Abstract:It analysed that runoff,plants and soil in three different forestation modes and hillside cultivation in Karst area of the southeastern of Yunnan.The results showed that returning land for farming to forestry had remarkably impact on soil buildup,water retention increased fertility.We also could get good effects of conversation of soil and water by constructing pure forest,mixed forest,and complex management of commercial forest and herbage.Size these plants down by comprehensive consideration to water retention, soil retention and fertility retention was Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii:Trifolium pratense>Cupressus lusitanica>Zanthoxylum bungeanum:Lotus uliginosus. Alnus ferdinandi-coburgi iand Trifolium pratense mixed forest could decrease runoff flow and loss of run-off soil 37.23% and 99.40% respectively than those of hillside cultivation.The loss of soil solid nutrition was also decreased, which organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium respectively decrease 99.37%,99.43%,98.68%,98.86%,99.34%,99.35% and 99.58%.The loss of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in fluid nutrition was respectively decreased 32.45%,19.80% and 21.57%.Soil nutrition was increased because of decreasing loss of runoff soil and soil nutrition,meanwhile organic matter had some impact on soil reform and nutrition supplement.While soil nutrition in hillside cultivation had some certain decreased.

Abstract:对马占相思人工林3个不同年龄阶段（4，7a和11a）的林冠层、林下植被层、枯枝落叶层、林地土壤持水量和渗透性能以及它们随林分年龄的变化规律进行了比较分析。研究结果表明，林分地上部分持水量的大小顺序为11a生（52．86t／hm^2）〉7a生（41．90t／hm^2）〉4a生（25．78t／hm^2），其趋势是随林龄的增大而增加，林地土壤（0～40cm）持水量和渗透性能也有相同的变化趋势；4，7a和11a林分的总持水量即地上部分与林地土壤的持水总量分别为2048．8，2200．3，2313．3t／hm^2，林分水源涵养总价值分别为1372．70，1474．42元／hm^2和1549．91元／hm^2。因此，马占相思人工林对改善土壤结构、提高水源涵养功能都有良好的作用。

Abstract:通过人工模拟降雨方法对四川盆地紫色土坡耕地产流特征进行研究,得到以下结论:(1)在大雨强情况下,起始产流时间受坡度影响不明显;在小雨强时,起始产流时间随坡度的增加而缩短。小雨强下坡度对起始产流时间的影响可用幂函数表示,相关性显著。(2)裸地径流强度明显大于农地,且变化剧烈;(3)大雨强下坡度对径流系数的影响显著,并存在临界坡度:裸地介于10~°15,°农地约为20°。

Abstract:It researched on the physical condition and infiltration performance for various major forest types(Pinus koraiensis,Larix gmelinii,and weed trees),and waste grassland in Lianhua Lake reservoir area.The results showed that the declined order of maximum water storage was Larch>weed trees>Korean pine>waste grassland;the declined order of non-capillary porosity was Larch,Korean pine,weed trees,waste grassland.The soil infiltration rate in forest land was obviously higher than that in waste grassland.By using runoff plots,this paper discussed the correlation between runoff generation and sediment generation and interception factor in 4 runoff plots.The results showed that runoff generation yield and sediment yield generation had a significant correlation with rainfall and its intensity.Forest land and waste grassland had obvious runoff generation yield and sediment generation yield,this indicated that forest land had better function in water and soil conservation than waste grassland.

Abstract:After observation and analysis on 3 complex planting models of eco-economic forest in Jinsha river hot-dry valley,it shows,the 3 complex planting models' economic production-invest ratio and land production relation is: Longyan Taiwan Green Jujube>Longyan Rose Geranium>Longyan Monoculture.The Longyan Taiwan Green Jujube model is best,the two index of it are 1.6 and 3.3 times to Longyan monoculture.The biomass and correlative indexes of Longyan Rose geranium model are higher than the other 2 model.Each model has regulate function to local microclimate,and the effect is Longyan Taiwan Green Jujube>Longgan Rose Geranium>Longyan monoculture.As to the soil improvement effect,the Longyan Rose Geranium model obviously excel the two other models.Synthetically analyze the 3 models eco-economic benefit,the Longyan Taiwan Green Jujube and Longyan Rose geranium models are better than Longyan monoculture.

Abstract:Studying wind-sand flow transportation and effect factors of typical valley in Bashang area of Hebei Province,several characteristics are obtained primarily involving:(1)Wind speed increased by degrees with increased height under the three different surface conditions including high-efficiency farmland,meadow and bosk,and vertical distributing correlated nearly with character of surface conditions;(2)Vertical distributing of transportation sediment was obviously different under the three different surface conditions,and the total sediment on high-efficiency farmland had a well relation with vertical height by a negative exponential function;(3)The particle-size distribution analysis of the windblown sediment collected from individual layers showed that the proportions of fine particles(diameter 0.10.075 mm) and silt and clay particles(diameter 0.075~0.019 mm) were very high and accounted for a considerable higher proportion over 80%,suggesting that the motion of sand particles near the surface is dominated by saltational fashion;(4)The total sediment correlated nearly with character of surface conditions and decreased with increased vegetative cover;(5)Environmental complications including meteorological and factitious factors had crucial efforts on wind-water erosion of typical valley.

Abstract:Soil erosion is very serious in the Xiaojiang River Basin.In order to study on mechanism of dry red soil erosion and approach of soil improved,we conducted the field experiments of soil erosion in different land-used types by artificial rainfall and measured changing of soil moisture by TRASE 6050X1 TDR.The results indicated that: The capacities of control water and soil loss in shrub by land were better than in slope farming land,and in slope farming land better than in bare slope land.The capacities of absorbed and transported water were various in different soil layers.The characteristic of surface runoff can be divided into 3 stages in 0.61 mm/minute of rainfall intensity: (1) infiltration-excess runoff is the main form in surface runoff;(2)both the infiltration-excess runoff and saturated runoff caused at the same time in surface runoff;(3) saturated runoff is the main form in surface runoff.

Abstract:To study the affecting factors of preferential flow, a 2.9 m-length, 2.6 m-depth soil profile was dug in Quxi watershed, Yangtze River. To analyze the influence of rainfall on preferential flow, the preferential flow process was observed when the rainfalls were recorded. And the soil physical and infiltration characteristics were measured to study their effect on preferential flow. The results showed that the rainfall amount that could cause preferential flow was more than 26 ram. The rainfall in the Three Gorges area can be divided into 4 types, namely gradually dropping raining, even raining, suddenly raining and peak raining. The preferential flow process was relevant to the raining process. With different rainfall types, the preferential flow appeared in different time, firstly in the peak raining, following in the suddenly raining, gradually dropping raining, and the even raining. The preferential flow would appear when the rainfall intensity was more than 0. 075 mm/min. In the studied area, the coarse soil particles increased with the soil depth, and for the deeper soil layer, its coarse particles were benefit to form preferential flow. The preferential flow accelerates the saturated infiltration rate of the soil layer 83 110 cm, and the quickly moving water in this layer also enhanced further formation and development of preferential flow.

Abstract:Phosphorus transport form slope cropland of purple soil at natural rainfall and simulated rainfall events were compared in this study.The results showed that,there were two process: overflow and subface flow.Runoff dynamic course were influenced by different rainfall intensity and crop coverage.The variation of rainfall intensity led to phosphorus moving through subface flow and resulted in eutrophication of local water.The flow charge of overland was bigger than the subsurface flow in both events,then exported different phosphorus loads.

Abstract:The impact of human disturbances including grazing,cultivation and anti-grazing(from 1987,1997,2003 respectively) on nutrients contents(N,P,K and organic matter) in typical grassland soil was studied in the paper.The result showed that cultivation and grazing can lead to a decrease in nutrient contents of soil,especially topsoil,and cultivation affects it more significantly than grazing;Banned-grazing can increase nutrients contents of soil,which increase with banned-grazing period.At the same time,there exist significant minuslinear dependency relationship between the total N,available N,organic matter and soil depth;there exist second power function relation between available P,available K and soil depth.The total P contents increases with the soil depth,and the total K decreases with it,but the dependency relations were not significant.It is concluded that anti-grazing can increase the nutrient contents in grassland soil and restrain the degradation of grassland soil.

Abstract:Based on the analysis and study on soil physical properties of different karst ecosystems in Guizhou Wujiang river basin,it is thought that the karst ecosystem is the main factor influencing the soil physical properties.In the good ecosystems,the soil profile develops very well and stratifies obviously and its layer is deep;the organic content is relatively high;the soil relies mainly on glueing loam and clay;its hole property is suitable,and structural property is good;the quality of resisting erosion and collapsing is strong.While in the degenerated ecosystems,its physical properties are worsened and the quality of resisting erosion and collapsing is weakened.Therefore,the main indices are made to evaluate the soil quality of resisting erosion in different karst ecosystems and its ability to anti-erosibility and collapsing is gotten as follows: shrub plus weak erosion and forest plus slight erosion> weeds plus silt and dry land plus middle erosion> infertile land plus strong erosion.

Abstract:In order to reveal the variability of soil factors about different vegetation types in North of Ordoas Plateau, 68 soil samples were collected from 19 soil profiles according to the depth. The soil of moving dune has coarser granule, more total nitrogen and available phosphorus, but less organic content, available kalium and low er pH value. The soil fine particle and soil nutrient increase with the zonal vegetation. More vegetation cover make the soil particle finer in sand land, but the perennial herbage decrease the wind erosion less than shrub. In the study area, scientific distribution and habitat for artificial vegetation base on the water-balance accounting and soil quality improving is the most important key for vegetation restoration and ecosystem stability.

Abstract:In order to reveal the influence of mining subsidence on physical and chemical properties of soil,provide scientific theories for land reclamation of windy desert area in Arid and Semi-arid Regions,here measures and figures out the soil mechanical composition,bulk density,soil porosity,field water-holding capacity,saturated conductivity and nutrient of subsidence area and no-subsidence area in Bulanta mining area that lies in southeast Mu Us Sandland using basic principles and methods of Soil Science.The result of anova shows: the physical clay content of sinking dune,especially in the 10 cm of surface,significantly decreases;bulk density and soil porosity of top and middle in sinking dune is not significantly different,however,bulk density of bottom and depression in sinking dune significantly decreases,soil porosity of bottom and depression in sinking dune significantly increases;bulk density and soil porosity from 0 to 40 cm is not significantly different,but bulk density from 40 to 100 cm significantly decreases,soil porosity from 40 to 100 cm significantly increases;field water-holding capacity from 0 to 60 cm significantly decreases;saturated conductivity from 0 to 60 cm is not significantly different;total nitrogen,total potassium and total phosphorus from 0 to 100 cm is not significantly different.

Abstract:The process of vegetation restoration and succession had improved soil obviously in degenerated ecological system especially soil physical characteristics in series of succession stage in naqu county North Tibet are investigated here;and ratio on soil grain composition in series succession stage are analyzed;meanwhile,soil bulk density and porosity are measured.The correlation analysis between soil physical characteristics such as soil grain composition,soil bulk density and porosity and soil succession stage are made in this paper,and then a inherent concern between succession stage of degraded grassland and the change of soil physical characteristics in this region are probed.(1)Trample makes the soil expose,that cause the function of corroding to aggravate;loose sand grain and slit that does not cohere had lost heavily,but the lost of grain which smaller than 0.02 mm and cohesive soil was relatively less,so that it was demonstrated percentage to be relative to increase strong directly;As a result,trample had changed the normal structure of the original soil,and influenced on the soil physical properties badly along the line of the highway,and impel the land to be further degradative.(2)With the process of restoration,the top layer soil total porosity increases,and bulk density is reduced,above all relevant with the series succession stage prominently;With improvement of aeration,infiltration and drainage percent,the availability of moisture soil increases corresponsively.

Abstract:This essay takes middle-low mountains in the western edge of Sichuan basin as the research area,and selects three typical mountains and two soil types according to the practical geomorphic features.The research of the composite index number(PI) of soil quality in different soil locations suggests that,the soil quality index increases as the altitude of mountain slope location decreases.The research of the composite index number(QI) of soil quality in different utilizing ways suggests that,of forest plantation is obviously higher,whereasof sloping cultivated land is the lowest.The distribution configuration of middle-low mountain soil quality mainly depends on the variations between land use and cover,and human activities is the main factor that enhances the variations.So if the stable positive circle of mountain ecosystem and the sustainable development of soil quality are to be realized,a series of measures to improve soil quality and recover ecotope,such as reinforcing the treatment of farm land on the slope,enhancing constructions of the projects of vegetation conservation and protection.

Abstract:A potted-spinach experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four kinds of copper products,namely,Kocide2000(KCD),Bordeaux nutrition protective powder(BNPP),Bordeaux mixture(BDM),copper sulfate(CS) and organic matter on the soil quality.Results showed that soil catalase activity was stimulated by the copper products and the inhibition of urease and sucrase activities by copper products were also observed,especially declined significantly in the treatment of BDM,the two enzymes activities in high BDM treatment were not detected.Moreover,the biological indexes of soil were affected,basal respiration and metabolic quotients were increased,microbial carbon was declined.Correlation analyses indicated that there existed significant negative correlation and positive correlation between biological and enzyme activity and available Cu.Furthermore,the available Cu and Zn(besides BDM) were increased,whereas available contents of Fe,Mn were obviously lower than contrast;pH (besides CS) was increased,EC(besides BDM) was declined.The order of the four copper products based on their effects on soil biochemical characteristics was: BDM>CS>BNPP>KCD.The application of organic matter weakened the effects of copper products on biology and enzyme activities,but the available contents of heavy metal were improved.

Abstract:Effects of alternative continuous cropping of poplar cuhivars on soil biochemical properties along Shu River in Ju county, Shandong, were studied. Results showed that, content of available N, P, K and trace element of Cu and Zn were same between alternative continuous cropping and unahernative continuous cropping, but soil organic matter and trace element Mn were different signifcantly. Soil organic matter in alternative continuous cropping treatment was higher, but trace element Mn was lower than unahernative continuous cropping treatment. Compared with unalternative continuous cropping, soil enzyme activity of urease and peroxidase in alternative continuous cropping treatments increased significantly by 184.7 % and 40. 5 %, but catalase decreased significantly by 11.8%. And polyphenol oxidase activity increased by 32.3% with no significant difference between treatments and CK. With soil depth increased, urease activity decreased steadily, and the other three enzymes had no variety trend. The quantity of soil fungi, bacteria, actinomyces in alternative continuous cropping treatments was higher than that of CK, signifcantly.

Abstract:Base on testing results of top-soils and deep-soils,distribution characteristics of organic carbon(abbrev org.C) in soils were discussed by types of soils,elevations,degrees of slope,and vegetation covering.It can be concluded that soils in the Three Gorge Reservoir District belong to mineral soils,because of lower soil org.C.Under the same natural condition of pedogenesis,Parent rocks play an important role in distribution of org.C in soils.In the limestone area the soils are abundant in org.C.on the other hand,in the sandstone and mudstone districts the contents of org.C in the soils are lower.In terms of the degree of slope,the contents of org.C in the purple soils increase with the decline of the degree of slope.When the elevation decreases,the contents of org.C in the purple soils decline,too.When the parents rocks,climate and topography are similar,the contents of org.C in purple soils are determined partially by the type of vegetational cover.Soils in the tussock and broadleaf hurst areas contain more org.C relatively,than soils in the mixing forest,shrubbery and conifer forest areas.

Abstract:The field experiment was conducted on Lanzhou China to study the effects of applying forage rape planting density and nitrogen fertilizer on the topsoil(0~20 cm) soil granule composition,soil water-stable aggregates,soil micro-aggregates,soil clay dispersing rate and soil aggregation degree of wheat stubble multiple cropping rape.The results showed that soil water-stable aggregates and soil granule composition status of topsoil were improved after wheat stubble multiple cropping rape.Relative to the non-multiple rape cropland(CK) with multiple cropping rape topsoil soil,soil clay dispersing rate was dropped significantly or significantly positively,soil aggregates destruction rate(<0.001 mm) and compositional proportion of soil characteristic micro-aggregates(<0.01 mm/>0.01 mm) were reduced significantly,soil aggregation degree had a trend decreased in rape seedling stage and it was increased significantly or significantly positively in rape harvest stage,except for soil water-stable aggregates of rape harvest stage,soil aggregates percent content were all dropped no-significantly in analysis results of soil granule composition and soil water-stable aggregates and soil micro-aggregates,its mostly mechanism await farther study.Improving degree of soil water-stable aggregates was higher than soil micro-aggregates with multiple cropping rape.The percent content of soil water-stable aggregates and soil micro-aggregates and soil clay dispersing rate were all affected differently on topsoil,but the identity changed was lower and difference was not extra evidence in different rape planting density and N fertilizer treatment.The result of this study proved that wheat stubble multiple cropping rape had positive effects for improving farmland soil fertility.

Abstract:Through the method of fixed-point sampling,changes of microbial strains,microbial biomass carbon and five enzymes activities in greenhouse soil with different years cropping were evaluated.The results showed :(1) Changes of seasonal microbial strains were imcompatible with seasons in different years greenhouse cropping.The amount of bacteria increased firstly and then decreased,the highest amount appeared in June,while December was the lowest.The hightest amounts of actinomyces and fungi were in March,then declined gradually with seasons.The amount of microorganism became higher with years,while the percent of actinomyces and fungi to that one were lower.Compared with open field,the amount of fungi were incread more faster than bacteria in greenhouse cropping.(2) The hightest contents Of microbial biomass carbon occurred in March and June,and incread with different years greenhouse cropping.(3)Changes of seasonal soil enzyme activities were obviously with seasons in different years greenhouse cropping.Except catalase,the maximum enzyme activities of urease,acid phosphatase,neutral phosphatase and invertase occurred in March,the total enzyme activities were declined with years.

Abstract:选择三江平原小叶章湿地不同水分带上的两种土壤类型（草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土）作为研究对象，以NH4Cl为示踪剂，模拟研究了铵态氮在土壤中的水平运移过程。结果表明，两种土壤各土层的铵态氮浓度和水平运移速率均与运移距离呈显著负相关（P〈0．01），并随运移距离的增加呈一阶指数衰减曲线变化。各土层的铵态氮水平运移主要由其对于铵态氮吸附的饱和程度来决定，而运移速率主要受浓度梯度、水势梯度及土壤基质势的控制；两种土壤各土层的铵态氮水平运移速率与土壤含水量大多呈显著正相关（P〈0．05），并随含水量的增加而呈指数增长曲线变化；两种土壤各土层的铵态氮浓度均受土壤水分扩散率的影响，二者大多呈显著正相关（P〈0．05），除草甸沼泽土0～20cm土层的铵态氮浓度随水分扩散率的升高呈Boltzmann曲线变化外，其它土层及腐殖质沼泽土的各土层均随其升高呈指数增长曲线变化；草甸沼泽土要比腐殖质沼泽土的相应土层更有利于铵态氮的水平运移，二者不同土层物理性质的显著差异是导致其铵态氮浓度、水平运移速率随运移距离、土壤含水量及水分扩散率的变化而发生分异的重要原因，而湿地水文条件可能对于二者物理性质的塑造作用有着重要影响。

Abstract:Duckweed is one of the key hydrophyte in floodwater which may effect N transformation in paddy field.It studied the influence of duckweed in different density on N conversion in floodwater after urea application through greenhouse culture.Soil was colleted from Shuangqiao farm,Zhejiang province,which was one of the typical paddy soil in Hangjiahu plain.The results showed that duckweed would accelerate urea hydrolization and the velocity constant of urea hydrolization in control,low-density duckweed(D_1) and high-density duckweed(D_2) treatments were 0.02,0.03 and 0.04/h,respectively.In the first days of the experiment,duckweed may uptake and assimilate large amount of NH~ _4-N and then save them,however,from the 10~(th) day(in D_2 treatment) and the 12~(th) day(in D_1 treatment),part of N was released from duckweed and then NH~ _4-N and NO~-_3-N in floodwater increased obviously.It was indicated that duckweed could save part of N when large amount of N was applied into paddy field while release N when N concentration in floodwater was very low,which was helpful for reducing N rainfall potential and providing N nutrient for paddy rice persistently.

Abstract:利用^15N同位素示踪技术研究了不同的施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素利用和土壤硝态氮的影响。结果表明：底追比例均为5：5，处理2（纯氮施用量为168kg／hm^2）与处理1（纯氮施用量为240kg／hm^2）比较，处理2成熟期植株中土壤氮素的积累量，肥料氮的利用率均高于处理1的，但处理2的土壤硝态氮含量低；籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间处理间无显著差异。纯氮施用量均为168kg／hm^2，氮肥全部用于拔节期追施的处理3与处理2比较，处理3成熟期植株中土壤氮素的积累量，籽粒蛋白质含量、面团稳定时间和0～40cm土层土壤硝态氮的含量均高于处理2的；肥料氮的利用率和籽粒产量处理间无显著差异。成熟期不同处理0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮含量均低于播种前，在60～80cm土层形成累积峰并高于播种前，但80cm以下层次与播前相比无明显差异。

Abstract:Effects of different water treatments on nitrogen accumulation,translocation and grain protein content of wheat for specialized end-uses was studied by using basin-planted form.The results showed that N content of wheat leaf sheath and stem decreased gradually after blooming,while N content in root decreased first and then increased.(1) Nitrogen content of leaf sheath was improved with 80%field capacity treatment for three wheat varieties,N content of stem was not different significantly with three treatments for yumai 34,was improved with 60? treatment for Yumai 49 and was highest with 40% field capacity treatment for Yumai 50.(2) The result of nitrogen translocation volume of vegetative organs showed that Yumai 50> Yumai 49> Yumai 34 in three wheat cultivars and appeared that 80?>60?>40? in different cultivars with different water treatments.(3) The result of nitrogen translocation efficiency showed that 80?>60?>40? in three cultivars.However,N translocation efficiency in stem of different cultivars with different water treatments was different in three cultivars,the results showed that N translocation efficiency was 40?>60?>80? for Yumai 34,60?>40?>80? for Yumai 49,and 60?>80?>40? for Yumai 50.(4) The result of the contribution rate of vegetative organs and total N transferring to grain showed that 80?>60?>40?.The translocation volume and contribution rate of different vegetative organs showed that leaf sheath>stem,and the translocation efficiency of vegetative organs showed that stem>leaf sheath.(5) As for Yumai 34,both grain protein content and yield were highest with 60? treatment,and protein yield was different.For both Yumai 49 and Yumai 50,grain protein content was highest with 40? treatment,while protein yield was highest with 80? treatment.Both grain protein content and yield were different for Yumai 49,and only grain protein content was different significantly for Yumai 50.

Abstract:采用田间小区试验研究了黑色液膜覆盖旱地冬小麦对土壤微生境及产量的影响。在枯水年型条件下，在5，10cm土层中，黑色液膜处理抽穗期的日平均温度分别较对照高2．9℃，0．4℃；黑色液膜处理在10～20cm的土壤容重和0～20cm的平均总孔隙度分别较对照降低3．1％和增加1．90％；黑色液膜处理在小麦拔节～成熟期0～100cm土层的耗水量占全生育期0～200cm土层总耗水量的47．9％，水分利用效率达到0．78kg／m^3，较对照提高22．26％；黑色液膜处理较好地协调了旱地小麦穗数、穗粒数和千粒重，使产量达2188．5kg／hm^2，较对照增产17．95％。该项研究为旱地小麦覆盖材料开辟了新的领域。

Abstract:Inorganic additives could cause effective nutrient of compound fertilizer to decrease in the course of processing and storing. In ordered to solve the problems, the experiment of effective nutrient content changes in the course of processing and storing with different N,P,K fertilizer raw materials and inorganic additives was conducted. The research result indicated that grey bentonite, light red bentonite and calcium carbonate powder would have effect on effective nutrient of compound fertilizer. Inorganic additive should be chose by actual production.

Abstract:Coated slow-release fertilizers were made by coated urea with ~(15)N using three kind of materials(WSU,FSU,GZCU) in maize.The results showed that GZCU greatly controlled the release of N in soil,the content of available-N in GZCU soil was higher in corn entire reproductive period. Sufficient nutrient could be provided in later stager of corn and could meet the need for N absorption and accumulation.Compared with urea,the output of CSFs increased by 5.5%~21.3%.The difference of economic yield between GZCU,FSU treatment and CK treatment is significant.In condition of all fertilizers were basal applied,N use ratio of CSFs is 4.5~19.3 percentage points higher than only supplied by urea.The difference of N utilization ratio between GZCU treatment and FSU treatment is significant.The same to WSU and FSU,but the difference between WSU and CK2 is not significant.

Abstract:A field experiment was conducted to study effects of different combination of nitrogen and phosphorus application on one-year old Aloe under 30; sea water irrigation. Regression equation of the leaf yield to the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus application was estimated. The results obtained showed that the maximum leaf yield of Aloe was obtained within the nitrogen supply amount of N2 to N; and phosphorus of P2 to P;. Over application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers can result in a decreasing trend in the leaf yield. The maximum leaf yield of 26 015 kg/hm^2 calculated from the regression equation occurred when the application amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus reached 141.9 kg/hm^2 and 84.0 kg/hm^2, respectively. At the same rate of phosphorus, the single leaf weight of Aloe was increased with the increase of N application, while the greatest single leaf weight of Aloe was found within the phosphorus supply of P2 to P; when the same amount of N fertilizer was applied. Compared to CK, anthraquinon content in the mature leaf was increased by combined application of N and P fertilizers, with the greatest increases by 23 ; at N;P2. The co-provision of N and P fertilizer helped to increase the leaf Anthraquinon content in leaf. In comparison of the sole application of N, Anthraquinon content was greater in the plants supplied with both N and P fertilizers. Aloin contents in leaves were increased by 5% to 132% at the different combinations of N and P fertilizers. The greatest aloin content occurred at N; and was significantly greater than that of No, N; and N4, irrespective of the application amount of phosphorus. Increasing of application was propitious for improving Aaloin content in leaf at low supply rate of N.

Abstract:GPS-survey technology is becoming an effective tool for determining topographic-related parameters. We hypothesized that the topographic-related parameters extracted from different scales of GPS survey are uncertain and the uncertainty will be especially large with respect to gully-related parameters. Four GPS-survey scales of 3, 5, 10, and 20-meter grid were conducted in Majiasongpo gully catchment located in Xichang area, SW-China. Topographic parameters including slope gradient, profile curvature, and gully system were derived from grid DEMs established using ArcGIS 8. 2 software. The results indicated that the average slope gradient and average profile curvature and gully density significantly decreased with the increase of GPS-survey grid, suggesting a lower value of gully-related parameters with big GPS-survey grid than with small GPS-survey grid. A GPS-survey scale of 5 m grid is suitable for establishing DEMs in quantifying gully-related parameters whereas a 3 or less than 3 m GPS-survey scale can meet with study needs of rills and shallow gullies in the upper Yangtze River basin.

Abstract:根据对曹娥江水系三典型支流2004年逐月进行水质监测分析，通过时空变异两个角度对这3条支流的水质进行了对比研究。结果表明：（1）以农业非点源污染为主的山溪性河流水质最好；以农业非点源污染为主的河谷平原河流水质次之，但水体富营养化现象比较严重；受工业废水和城市生活污水污染的支流河流水质最差，有机物和氮磷指标严重超标。（2）3条支流中4个化学指标（NO3^--N、NH4^＋-N、TP、CODMn）在各个雨期之间浓度变化具有十分相似的规律。NO3^--N浓度在丰水期较高，在枯水期较低；NH4^＋-N浓度在丰水期较低，枯水期较高；TP浓度各个雨期之间都变化不大，相对稳定；CODMn浓度在各个雨期之问存在变化，但都没有明显的规律。

Abstract:The terrain is expansion in incidental zone of western Liaoning. The rainwater for crop production is autarky although the drought taken place frequently. The primary problem is that there have no synchronization between the space-time distribution and crop production. But runoff holding-up and its utilizing has been ignored. The held-up moisture on the field have not been used effectively yet. A distinct effect has been gotten By using a series of technology with holding-up runoff and saving it.

Abstract:研究表明,半干旱区梯田平均可拦蓄入渗92.4%的雨水径流及泥沙,正常年份2 m土层有效贮水量比坡地多112~184 mm,可基本满足当地春小麦160.7 mm的亏缺水分的补给;增加土壤水分的高峰期主要在3~5月和7月份,增加量为9.15~46.41 mm,对本区土壤水分的快速补充恢复和缓解5,6月份的“卡脖旱”具有极其显著的作用;建成3年以上的梯田较10°以上的坡地增产幅度可达27.07%~52.78%,水分利用效率也高1.01~3.38 kg/(mm.hm2)。在限量供水条件下,相应的水分利用效率平均达17.9 kg/(mm.hm2),比旱作提高14.42%。因此,是半干旱区聚水增产的重要措施之一。

Abstract:Spatial variability of soil salinity and moisture for all depth layers was measured and analyzed by using statistics and geo-statistics,which was performed in characteristic field of Yellow River Delta.The results indicated that soil salinity and moisture for all depth layers were generally high,and salt accumulation at the surface soil layer was significant;Soil salinity for all depth layers exhibited moderate spatial variability,and soil moisture of surface layer exhibited moderate spatial variation while soil moisture of other layers exhibited week spatial variability;Soil salinity and moisture for all depth layers showed moderate spatial autocorrelation resulting from compound impact of structural and random factors.The spatial distribution map of soil salinity and moisture interpolated by Kriging interpolation showed apparently that to some extent there existed spatial correlativity and variability between soil salinity(or soil moisture) distribution maps of different depth layers.The spatial distribution of soil salinity and moisture for surface layer was mostly controlled by micro-topography and climatic conditions,while the spatial distribution of soil salinity and moisture for deeper layers was mainly controlled by groundwater properties.The surface layer soil salinity and soil moisture of corresponding layers were used to estimate soil salinity of deeper layers by CoKriging method respectively,it is shown that the interpolation precision of CoKriging method was higher than that of Kriging method,and the precision of CoKriging estimation by surface layer soil salinity was significantly higher than that by soil moisture,the estimated variance could be decreased by 167.36% compared with that estimated by Kriging method.

Abstract:Huajiang Valley is a karst gorge of serious stony-desertification.The moisture is the main restriction factor of plant growth in Huajiang Valley.So to choose the appropriate vegetation type to fully utilize precipitation and prevent soil erosion is an important element in the Huangjiang Valley district.The spatial and temporal distribution character of soil moisture under the different vegetation in Huajiang Valley is studied in this article.And the right plant type which can be more beneficial to ecological balance and conserve water and soil is also discussed.The results show that not only on the spatial distribution,but also on the temporal distribution,the Chinese prickly ash has the best efficacy to converse water and soil.In a word,the Chinese prickly ash can improve the ecological and economic benefits of Huajiang Valley.

Abstract:This research is based on the Wulong mountain pumped storage power project in Hills red soil region of Zhejiang province.First the land-use maps and vegetation maps before and after the construction are generated with ARCVEW software,by using the SPOT images in 2004 as the basic information sources,the project initial design as the bases,and by ways of material collection,field work,quadrat investigation and analysis of satellite and aero images.With these maps,three evaluation factors(land-use,vegetation and eco-integrity) are chosen to analyze the potential effect of the construction on the ecological environment.The result shows that the effect brings certain impact on land-use and vegetation of the area(namely,an increase in land-use types,a slight change in the area of each type,no change in vegetation types,and adecrease in vegetation area,biomass and productivity value).Yet the environmental effect of the project will not essentially alter the original eco-integrity of the evaluated area.The eco-system remains its complete structure and consistent operating process.

Abstract:In the different land types,the different natural vegetation communities exist,which the dominant species are also different.Here on the basis of land use types from two phrases of TM satellite image,the dynamic changes of natural vegetation in the northeastern Ulanbuh Desert were analyzed.The main results are that the area for fixed sand land and semifixed sand land decrease,and the mobile sand land increase,and the salinate fields also shrunk.Subsequently,the ecological water uses for natural vegetation were calculated with indirect method.The following results are presented.The ecological water use for Caragana community is about 50.01 percent of the total water use,Artemisia Nitraria Ammopiptanthus community is 41.03%,Haloxylon community 7.38%,and Tamarix community in salinate fields is about 1.58%.

Abstract:It was based on TM remote sensing image during three periods of 1979, 1990 and 2004 in Dumeng country, northeastern province. It uses GIS technology as the data integration analysis platform and obtains land utilization information in different periods of 20 years and conducted the land-use. An ecological risk index was constructed based on the land-use structure; The semivarogram analysis and the system sampling method was used to make it a spatial variable; the block Kriging were conducted to study the spatial characteristics and inherent causes of regional ecological risk in the working area and we put forward the protective measures in high ecological risk areas in Dumeng County.

Abstract:Based on Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System,it acquired land-use datum of Xiaojiang Basin in 1987,1995 and 2000.It presented land use change during 1987~2000,such as land-use change range and rate,conversion among land-use types and development trend of land-use pattern in 2015 by using Markov Probability Model.The studying findings were as following: farmland,woodland,town and resident land increased quickly from 1987 to 2000,especially farmland;farmland increased from 345.1 km~2 in 1987 to 398.7 km~2 in 2000.The land use change rate was rapid and the annual change rate reached to 0.49%.For each land-use type,the change rate of town and resident land was largest among all land-use types,and it was 3.52%;and next were farmland and water land.The increased farmland mainly came from woodland,grassland and water land;and some woodland was degenerated to grassland,accounting for 12.64%,except for woodland converting to farmland.Grassland and barren land changed a little.By 2015,area and proportion of farmland,woodland,water land,town and resident land will increase,and the area and proportion of grassland and barren land will decrease.

Abstract:Based on the remote sensing data acquired in 1984, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001, the land use/land cover types of the Yellow River Delta are classified. The spatial pattern and land use/land cover changes from 1984 to 2001 are analyzed. As a whole, the total area of land continuously increased from 1984 in the Yellow River Delta. The main land use/land cover types are dry land and waste land. The area of dry land decreases sharply, while the area of waste land changes little. In every period, the area of changed land is about one third. The most frequent land use change types are changes between arable land and waste land. The area from arable land to waste land is the largest from 1986. The changes between waste land and vegetation land and between vegetation land and arable land are also rapid.

Abstract:On the basis of the principles of landscape ecology, a indicator system of regional landscape patterns was proposed.Using 3S technique and TM remote sensing image,some useful data was obtained and the situation of the regional landscape patterns was analyzed.Aimed at some alternate designs of Heishanxia hydroelectric development along the Yellow River,the impacts of each alternate design's implementation to regional landscape patterns were studied.Compared with other alternate designs of Heishanxia hydroelectric development,it was found that the design of series of power stations may be the best one.The study shows that if the design is put in practice,little changes will occur with respect to diversity,homogeneity and ecological risk index of the regional landscape,and little influence will cause on primary regional landscape patterns.Thus,the characters and functions of the primary ecosystem in the area will be kept well.

Abstract:Methods used in common in mathematical model and landscape ecology can reflect well the present status of regional ecological pressure and compare breadthwise between regions. Being short of lengthways comparison, it cannot reflect well the characteristics of regional ecological pressure and safety. Considering landscape ecological original value in certain period and human activity, this paper established landscape ecological background value. Using landscape ecological background value for reference, this study assessed regional ecological pressure and safety by degree of departure. The results not only can show clearly the characteristics of regional ecological pressure and security, but also can disclose the degree and characteristics of regional ecological pressure and safety imposed by human factors.

Abstract:在成都平原麦收后围绕免耕 麦秸覆盖还田栽种水稻的产量效应进行了研究,结果表明,(1)免耕处理较传统耕作水稻显著增产,主要是显著增加了单位面积有效穗数;(2)免耕 麦秸覆盖还田后,水稻产量增加,秸秆还田量与产量的关系符合多项式y=7238.6 0.0117x 2.12×10-5x2-1.49×10-9x3(R=0.988**),理论上还田麦秸以10 089 kg/hm2时水稻产量最高,此后开始下降;(3)与传统耕作比较,在水稻生长期,免耕明显加重了杂草的发生,但通过秸秆覆盖后可减少杂草发生,且表现出随秸秆还田量增加杂草量明显减少的趋势;在水稻收获后的休闲期,免耕表现出有抑制杂草发生的作用,且这种效果随着秸秆还田的增加而增强。

Abstract:To study the effect of precipitation on Scutellaria baicalensis and define the suitable water condition for the growth of Scutellaria baicalensis. The water supply experiment was done for 4 treatments which simulate growing seasonal rainfall of Scutellaria baicalensis. Morphological indicators and dry matter weight of each organ were determined; and calculated the ratio of dry matter of each organ in total biomass of Scutellaria baicalensis. The results indicated that root dry weight, shoot dry weight and total biomass of Scutellaria baicalensis dealing with more and fewer amount of water were lower. Insufficient water supply had greater effects on shoot than on roots. Root dry weight, shoot dry weight and total biomass of Scutellaria baicalensis were higher under slight and moderate drought stress. Scutellaria baicalensis was better in drought resistance, The growth of shoot and roots was harmonious, matter distribution of each organ was reasonable and the output was high in the condition of 321 450 mm of the annual rainfall and 250-350 mm of seasonal rainfall.

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chelated micronutrient fertilizers(amino acid and EDTA chelated) and inorganic micronutrient fertilizer on growth of rice cultivated in aerobic soil.Results regarding biomass,biological properties,chlorophyll and IAA contents showed non-significant differences between amino acid chelated micronutrient fertilizer(AA-Met) and EDTA chelated micronutrient fertilizers(EDTA-Met),whereas these differences were highly significant when AA-Met and inorganic micronutrient fertilizer treatments were practiced.The protein contents of different type micronutrient fertilizer treatments were significant difference and were in the following order: AA-Met>EDTA-Met>inorganic micronutrient fertilizer.The biomass,chlorophyll and IAA contents of different content of AA-Met showed non-significant differences when AA-Met1 and AA-Met2 were applied whereas these differences were highly significant when AA-Met2 and AA-Met3 were practiced.AA-Met will take the place of EDTA chelated fertilizer and can be widely broadcasted because of its low dosage,low cost and high efficiency.

Abstract:In order to promote the development of grassland,stack base and local ecological agriculture,we carried out experiment of selecting grasses with strong regeneration,high production and high WUE(water using efficiency).We studied the production,the rate of growth and the efficiency of water usage of regenerating grasses of 4 types in 2005.It shows that the second generation grasses of introduced types have higher production than the local grass,hooked Bristlegrass.Three types of introduced grasses,Macroptilium atropurpureum Siratro,Setaria sphacelata Narok,Brachiaria decumbens Basilisk are high throughput,more WUE,and stronger ability of regenerating,they thus are the grasses suitably planted in the hot-dry area of Jinsha River watershed.

Abstract:为了探求大气CO2浓度升高对土壤腐殖质及其组成的影响，为大气CO2浓度升高条件下土壤生物化学过程的变化提供依据，通过稻-麦轮作FACE（Free-air CO2 enrichment）平台研究了正常施氮水平下水稻土壤有机碳及其各组分对大气CO2浓度升高的响应。研究结果表明：不同土层的腐殖质组分含量有所差异，表层（0～15cm）土壤腐殖化程度较高，表层的土壤有机碳（SOC）、水溶性碳（WSOC）、胡敏酸（HA）、富里酸（FA）、胡敏素（HM）数量均高于下层（15～30cm）。大气CO2浓度升高，增加了表层和下层的SOC，促进了土壤有机质的积累；使表层WSOC有增加趋势，但对下层没有显著影响；降低了土壤中可提取腐殖物质中HA的比例（PQ），土壤的腐殖化度下降，有利于HA的分解与转化和FA的积累；对土壤HM没有显著影响。

Abstract:The characteristics,such as standing crop,water holding capacity,and proportional water holding capacity and absorption rates,were studied in plantations of Michelia macclurei,Schima superba and Castanopsis fissa.The dry litter standing crop of M.macclurei,S.superba and C.fissa were 10 488,5 159 and 5 583 kg/hm~2,respectively.The order of total water holding capacity of litter was M.macclurei>C.fissa>S.superba before 2 h immersed in water and was C.fissa>M.macclurei>S.superba after 2 h immersed in water.The biggest water holding capacity of litter of C.fissa woodland was the largest(17 709 kg/hm~2) among the three woodlands,followed by the M.macclurei woodland(16 576 kg/hm~2) and the S.superba woodland(13 374 kg/hm~2).The proportional water holding capacity as a percentage of the litter dry weight in M.macclurei,S.superba and C.fissa woodlands were 158%,258% and 309%,respectively.The total water holding capacity and proportional water holding capacity of litter increased logarithmically with increasing time immersed in water.The order of water absorption rate of litter in the three woodlands was C.fissa>S.superba>M.macclurei.Water absorption rates of litter in all plantations decreased according to equation Y=a b/t with increasing time immersed in water.

Abstract:应用地理信息系统技术支持下的环境梯度分析方法，充分利用GIS强大的空间分析功能，选取了海拔、降水量、温度、坡度和坡向5个影响因子，将各环境因子分布图分别与秦岭植被类型分布图叠加，对植被分布与环境梯度的关系进行了研究及统计分析，得出结论：（1）证明植被分布与海拔、降水、温度、坡度和坡向之间是相互制约、相互影响的；（2）海拔是决定秦岭植被分布的主导生态梯度，随着海拔高度的增加，环境中的水热因子发生变化，形成水热因子的复合梯度，生境中所对应的植物种类相应改变；坡度、坡向体现了山体南仰北俯的地形特点，对植被分布的影响是次要的；（3）反映了植被的连续性变化、各植被类型的最优生长环境区间及植被与环境梯度的分布规律，定量描述了各植被类型的海拔、降水量、温度、坡度和坡向分布，结合实际给出了理论解释，证明了GIS结合生态分析方法在秦岭山地植被与环境梯度的关系研究中是十分有效的。

Abstract:Based on collecting meteorological data and field test result, accurate irrigation and automatic control fertilization using the technology of artificial intelligence are compiled by language C, which according to water equilibrium principle, object yield of crop and information of fertility character and so on. The chip micro-comupter is the center of system controller. The high precision detector of soil moisture monitors, devices of soil moisture, irrigators and fertilizing tanks connect with the controller. So the intact control system is built. It can do many things, such as, gathering data, necessary rate of irrigation and fertilizer application to various crops in the period of growth, flow control of spray irrigation, accomplish irrigation and fertilization automatically by way of manmachine conversation and menu choice. According to different crop, different regions, climate and crop of different periods, the system can judge whether the amount of water stored of farmland and soil drops to the lower limit index that the crop and confirm quantity of irrigation and fertilization. In the end, irrigating and fertilizing can be finished automatically. The system can based on the width of field auto-adjust sprinkler pattern range and divide several microplot by the plot-area;it can adjust praying density and discharge of fertilizer based on compatibility of the fertilizer and allocating fertilizer which the system running. So automatic accurate irrigation and fertilization is realized. The system can offer seven corp decision-making actualize project of the accurate irrigation and fertilization such as the wheat, the corn, the cotton, et al. It has the favorable expansibility.