、绿地上使用。

Abstract:After the collection of 763 soil samples developed from 9 types of parent material/rock,i.e.dolomite,limestone,calcareous purple sandy shale,shale,sandstone,red clay,old mantlerock,fluvial sediment and sandy shale,from Wudang district of Guiyang city in Guizhou province,where the karstic feature is well developed,physical-chemical properties and heavy metal element contents of these soils were analyzed.Huge differences between each of the soils were found through comparing the soils developed from different types of parent material/rock.The differentiae in physical-chemical properties of these soils manifest that: soil textures developed from limestone,red clay,old mantle rock and shale are heavy;soil texture developed from sandstone is light;soil textures developed from the rest 4 types of parent material/rock are between them.The pH of the soils developed from limestone,calcareous purple sandy shale and dolomite is neutral or mild alkaline;the pH of the soils developed from fluvial sediment is neutral;the pH of the soils developed from other types of parent material/rock is acidic.The soils developed from calcareous purple sandy shale,dolomite and the fluvial sediment have more organic matter,however,organic matter content in the soil developed from sandstone is lower,and organic matter content in the soils developed from the rest 5 types of parent material/rock is between them. CEC in the soils developed from fluvial sediment, limestone,dolomite and calcareous purple sandy shale is higher;CEC in the soils developed from sandstone is lower;CEC in the soils developed from the rest 4 types of parent material/rock are between them.The differentiae in heavy metal elements contents of these soils manifest that: the contents of cadmium,chromium,hydrargyrum is higher in the soils developed from calcareous purple sandy shale,limestone and fluvial sediment;the contents of plumbum and arsenic is higher in the soils developed from red clay,fluvial sediment and limestone;the contents of the 5 types of heavy metal elements are the lowest in the soil developed from sandstone;the contents of the 5 types of heavy metals in the soils developed from the rest parent material/rock is between the above mentioned quantity. The results of correlation analyses indicate: cadmium,chromium,hydrargyrum,plumbum and arsenic contents are caused by the differentiae of soil-forming mother material/rock in the investigating area.The type of parent material/rock is the principal factor that affect the heavy metal contents in the soils,and the changes of physical-chemical properties of soil are the minor factors.

Abstract:State and mobility of Cadmium(Cd),Lead(Pb),Copper(Cu) and Zinc(Zn) pollution were investigated at different depths of polluted farmland black soil,and the application of the BCR sequential extraction was studied.The results showed that the mobility order of the heavy metals is Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn.Cadmium occurred more abundantly in mobile fraction than did the other elements.The concentration of Pb in the acetic acid extractable fraction,as well as the concentration of hydroxide-bound fraction of Pb,Cu near the roadsides and Cd,Pb and Zn in the suburb all increased with the depth of profiles,indicated some downward movement of heavy metals.The concentrations of organically-bound fraction of the heavy metals in most of sampling area were all higher in the plow layer,which indicated the accumulation of heavy metals of this fraction in the surface layer.The results showed that application of sequential extraction of BCR was useful in assessing the pollution and movement of heavy metals in soil.

Abstract:通过水培实验研究了重金属铜对高羊茅生长及活性氧清除系统的影响。结果表明,低浓度Cu(<10 m g/L)对高羊茅植株生长无明显抑制现象,在Cu浓度低于5 m g/L时,甚至起促进作用。与对照组相比,低浓度Cu处理组植株干重、鲜重及叶绿素含量均略微升高,而M DA水平及O2.-产生速率变化不显著,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著升高,保护酶系统仍保持平衡。但随Cu浓度(10~40 m g/L)增加则显示出一定的负效应,与对照组相比,高羊茅植株矮小,叶片发黄,根短且数目少,植株干重、鲜重和叶片色素含量均显著降低,并且随Cu浓度的增加而变化显著。同时,随Cu浓度增加,O2.-产生速率急剧增加,叶片细胞膜透性增大,电导率显著升高,M DA水平上升,且活性氧清除系统遭到破坏,保护酶系统失衡。研究同时显示,高羊茅是一种有潜力于Cu污染土壤修复的草坪草。

Abstract:Effects of acidity on copper speciation in soil solution and relations of copper forms with ryegrass growth and copper uptake were studied.It was found that acidity affected copper speciation severely in soil solution.With the increase in soil acidity soil copper forms of soluble,ionic and DOC(dissolved organic carbon) bounded fractions all increased and with the increase in copper treatment the effect of acidity was more significant.Acidity also affected ryegrass copper uptake.With increase in acidity ryegrass copper uptake increased and the differences of two soils were significant when copper treatment was higher than 50 mg/kg.Ryegrass biomass had significant negative correlations with ryegrass copper,soluble copper,DOCCu and IONICCu.Soil DOC content which was also affected by acidity increased with acidity decrease.

Abstract:The experiments were carried out on the farm of Henan agricultural university, during 2003-2004, using high-gluten cultivar Yumai 34 as material. This study was to clarify photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield variations with different N, P, K and S rates, so as to provide some experimental foundations for reasonable N, P, K and S fertilization of wheat. The results of the study revealed that under the field fertility of this experiment, rates of N, P, K and S had obvious adjust effect on canopy photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity, and all photosynthetic characteristics indices increased with N, P, K and S supply, but the most powerful fertilizer factor at different date after anthesis was different. Combined fertilization of N, P, K and S also obviously regulated grain yield, and effect of S and N on yield was at 0.01 significant level, while effect of P and K was not. NTOP120K180S30 treatment was the optimum combination.

Abstract:Pot experiments were carried out to study the response of Helianthus tuberosus of seven varieties and to select the physiological indices of H.tuberosus for response on seawater treatment.Results were as follows:(1) Compared with the control,the fresh and dry weights and the water contents of shoots and roots of H.tuberosus seedlings treated with 15% and 30% seawater decreased, especially with 30% seawater treatment.Contents of Na~ and Cl~-in the shoots and roots increased with seawater concentration increasing.The contents of K~ in the shoots and roots under 15% and 30% seawater were higher than those under 0% seawater.There was significantly negative correlation between the fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots of H.tuberosus seedlings and the contents of Na~ in the roots.And there was significantly negative correlation between the fresh weights of shoots and roots of H.tuberosus seedling and the contents of Na~ in shoots and roots.There was significantly positive correlation between the dry weights of shoots and roots of H.tuberosus seedling and the contents of K~ in shoots and roots.Based on those,the H.tuberosus of seven varieties tested could be divided into three groups,such as high seawater-tolerance,intermedia seawater-tolerance and low seawater-tolerance.There was different response on seawater treatment about the katabatic scopes of fresh weight and dry weight and the contents of water and contents of Na~ ,K~ and Cl~-in the shoots and roots among the variances of H.tuberosus.Thus,the katabatic scopes of fresh weight and dry weight and contents of Na~ ,K~ and Cl~-in the shoots and roots could be used as physiological indices for selecting different genotypes of H.tuberosus for responses on seawater treatment.

Abstract:在山坡地条件下，对兰州百合进行了等高垄作及渗水地膜覆盖栽培技术试验。结果表明，与传统平作技术比较，垄作渗水地膜覆盖使百合商品鳞茎产量增加了21．2％；垄作渗水地膜覆盖时，百合植株的田间高度、茎粗和总叶面积分别增加20．87％，10．99％和25．51％，0～30cm根系鲜重增加了45．12％，百合出苗期至显蕾期地温提高了0．9～2．1℃，耕层土壤含水量增加了1．54～2．94个百分点，地表土壤含水量波动明显弱化。

Abstract:对云南省家畜饲养基地所属的6个主要地质背景区的土壤和饲料样品的钾，钠，镁、铜，锌、锰、钴，铁、硒和碘元紊进行测定分析．并进行了相关性统计，结果表明：玄武岩红壤区（Ⅴ）和碳酸岩盐红壤区（Ⅰ）土壤各种矿质元素都比较高；其次是碳酸岩盐、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区（Ⅱ），除了钴较低外，其它元素含量都居中等或偏上水平；而碎屑岩紫色土区（Ⅲ）、变质岩赤红壤区（Ⅵ）和碎屑岩黄红壤区（Ⅳ）大多数矿质养分相对都比较低。大多数饲料中钴、铁和硒的含量受土壤中元素的丰度影响较大；其次为铜、镁、锰、锌和钾；饲料中碘受土壤碘含量影响最小。土壤和各主要饲料间铁、钴、镁、硒和铜相关性较强。

Abstract:The ponderance of diffuse pollution in water environment has been attentioned to generally,and the diffuse pollution was already the active field for the research on the problem of water environment in the world.This paper started from the characteristics and the occuring mechanisms of agricultural diffuse pollution,and analyzed the interrelation between agricultural diffuse pollution and the water environment,discussed the influence of agricultural diffuse pollution on the water environment.The best management practices(BMPs) is applied broadly in the controlling of diffuse pollution.And the constructed wetlands,primary reservoirs,buffer and interlaced strip between water and land,soil and water conservation and agricultural eco-engineering are the main technologies for the controlling of agricultural diffuse pollution in research and applying relatively.

Abstract:On the base of owning plenty of Chinese mountain torrents disaster investigation data, this paper first analyzed Chinese mountain torrents disaster actuality, causing-factors and spatial-temporal characteristic, then divided Chinese mountain torrents disaster prevention region into three types which named the first emphasis prevention region, the second emphasis prevention region and the generic prevention region. In the end, taking into accounting of existed natioral regionalization results and considering mountain torrents disaster sub areas characteristic, this paper studied the rule, method and basis of Chinese mountain torrents disaster and brought forward the regionalization system.