Abstract:In order to examine the effect of alternative tillage practices on crop yield,water conservation and soil loss,a field study was conducted over a period of 6 years.On field plots near Luoyang(Henan province) the following tillage practices were applied: reduced tillage,no-tillage,subsoiling and conventional tillage.Rainfall simulation experiments were done to examine the effect of tillage on runoff and soil losses.Negligible runoff amounts were observed on the no-tillage plot.Long-term tillage practices did not have significant effects on the saturated hydraulic conductivity.Comparing runoff occurred at same plot under different situation found that both antecedent soil moisture content and rainfall intensity significantly influenced the rate of runoff.No-tillage showed the best effect on soil and water conservation.Subsoiling reduced runoff and soil losses by more than 50% and 90% respectively,compared to conventional tillage.Although soil losses under reduced tillage decreased by half compared to conventional tillage,the differences in runoff amounts were small.No-tillage and Subsoiling had similar beneficial effect on water conservation under natural rainfall;however,it only took effect after two years consecutive practices.Reduced tillage had a negative effect on the runoff compared to conventional tillage.For every year of the field trial period,subsoiling was found to give the highest yields.On average,an increase of 9.4% was observed compared to conventional tillage.The effects of no-tillage on the yield were not uniform.No-tillage could increase yield except rain rich year,while a slightly lower yield was found under reduced tillage.Because yield is an important criterion in promoting alternative tillage practices towards farmers,subsoiling can be regarded as a promising measure to improve soil and water conservation in the eastern loess plateau of china.

Abstract:试验设置4种处理类型，建立6个径流小区，对松散堆积土水土流失进行定位定量观测和比较研究（其中：2小区为裸露堆积土，2小区为堆积土种草，2小区分别为原状裸露地和自然坡地对照）。研究表明：①松散堆积土与原状裸露地相比，前者土壤侵蚀模数、径流量是后者的3．0倍和1、7倍；②松散堆积土种草1年与未种草相比，水土流失量前者比后者减少了75.8%，径流深前者比后者低55．5％；③观察年的3～6月和7～9月这两个时段松散堆积土水土流失总量分别占全年的42．9％和55．3％，两者合计占98．1％，表明3～9月是亚热带红壤区水土流失主要时段。④松散堆积土种草3个月后，基本覆盖地表，土壤侵蚀量比未种草减少9．3倍。与此同时采用数理统计方法，分析水土流失量与降雨量、平均雨强、雨型等关系，同时得出4种类型的侵蚀性降雨量值。这些研究成果可为亚热带红壤区开发建设项目的水土流失防治提供科学依据。

Abstract:After five models of converting cropland to forest in low-mountain and high-mountain areas in Beichuanhe watershed of Datong county of Qinghai province were selected respectively,the hydrology effects were analyzed.The water-holding capacity of the canopy,litter layer and soil in different species arrangement models were increased along with biomass of the canopy and existent mass of litter layer.The water-holding capacity of soil was the biggest(>97%) in the total water-holding capacity of forest.The more the total pore space,the bigger the final infiltration rates.In the low-hill area,the total water-holding capacity of the canopy and litter layer of model D(Hippophae rhamnoides)was the biggest,that was 1.43 mm and 1.87 mm respectively;The total water-holding capacity of soil and forest of model C(Populus cathayana Lycium barbarum),which was 327.88 mm and 329.07 mm respectively,ranks first place in different models of species distribution.The final infiltration rate of model A(Paeonia veitchii) is better than others,which is 4.8 mm/min.In the remote-hill area,the total water-holding capacity of canopy,litter layer,soil and forest of model F(Picea crassifolia) ranks first place in different models, which was 2.37 mm,6.24 mm,323.3 mm and 331.91 mm respectively,and the final infiltration rate of soil is 6.8 mm/min.

Abstract:通过对北川县退耕还林中林药、林茶桑、林草牧农林复合经营模式的水土保持效应监测,各模式在水土保持效应方面都显著优于其对照,径流量和泥沙量约为各自对照值的1/3~1/2;泥沙流失量和径流系数大小顺序为:林草牧模式<林茶桑模式<林药模式;保水和保土能力方面:林茶桑模式>林药模式>林草牧模式。各模式的水土侵蚀模数为林药模式10 510 t/(km2.a)、林茶桑模式1 036 t/(km2.a)、林草牧模式487 t/(km2.a),3个模式总计减少泥沙流失量近105 t/a,总计涵养水源超过105 m3/a,取得了显著的生态效应,同时也带动了地方经济的发展。

Abstract:Studying the soil water,physical and chemical properties as well as enzyme activity of different ecological restoration measures in Ningnan hilly area,the results showed that:the soil average moisture content in the farmland was the highest(18.61%),next the forest land was 16.73%,the artificial lawn was 9.95%,the natural pasture was the smallest(9.20%);the order of soil total porosity,soil hydrolysis N was forest land> farmland >artificial lawn >natural pasture;the order of the average content of soil capillary tube porosity,soil fast-acting phosphorus is: artificial lawn> forest land >farmland> natural pasture;the average content of the soil organic matter is the bush forest land > farmland > natural pasture > artificial lawn;the average content of the soil fast-acting potassium is the natural pasture > farmland > artificial lawn >bush forest land;the soil urine enzyme content is the artificial lawn > natural pasture = farmland > forest land;the soil sucrase,the polyphenol oxidase content is the artificial lawn > natural pasture >forest land;the hydrogen peroxide oxidase content is the artificial lawn > natural pasture = farmland > forest land.

Abstract:At present,in the arid wind-desert region,by the means of constructing forestation,developing to defend and control the sands is the main technical measures by which we can carry on the ecological construction and the preventing and controlling land degeneration.Therefore,through selecting the symbol target of soil structure,the moisture content,the nutrient,the vegetation as the appraisal targets,which showed land degenerated or not,we studied these indexes changes after constructing the artificial Caragana intermedia in the degeneration sand of arid wind-desert region.The results showed: in the arid wind-desert region of Yanchi,Ningxia,constructing suitable density artificial Caragana intermedia(1 665 clump /hectare,2 490 clump /hectare) could increase the vegetation fraction,comprehensively improve the soil physical and chemical property,the soil moisture condition as well as the stability of the vegetation community in the degenerated sand.

Abstract:In the rainfall process there are many factors which can effect runoff and infiltration.On the basis of data from 15 simulated rainfalls,this article received several conclusions as follows:(1)As far as the effect on runoff and infiltration is concerned,rainfall intensity is the crucial factor which could be influenced by increase of cover ratio mostly with the comparative decrease of runoff and increase of infiltration.(2)Effect of gradient on runoff and infiltration can also be influenced by rainfall intensity,in other words,the effects of these factors will be influenced and promoted each other,and the finally effect will be stronger than the numerically sum of each sole effect.(3)There are different modes of effect on runoff and infiltration owing to different form reasons of cover ratio.For example,different growth periods and different plant characters will weaken the effect of biology cover ratio on runoff and infiltration.

Abstract:The simulative soil columns in the laboratory were used to research the movement and transformation of zinc forms in uprightness direction in vegetable garden soils which experenced rainfall of a year. Study shows that it was difficult for most of the zinc forms to move following the water movement. Rainfall in one year could make water soluable zinc loss no more than 0. 57 percent of total zinc. The easily absorbed EX-Zn,CABS-Zn and OM Zn could be transformed from 3 % RES-Zn and 4 %OX-Zn by the water movement and by the added zinc and phosphorous. Following the increasing use of zinc, the availibility index could be increased by 30% to 78 % and 3.12- 10.07 mg/kg total amount of available zinc could also be strengthened. Phosphorous and zinc could be more effective to the plant after adding 50 mg/kg phosphorous to the soil, furthermore,the availibility index increasing was 3% to 28%, the total amount of available zinc could be increased by 0.04-0.28 mg/kg too.

Abstract:Soil column is used to study the characteristics of the movement of phosphate in uprightness direction in brown soil which is in one year rainfall condition. The result shows that the significant correlation coefficient of fertilization quantity and available P,retainable P is 0. 991 41,0. 997 74;the better correlation coefficient of soluble P,Al-P and available P is 0. 972,0. 926. The 25 mg/kg fertilizer P in combination with 2 500 mg/kg chicken feces can reduce the eluviate rate,and can improve Olsen-P of the soil markedly,be equal to 50 mg/kg fertilizer P singly;the fertilizer P in combination with straw have little influence of available P,but can reduce the movement of phosphorous.

Abstract:In an undisturbed column experiment,the nitrogen leaching losses in the powder soil and blue clayey paddy soil was studied by applied urea with new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate(DMPP).The results showed that,within the 60 days of the experiment,in the powder soil and blue clayey paddy soil,the accumulative leaching losses of soil nitrate in treatment with DMPP were 66.8% and 69.4% lower,while ammonium-N were 9.7% and 6.7% higher than normal urea treatment,respectively,and the accumulative leaching losses of soil(ammonium nitrate)-N were 59.1% and 63.0% lower.After experiment,inorganic nitrogen content in the 0~15 cm layer soil were 28.2% and 34.1% larger,and the nitrogen vertical transfer was greatly declined.The fact that the application of DMPP could obviously decrease the nitrogen leaching losses from soil could contribute to the nitrification inhibitor effects of DMPP on the retard of ammonium nitrification for about 60 days.It is suggested that the DMPP could be used as an effective nitrification inhibitor to control the nitrate leaching losses and minimize the underground water pollution risk.

Abstract:Soil indoors model experiments were carried out to study effects of aluminum sulfate(Al_2(SO_4)_3) on improved effectiveness and forms of phosphorus.The results showed that different Al_2(SO_4)_3 amounts and the same amounts of phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer could obviously promote emergence rate and growth of wheat.If amounts of Al_2(SO_4)_3 and nitrogen fertilizer were given,applying different amounts of phosphate fertilizer,emergence rate and growth of wheat didn't change significantly.Whether phosphate fertilizer application or not,curves of available phosphorus were all decreased with increment of Al_2(SO_4)_3.If amounts of Al_2(SO_4)_3 were given,available phosphorus contents were increased with increment of phosphate fertilizer.Fractions of inorganic phosphorus in original soil and improved soils were studied.The results showed that the sequences of components of inorganic phosphorus were followed O-P>Ca_(10)-P>Al-P>Fe-P>Ca_2-P>Ca_8-P.The application of phosphate fertilizer made the components of inorganic phosphorus changed greatly.The changeable sequences of inorganic phosphorus content of soils improved by different Al_2(SO_4)_3 amounts were followed Ca_2-P>Ca_8-P>Al-P>O-P>Fe-P>Ca_(10)-P.Under different Al_2(SO_4)_3 amounts condition,Ca_8-P and O-P were the valid complement of Ca_2-P;under different phosphate fertilizer amounts condition,Ca_8-P,Al-P and Fe-P became the valid complement of Ca_2-P.

Abstract:苏打盐碱土添加硫酸铝后，土壤理化性状发生了显著改善。土壤物理性质表现为：土壤结构有显著改善，土壤团聚体（〉0．005mm）数量明显增加，土壤容重降低．膨胀度增加，孔隙度增大，土壤渗透性能及持水能力增强。土壤化学性质表现为：Al^3＋水解产生大量H^＋，降低了水田湛水层和土层的pH值；随硫酸铝用量的增加，土壤阳离子交换量呈显著递增，碱化度显著降低；CO3^2-和HC3^-含量也随硫酸铝用量的增加而降低。以上结果表明苏打盐碱土添加硫酸铝后，土壤结构得到良好改善，土壤盐分组成发生了显著变化，由苏打型→苏打-硫酸盐型→硫酸盐型。同时，苏打盐碱土理化性质的改良也为作物生长创造了良好的土壤环境。

Abstract:Application of bacteria, which were named as B2 and B67 isolated by the authors, could enhance crop yield and quality. The content of available phosphate and fertility of soil were improved, especially along with chemical fertilizer. Height, fresh weight and dry weight of maize were increased to 15.2 % - 89.2 % respectively, by combination of phosphate liberation bacteria with chemical fertilizer relatively to control. The nutrient accumulation per plant was increasedto 20 % - 146% compared with control. The fresh weight, dry weight and biomass of Chinese cabbage were increased to 15.8%-41.6% by phosphate liberation bacteria with chemical fertilizer compared with those of control. Height, grain number per ear, grain weight per ear and biomass of wheat were significant enhanced by combination of phosphate liberation bacteria with chemical fertilizer. Field experiment demonstrated that combination of phosphate liberation bacteria with chemical fertilizer promoted yield production for a few crops. When bacteria B2 and B67 were incubated to Shanxi typical soil types, available phosphate was enhanced and was roughly 1.35-3.04 times of that in control soil sample. Also it was found that phosphate lyolysis was positively related to available number of bacteria and phosphatase activity in soil. Phosphate liberation bacteria improved both available phosphate and available potassium in the soil.

Abstract:采用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究了安徽省不同类型土壤无机磷组分含量状况、土壤无机磷组分在土壤剖面中的含量分布以及施用磷肥对土壤无机磷组分含量的影响，结果表明：安徽省土壤无机磷含量高低排序为菜园土〉潮土〉水稻土砂姜黑土〉黄褐土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉紫色土；土壤无机磷含量的地域分布特征明显，皖北地区土壤无机磷含量明显高于皖南地区。石灰性土壤无机磷组分以Ca—P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的60％左右，其次为O-P，而Fe—P和Al～P含量较少；酸性土壤无机磷组分以O-P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的50％左右，其次为Fe—P和Al—P，Ca—P相对含量小于10％。菜园土无机磷积累特别明显，特别是积累了较多的Ca2—P和Ca8-P。水稻土无机磷组成变化较大，其含量主要取决于水稻土的成土母质。在菜园土的土壤剖面中，上部土层磷素积累明显，菜园土0～20cm土层中无机磷含量与60～80cm土层的比值为4．12，其他类型土壤表土层也有无机磷积累现象。施用磷肥可以明显提高土壤无机磷含量，在作物生长前期，施用的磷主要转化为生物有效性较高的Ca2-,Ca8-P,Al-P和Fe—P，在作物生长后期，O—P和Ca10—P才出现积累。

Abstract:The plot experiments were conducted to study the effects of land utilization of municipal sludge and lake sediment on nutrients and heavy metals(Cd,Pb) in soil-plant system.The results showed that content of nutrients could be increased in the soil by application of municipal sludge and lake sediment,heavy metals of Cd,Pb accumulated in the surface soil layer without migrating downward into deep soil layer.With the increasing of application of municipal sludge and lake sediment on soil,the yield of wheat seed and the content of nutrients,absorbed by wheat,both increased,but mass of nutrients accumulated in the soil,the accumulation of heavy metals were in an order: root>stem>seed,Cd>Pb,the content of heavy metals of Cd,Pb in wheat seed were not exceeded the National Control Hygienic Standard for Foods,municipal sludge and lake sediment could be applied 5 years and 6 years on soil continuously,even the amount of application was 100 t/hm~2 and 200 t/hm~2.

Abstract:The study of effects of planting structure changes on soil nutrients was important significance in both theory and practice.In the case of four towns of Shouguang in Shandong province,the research results indicated that,the planting structure have been considerably changed in this region from 1980 to 2004, and the soil nutrient contents significantly increased at the same times.The average value of soil organic matter content was increased by 26.3%.The contents of alkali-released nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium were increased by 28.77%,755.04% and 194.35%,respectively.The contents of available Fe,Zn,Cu,Mn,Mo and B in soils were also significantly increased by 191.77%,487.77%,47.90%,22.83%,97.23% and 76.80%,respectively.The ranges of soil nutrient increase were different in three different planting types.The order for the increase of soil organic matter was vegetable soil>grain crop soil>orchard soil.The order for the increase of alkali-release N,available P,K,Zn and Mn was vegetable soil > orchard soil > grain crop soil.The order for the increase of available Fe and Cu was orchard soil>grain crop soil > vegetable soil.The order for the increase of available Mo and B was grain crop soil >vegetable soil > orchard soil.The increase of amount of fertilizer application was the main reason for the result of soil nutrient increase from the planting structure changes.

Abstract:The change of the content of water,nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium were studied through flue-cured tobacco field experiments.Results showed: the content of water in surface layer soil was acutely affected by the outside,but the content of water in deep layer soil was mildly affected by the outside. Less rainfall,film-mulching had remarkable effect of water storage and moisture conservation;More rainfall,the effect of water storage and moisture conservation wasn't remarkable.The content of nitrogen and potassium was distinctly effected by the different duration of film-mulching.The longer duration of film-mulching last,the more nutrient moved up and riched in the top of ridge with film-mulching.But the content of phosphorus was mildly affected.In the treatment of removing in 20,30 days after transplanting,the nutrients riched in the surface layer of soil were leached in the tilth layer and absorbed by the tobacco plant.In the treatment of removing in 40 days after transplanting,the tobacco plant absorbed more nutrients in latter stage,which were not easy to come into being high quality leaves.The more fertilizer was leached in no-mulching treatment than that of other treatment.The most fertilizer riched in the top of ridge in the no-removing film treatment,the roots were ruined because of high temperature,the fertilizer were deficient in latter stage,the tobacco plants were easy to be devitalized early.

Abstract:One-year old seedlings of six broad-leaved tree species,Michelia macclurei,Castanopsis fissa,Castanopsis sclerophylla,Castanopsis kawakamii,Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia and Castanopsis lamontii,were separately planted under 25-year-old Masson's pine plantation,and developed into different closed mixed forests after 16 years.The major chemical properties of the soils supporting the six mixed stands and the pure Masson's pine plantation were analyzed to study the response of the soils to the interplanting practice.The results showed that planting broad-leaved species(excluding Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia) under Masson's pine stand significantly increased organic matter contents in the surface soils(0~20 cm).The average contents of total K,Mg,Ca, N and P in the soils beneath all the seven types of stands(including pure Masson's pine stand) were 11.41,6.64,4.33,1.45,and 0.46 g/kg,respectively,suggesting the soils holding abundant K,Mg and Ca,but lacking N and P.Establishment of mixed forests,to some extents,improved the status of N and P supplies in the soils.The contents of available N and P featuring the mixed stands were consistently greater than the single-species plantation,but reverse for available K.The average pH value of the soils under the mixed stands was 4.40 in the depth of 0~20 cm,4.61 in 20~40 cm,and 4.68 in 40~60 cm,but the pH values in the corresponding soil layers under pure stand were 4.39,4.41 and 4.42, respectively,indicating interplanting broad-leaved species decreased the acidity of the soil solutions.The practice of growing broad-leaved species(except Castanopsis sclerophylla) under Masson's pine canopy elevated percent base saturation of the soils,due to the interactive effects of decreased exchange acidity and increased basic cation concentrations.

Abstract:The effects of fertilization treatments on soil bulk density, soil structure, soil porosity, soil water physical properties and contents of SOM, soil N and soil P2O5 are studied based on the 18 years long-term experiment on chestnut-cinnamon soil in loess hilly. The results show that the long-term organic fertilizer application helps maintain and improve the soil pore conditions, to bring about formation of water stable aggregate, and improve soil water infiltration and water-holding capability. Soil physical properties in treatments of inorganic fertilizer ap- plication are better than them in the treatment of no fertilization, but are worse than them in the same treatments at beginning of the experiment conducted. The application of both organic and inorganic fertilizer helps reduce the bad effect of inorganic fertilizer on soil physical property. The soil physical properties in the treatment of no fertilization are tending to deteriorate. Contents of SOM, soil N and soil P2O5 are increased significantly in the treatments of organic application only and applications both organic and inorganic fertilizer, but the effects of the later is better, and the effects of inorganic fertilizer application are not significant.

Abstract:This article emphatically reviews the difference of soil chemical properties and biochemical activities between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil in different stages of Casuarina equisetifolia.It also reviews their dynamic patterns during Casuarina equisetifolia development.The result showed as follows:(1)In different stages of C.equisetifolia protection forest development, the pH value in rhizosphere soil was lower than that in non-rhizosphere soil and it shows the trend of declination in both rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil;The contents of organic matter,total N and hydrolytic N in rhizosphere soil was more than those in non-rhizosphere soil;Hydrolytic N shows the trend of declination in both rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil form half-mature stage to mature-stage;the content of total P and available P decreases from young stage to near-mature stage,and rehabilitate a little at mature stage;the content of total K and available K increases in rhizosphere soil.(2)In different stages of C.equisetifolia plantation development,the CEC,hydrolytic acidity and exchange Mg~(2 ) in rhizosphere soil were more than those in non-rhizosphere soil,except for exchange Ca~(2 ) in young C.equisetifolia protection forest;the CEC of soil arrive its max in half-mature stage.(3)As for the variation of the soil enzyme activity in different stages of C.equisetifolia protection forest,phosphataese,peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were more active in rhizosphere soil than in non-rhizosphere soil;there was no obvious change on activity of urease;during stages of C.equisetifolia forest development,the active of phosphataese shows the trend of increase in both rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil,moreover,the difference between rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil were more obviously;the active of polyphenol oxidase in rhizosphere soil was more than that in other stages.

Abstract:田间试验研究了4种黄连缓释专用复合肥（SRF）对3～5年生黄连产量与药用品质的影响。结果表明,缓释复合肥料较普通复合肥料（CK）显著或极显著提高各年份黄连的生物量与根茎产量，以SRF4与SRF-的增加幅度最大（6．3％～18．7％）。各缓释复合肥处理对不同年份黄连植株地上部和地下部养分含量的影响表现为氮、磷养分含量变化特点相同。钾含量则相反。缓释复合肥的养分比例明显影响不同年份黄连的药用品质，SRF3对3年生和5年生黄连小檗碱、生物碱含量增加明显，4年生黄连则以SRF-的提高作用最大。无论地上部还是地下部，较高的N／P比、N／K比，较低的K／P比均有利于提高不同年份黄连的产量，提出的高产（量）优质处理对应的养分比例可作为高产优质黄连植株营养诊断的重要依据。

Abstract:Effects of Controlled Release Fertilizers residual coating(CRFRC) on soil physical property and growth of cole were studied in potted cole experiment.The results indicated that the soil bulk density decreased,the total porosity increased obviously,and the specific gravity changed little with Controlled Released Fertilizers residual coating.Controlled Released Fertilizers residual coating had effect on the growth of cole.The contents of chlorophyll,number of leaves,leaf area and growth potential of the cole had been increased obviously with the added of residual coating content.Besides,the reductive Vc content of cole had been increased by Controlled Released Fertilizers residual coating and the reductive Vc content of CRFRC2 treatment was higher than other treatments.In addition,Controlled Release Fertilizers and common compound fertilizers had no differences in the growth of cole because the release time of CRFS was a little longer.As a result,Controlled Released Fertilizers residual coating was beneficial to soil and plants if it was controlled in appropriate extension.

Abstract:Owing to sands allusion,a certain area of new-formed land annually occurred in Yellow river delta(YRD) region.These lands were characterized with rich nutrients,hence usually were exploited as farmlands.However soil salinisation frequently came forth due to drought and high evaporation when these lands were cultivated.Thereby there were various land use systems in YRD area.In order to approach land degradation mechanism,5 typical land use patterns were chosen,soil samples were specifically collected and soil chemical properties were analyzed,soil enzymes(Invertase,Phosphatases,Catalases) activity as well.The results indicated that soil salinity was lowest,nutrition was best,and soil enzymes activity was highest for arable land.For grassland,soil quality became a little bad,as these lands came from degraded farmlands.For shrub land,soil conditions got much more badly,as these shrubs grew in salinized land.In forested lands including pure stands and mixed forests,soil nutrition and enzymes activity were better,salts concentration also was lower,which implied that trees could ameliorate soil conditions to some extent.Among the five land use types,no doubt,soil quality was worst in wild lands.

Abstract:A field experiment was carried out in order to identify the effect of rates and method of nitrogen application on grain yield of winter wheat,fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency,and accumulation of NO_3~--N,under water-saving cultivation system.The experiment was conducted at the Wuqiao Experiment Station of China Agriculture University,Cangzhou city,Hebei province.The experiment was designed as a random spot with three replications with the cultivar Shijiazhuang 8 No.The treatment were six nitrogen rate and method(0,157.5 0,88.5 69,157.5 69,123 103.5,226.5 0 and 157 138.5 N kg/hm~2).The nitrogen fertilizer was applied before sowing and at jointing,respectively.The results showed that the grain yield of winter wheat,which ranged from 7 618 to 8 063 kg/hm~2,did not respond to nitrogen fertilizer in water-saving cultivation system.The water use efficiency ranged from 1.72 to 1.86 kg/m~3.But the nitrogen use efficiency significantly increase at 0.05 level with the rates of nitrogen application.However,at the same time,the amounts of soil NO_3~--N residue at harvest significantly increase with the rates of nitrogen application also.The soil NO_3~--N content in 0~60 cm increase with the rates of nitrogen application at jointing,anthesis and harvest,respectively.The soil NO_3~--N content of two split application was higher than that of basal application when the nitrogen fertilizer rates was 157.5 kg/hm~2 at anthesis and harvest,respectively.Although,the soil NO_3~--N content of two split application was higher than that of basal application when the nitrogen fertilizer rates was 226.5 kg/hm~2 at anthesis,and results were opposite at harvest.The results suggested that under water-saving cultivation system winter wheat can achieve high grain yields,while lower soil NO_3~--N content with basal application at the level of 157.5 kg/hm~2 nitrogen fertilizer.

Abstract:The effect of nitrogen supply on absorbing nitrogen feature and yield of "double low" oilseed rape was studied by using of pot experiment.Results indicated that,for supplying nitrogen oilseed rapes,their nitrogen accumulation amounts quickly increased from seedling to later stage of stem enlongation,while declined from later stage of stem enlongation to later flowing stage,increased after flowing stage,which does not still exceeded nitrogen accumulation amounts of later stage of stem enlongation.The same change tendency was found in treatments without nitrogen supply,however,the change intensity was obviously less than those of supplying nitrogen treatments,and nitrogen accumulation amount at later flowing stage exceeded that of later stem enlongation stage.Whether supplying nitrogen or not,nitrogen amounts of nutritive organs continuously decreased with plant growing,reproductive organ nitrogen amounts of plant with supplying nitrogen also continuously decreased,nitrogen amounts of that without supplying nitrogen was shaped in a single peak curve.The time of dry matter accumulation maximum rate of oilseed rape without supplying nitrogen appeared earlier than that with supplying nitrogen,while nitrogen physiological efficiency of oilseed rape with nitrogen supplying was highest at siliquing period,that without nitrogen supplying at later period of flowing.For this reason,nitrogen supplying could obviously increased plant nitrogen accumulation amount,nitrogen content of plant,biomass and seed yield,but decreased nitrogen physiological efficiency.

Abstract:Aluminum is the most abundant metal that makes up 7% of the earth's crust and occurs in a number of different forms in the soil.It is harmless as oxides and aluminosilicates.Nevertheless,if the soil pH <5 or even 5.5,as is now the case on 40% of the arable lands in the world,Al will be solubilised into toxic forms,generally referred to Al~(3 ),which is a primary factor limiting plant growth have been attributed to several physiological pathways.A possible alternative to ameliorate Al toxicity is the application of such organic manure as rice straw.Laboratory incubation studies were conducted to determine the dynamics effects of rice straw on different Al forms,the results strongly revealed that Al forms and soil pH changed rapidly in 30 days.Soil pH increased rapidly in the first 10 days,and then decreased to the 30th days and tends to the balance.As we all know exchangeable Al are negatively correlates with pH,so exchangeable Al decreased in the first 10 days with the pH increasing,and then increased to the balance.Adsorbent hydroxyl Al had complex hydrolisis and the polyreaction after straw application and changed a little.Exchangeable Al and adsorbent hydroxyl Al transform to organically complexed Al after straw application,so the curve of organically complexed Al increased to the peak on the 10th day,and then decreased to the balance.Because the time of incubation study is short,soil organic matter will not aggregate,so organically complexed Al is instable,which will be change with the environment changes,so the capacity of alleviating Al toxicity is weak.

Abstract:The copper adsorbing properties of brown soil and effects of soil conditions on soil adsorption were studied in this paper. The results showed that copper adsorption of brown soil increased with copper equilibrium concentration, but the increase slowed down at high copper concentration. Its copper adsorbing capacity was much lower than that of cinnamon soil, which was in the same region. The adsorbing properties could be simulated with Langmiur, Frundlich, Temkin and Michaclis Menten models. Soil acidity could decrease soil adsorption of copper, and the Frundlich could simulate the isothermal curve better when modified with hydrogen concentration. Other soil conditions e.g. ionic strength and companion ions all had some influence on copper adsorbing properties of brown soil. With the increase of ionic strength and higher valence companion cations, copper adsorption decreased.

Abstract:This paper takes Zhangwu County in Keerqin sandy land as an example to study the effect of land use on soil properties in the inter-distributing area of farming and pasturing.The results showed:serious alkalization occured after alkaline grassland has been shifted into dryland for farming,which results in increase of pH and electric conductivity of the soil.When meadow grassland was converted into paddy field,salinization could be well controlled.After forest land and grassland in aeolian soil were cultivated,soil oligotrophication and desertification would taken place seriously.It will be more serious as the increase of forming years.

Abstract:Effects of conservation tillage on soil microbiomass,active soil microbiomass,respiration quotien,and enzyme activities were studied by field experiment.Results showed that straw returning could significantly increase soil microbial biomass and active microbiomass.Subsoiling with straw returning could siginificantly active microbiomass.The longer time after tilth,the smaller active soil microbiomass.Straw returning could increase soil respiration by 99.7% in the earlier stage(over-wintering stage) and reduce soil respiration by 16.6% in the later stage(seeding-sprouting stage).Compared with conventional tillage with no straw returning,conservation tillage could increase soil respiration in the earlier stage after tillage and reduce soil respiration in the later stage and reduce the loss of soil carbon,of which rotary tillage with straw returning was the best.Subsoiling returning could significantly increase soil urease activity and sucrase activity.Soil respiration and active microbiomass were good indexes of soil microbial characters and soil enzyme.

Abstract:The ecological effect of nitrogen fertilizer with split application on rice rhizosphere microbes was conducted in paddy field of Fuyang, Zhejiang province, China in 2005. The research rest, lts indicated that the ecological effect of nitrogen on rice rhizosphere microbes is not only affected by rice rhizosphere microbes population but also affected by the growth of the rice. In general, there is a competition on nutrition between the rice and the rice rhizosphere microbes in the rice tillering stage and filling stage. As a result, the activity of rice rhizosphere mi- crobes descends. The microbial biomass C content in rice rhizosphere changed as the rice grows,which differ from enzyme in the rhizosphere. The microbial biomass C, phosphatase, urease, total protein, total phenol content in rice rhizosphere are affected by split N fertilizer application. There is an obvious difference with N and without N treatment in the latest rice growth periods after fulfillment the N fertilizer.

Abstract:Using long-term experiment soil(classified as aquic inceptisol),degradation of cypermethrin in different fertilization soils and effect of cypermethrin on different fertilization soil enzymatic activity were conducted.Study results showed dissipation of pesticide was significantly influenced by fertilization.After long-term application of N fertilizer,soil available N content increased and degradation was inhibited.However application of P fertilizer could facilitate this process.Addition of organic manure into soil,soil organic matter content increased and so did degradation rate,but dissipation time of cypermethrin and lag phase prolonged.Degradation of cypermethrin in soils followed the first-order kinetic equation,and DT50 was from 10.13 days(PK) to 14.58 days(NK).Dehydrogenase and urease activities increased significantly after addition of cypermethrin into soils,and increments of different fertilization treatment varied.Changes of phosphatase activity differed in different treatment soils.Soil enzymatic activity could recover at day 26 of incubation in almost treatment soils.It is of great importance for sustainable agriculture to study the interaction among pesticide residues,fertilization and enzymatic activity in soil.

Abstract:A field experiment was conducted from October 2000 to Spring 2004 to examine soil microbial biomass C and N,soil light fraction C and N among the soils of alfalfa grassland,alfalfa-crop system,and conventional field systems(CS) in the semiarid loess plateau region of northwest China.The results showed that light fraction C and N pools of the alfalfa-crop rotation systems were higher than in alfalfa grassland.Microbial biomass C and N,as well as their ratios to the total in soils of the alfalfa-crop systems were higher than in conventional systems.Metabolic quotient was lower in the alfalfa-crop rotation systems than in 14-year-alfalfa grassland(AS14) and CS.The high soil microbial biomass,high decomposition ability for recently added plant material,but not utilizing the available resources more economically,indicated that high organic matter circulation in AS14 just kept soil fertility and didn't increase soil fertilizer.The alfalfa-crop rotation systems not only improved circulation of organic matter in 14-year-alfalfa grassland,but also maintained soil fertilizer over conventional farming system,and increased soil N utilization.

Abstract:Soil water is the critical factors for vegetation rehabilitation and eco-environmental construction in karst mountainous region.The dynamic changes of soil water on hillslope and in depression areas under various land use types were analyzed in peak-cluster depression areas of karst mountainous region in northwest Guangxi.The results showed that soil water(0~20cm) on hillslope was moderate variation,and had some differences among various land use types.Natural shrub and abandoned lands had higher water contents and anti-disturbance abilities than those cultivated with chestnut and Cajanus cajan(L.) Millspaugh,so the latter needed some water-conserving measures during their early growth period.Sloping land was easier to be disturbed by environmental conditions than depression,where soil water increased with the increase of depth and its changes mostly took place at surface soil layers with moderate variation.Soil water movement on hillslope was complex and slope positions had small effects on its distribution along hillslope with the same vegetation type.

Abstract:In karst regions in northwest Guangxi,new open the paddy field to operated the empress of 4 year to seep into the coefficient have been an old fields of 1.36~1.45 times,leaking leak the nutriment in a fertilizer to still and very operate the cost gain seriously,and if have increased to operate the inside's plough rake the number of times,and could accelerate the formation of the plough first floor,and have reduced to seep into.Speak from input output,new open the paddy field to have planted the drought to make(soybean or dry rice ) the first 2 years,3 years start have planted the paddy rice,since could validate to lower new open the fields leaking,and again could reduce to operate the cost,and could acquire the very economic performance.

Abstract:Based on monitoring datum of water quality of Cao'E mainstream from 2003 to 2006,organic pollution in waterbody was synthetically evaluated,and spatial and temporal variation was analyzed.In this monitoring stage organic pollution tended to decline,but it remained medium polluting still.The result of the correlation analysis between organic pollution synthetical evaluation indexes of each section and the evaluation on biodegradability indicated that improving water quality of upper reach directely influenced improving that of lower Cao'E river.The organic pollution of Qingfeng bridge(upper 2#)section was the most serious,and the pollution degree of whole Cao'E mainstream was strongest in January.Emission of pollutant,condition of hydrology and weather of its valley were the main factors of spatial and temporal variation.The section beside 104 national highway(lower 6#) seriously influenced by industrial wastewater,and its capacity of waterboby biodegradation was lower.

Abstract:A typical sodic soil area in the west of Jilin province was selected for test region.Primary hydrochemical indexes of groundwater were determined.Relationships between electrical conductivity and salt content,mineralization of water,ions content were analyzed.Alkalization characteristics of groundwater were described based on its ionic compositions.Selected electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio(SAR) and mineralization of groundwater for evaluating indicators,groundwater qualities were evaluated at the end.

Abstract:A study on the physicochemical property of four karst mountains desertification soils in Xichong county of southeastern Yunnan was conducted by ocean weather station observation. The results showed that the land capacity of rendzina is the highest and the land capacity of terra rossa is higher, which resulted by closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation for many years of rendzina,and balance fertilizing of terra rossa. As returning land for farming to forestry,the physicochemical property and land capacity of brown rendzina has been greatly improved after three years. Closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, returning land for farming to forestry and balance fertilizing are three good land capacity improvement approaches in karst mountains desertification soil of southeastern Yunnan.

Abstract:By using the method of combining the investigation and remote sensing date, base on the fixed situation, use manner, desertification degree and land desertification degree index of the desertification land, the structure and dynamics of desertification land in Chifeng city during 1994 and 2004 were studied comprehensively. It is show that total desertification land area and the land with obvious desertification trend is 1 914 982.6 hm^2 and 1 029 690.3 hm^2, 22.2% and 11.9% of the total area of Chifeng city respectively. From point of fixed situation, shifting sandy land, half-fixed sandy land, fixed sandy land, exposure sandy land and desertification cultivated land is 7.8% ,10.1% ,80.5% ,0.5% and 1.1% respectively. From point of use manner, desertification cultivated land, desertification forest land, desertification grassland and unused desertification land is 1.1%, 24.8%, 65.8% and 8.3% respectively. From point of desertification degree, light desertification land, middle desertification land, serious desertification land and super serious desertification land is 46.4%, 35.2%, 10.1% and 8.3% respectively. The land desertification degree index range of different counties varies greatly, Hongshan district is 0, Wengniute county is 22.45. During 1994 to 2004, the desertification land of Chifeng city reduce 748 797.3 hm^2, reduce 28.1%. Fixed sandy land increase 5.6%, half fixed sand reduce 47.4%, shifting sandy land reduce 24.8%, exposure sandy land increase 223.7 % and desertification cultivated land reduce 96.7N. The land desertification degree index reduce 23.20%, the most is 100 % which take placed in Hongshan district where no sandy land present now, and the lest is 4.8 % and 6.9 % which take placed in Keshiketeng county and Wengniute county.

Abstract:Effects of C and N disturbances on the decomposition of leaf litter of forests were studied in situ through adding sugar and nitric ammonium to 4 forestlands and leaf litter decomposition experiments in the upper reach area of Mingjiang river,Sichuan province.The results showed that the annual decomposition ratios of leaf litter in the 4 artificial forests were Betula utilis(0.449 7)>Cercidiphyllum japonicum(0.271 0)>Picea asperata(0.259 4)>Pinus yunnansinsis(0.236 5).Mild disturbances of C and N on the forestlands of Cercidiphyllum japonicum and Pinus yunnansinsis have improved the activities of microorganisms in soil and accelerated the decomposition of leaf litter,but strong disturbance of N was not beneficial to further advance of the decomposition and strong disturbance of C even restrained it.For Betula utilis,both C and N disturbances have led to the decrease of litter decomposition ratio. This meant that the microorganisms in the forestland of Betula utilis were short of C and N.In addition,both C and N disturbances with different strength on the forestland of Picea asperata have accelerated the decomposition of leaf litter and mild disturbances of C and N are better than strong disturbances for acceleration.This indicated that the microorganisms in forestland of Picea asperata were short of C and N.

Abstract:Based on field experiment which was conducted in plastic greenhouse in Yan'an Shaanxi province,this paper researched system productivity and soil bio-characteristics of different cropping model between cucumber(Cucumis statirus L.) and other different crops.The results shown that after cucumber harvest,there was significant difference in different cropping model on soil bio-characteristics and system productivity.The system product productivity and system economic productivity were the highest in cropping model between cucumber and greengrocery,cucumber and cowpea,the second higher were in cropping model between cucumber and maize for green manure,cucumber and kidney bean.Soil respiration were highest in cropping model between cucumber and cowpea,the second higher were in cropping model between cucumber and maize for green manure,cucumber and kidney bean,cucumber and black bean for green manure,cucumber and follow,the lowest were in cropping model between cucumber and tomato,cucumber and greengrocery.That was the best way to reduce soil bacteria and epiphyte amount to follow lasting three or four months during summer season after cucumber harvest,the better method was planting cowpea or other legumina crops.

Abstract:Masan county is located in central Guangxi,where is a typical region of the southwest karst mountain areas of China.In this paper,an emergy analysis method was used to evaluate the structure and function of agro-ecosystem in Masan county,Guangxi.The results showed that the total emergy input was slightly reduced,but the emergy outcome was rapidly increased in the local agro-ecosystem from 1994 to 2004.The organic emergy input reduced obviously with the decrease of agro-labour and animal power,but still was dominated in the emergy inputof agro-ecosystem.And the none-organic emergy from chemical fertilizer and pesticides was rapidly increased.The structure of system output emergy has changed from coexist by stockbreeding and planting to dominated by stockbreeding alone within the past 10 years.In addition,the coupled degree of the stockbreeding and planting,stockbreeding's dependence on external forage has strengthen slightly.In general,the emergy productivity of agro-ecosystem and the converting rate of the micro-economic value in this karst mountain county are still relatively low,which indicated that the development of agro-ecosystem was placed in an unstable and unsustainable status.Therefore,some strategies and suggestions were put forward to develop agro-ecosystem productivity,improve the structure and function of agro-ecosystem and enhance the comprehensive economic efficiency of agro-ecosystem.

Abstract:Ecosystem services value has been one of the hottest issues in the field of ecology.The objective of this paper is to analyze the spatial-temporal changes of land use and to examine their effects on the spatial-temporal changes of ecosystem services value(ESV).The methods are based on ESV computing formula and ESV coefficients.The following results and conclusions could be obtained:(1) From 1988 to 2004,the changes of land use and the total value of ecosystem services focused on the rural-urban fringes.(2) The total value of ecosystem services of Wuhan city increased.However there are some changes in the structure of ecosystem services value and the function of ecosystem services.(3) The rate of water conservation services value had the greatest increase,whereas the rate of food production services value had the greatest decrease.Some function of ecosystem services were weakened in urban build-up areas,for example,gas regulation,soil formation and disposition,waste treatment,bio-diversity conservation and food production.Some function of ecosystem services were also weakened in rural-urban fringes,for example,climate regulation,soil formation and disposition and food production.

Abstract:The water quality in rainfall,throughfall,stemflow and litterthrough in the Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica at Eastern mountainous region in Heilongjiang province has been studied.The indicator include pH,Do,TURB,COND,ORP,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Cu,Zn,Mn and Fe.The results show that the chemical properties of rainfall has been changed after it passing through forest canopy.The pH is lower than those of rainfall.After through litter,the acidification of water is better.The results suggest that the litter of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica has better buffering ability of water acidification.The change of COND is similar in the throughfall,stemflow and litterthrough.And the average of COND in the stemflow and litterthrough is higher than that in the rainfall and throughfall every month.The average of ORP in the litterthrough is lower than that in the rainfall and stemflow.So the litter of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica is better to reduse the ORP.And the Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica is better to increase the content of Fe and Mn in the water.

Abstract:Historical land use scenarios for 1985, 1995, and 2000 were analyzed to track land use change of Taihu basin by TM/ETM image explanation. A cell-based non-point source pollution model is developed by combining the distributed hydrological model with the runoff concentration parameters of different land use types, and nitrogen utputs response of land use change are estimated by simulating the runoff volume and nitrogen fluxes usinglong-term rain records from 1980 to 2000. The results express that the modeled runoff volume and nitrogen outputs match well with the observed ones. For the entire basin between 1985 and 2000, the urban area increased about 40.38%, about 3.88% of the whole basin area. The land use changes result in runoff volume increase of 4.11% on average. Total nitrogen outputs increase 5.35% on average and 21.26% on maximum respectively. Nutrient output response varies according to the extent of land use changes in different parts of the basin and rain feature. In Suxichang and Pudongpuxi sub-regions, with more extent of land use changes, total nitrogen outputs increase 17. 11% and 10.72% on average respectively, and 60.43% and 28.68% on maximum.

Abstract:The characters of nitrogen content,water potential,free water and bound water in upland rice leaf were studied with pond culture experiment.The results indicated that: The variation of the nitrogen content decreased firstly and then increased and decreased again under different soil moisture.With the adding of soil water content,the nitrogen content and the bound water decreased gradually,but leaf water potential and free water content increased gradually.There is high negative significant correlation between the nitrogen content(y) and the water potential(x) and linear dependence relation of y=-0.6999x 2.3764 after sowing 40~46 days.

Abstract:Alfalfa is often planted perennially in the Loess Plateau,which leads to the desiccation of deep soil layer.So,alfalfa is planted with four different patterns to lessen the formation of dried soil layer,which includes the halve sowing establishment,the intercrop establishment,the plastic film mulching establishment and the check establishment.The main results showed: the water storage of the plastic film mulching establishment was higher than the other three establishments in any time of the year.There is a very significant linear dependence between the available rainfall and replenishment of the soil water.The replenishment of plastic film mulching establishment is more obviously than the othr three establishments.The available rainfall replenish the active layer significantly.During the transition from spring to summer,the stable layer replenish the active layer significantly.There is a very significant linear dependence between the replenishment of stable layer and active layer of four establishments,but replenishments are different.

Abstract:在采集湖南省长沙县1960～2001年气象资料的基础上．探讨了我国亚热带红壤丘陵茶园夏季高温干旱和秋季持续干旱的发生规律，并以常规管理茶园为对照，通过2001～2004年连续4年大田对比试验，分析了杉树高层间作、白三叶草低层间种和稻草覆盖3种典型生物措施对茶园季节性干旱的防御效果，结果发现，3种生物措施明显减少了茶园全年0～20cm土层土壤含水量≤15％，≤12％，≤10％的出现频率，在夏季高温干旱和秋季持续干旱时期均提高了茶园土壤含水量，有效地延缓和缩短了干旱时间，缓解了旱情，显著增加了夏秋茶产量，改善了夏秋茶品质。

Abstract:During the construction of expressway, the natural vegetation and soil had been destroyed, soil quality has degraded. This paper takes an existing expressway road area soils as a case study, and give a summarization on the formation and characteristics of road area soils. This research results showed that in the degradation process of the soils, silt content, organic matter, available nutrient were gradually reduced but soil rigidity and pH rose. Worsening of the soil properties resulted from decreasing of silt and clay particles and organic matter caused the coarsing of soil particles. The pollution characteristics of heavy metals in soils of different function positions of road area were studied, and made an objective assessment of the pollution of heavy metals, which can offer an useful background material for subsequent research.

Abstract:The correlation between growth and population distribution of Phragmites australis and soil moisture and electrical conductivity were investigated using Pearson correlative analysis.The result presented that spatial variation of EC_H is obvious,the maximum of EC_H is two times of the minimum.When EC_H is higher than 110 mS/m,pH is higher than 10,Phragmites australis change from single population to mixture population(Phragmites australis Puccinellia distans).Percentage of Puccinellia distans in mixture community increase with increasing EC_H and pH.Population coverage,mean height,fresh biomass and dry biomass are correlated with soil electrical conductivity,their Pearson correlation coefficients are-0.598,-0.567,-0.714,-0.617,respectively.So soil salinity is important impact factor for Phragmites australis population.Soil moisture is significant correlation with coverage and biomass in 10 cm depth of soil profile(p<0.05).Soil moisture is significant correlation with coverage,mean height and biomass in 100 cm depth of soil profile(p<0.05).So soil moisture of surface layer and deep-layer soil profile are very important for Phragmites australis population growth.