Abstract:对不同地区沙漠化土地演变过程与土壤理化性质的相互关系和分异规律进行了研究。结果表明：（1）各地区的沙漠化土地土壤养分含量具有K多．P少，N贫乏的特征；（2）在沙漠化过程中，土壤退化的分异规律与地区分带性有关。其中土壤有机质、速效P、速效K的受损程度为西部区〉中部区〉东部区，全N为中部区（91．49％）〉东部区（67、30％）〉西部区（61．45％），全盐为中部区（52．94％）〉西部区（43．00％）〉东部区（20．00％）；（3）速效K和速效P及全盐的分布格局具有明显的地带性特征，其中速效K为西部区（228．8～81．4mg／kg）〉东部区（62．5～32．5mg／kg）〉中部区（40．1～19．2mg／kg），速效P为东部区（7．84～3．45mg／kg）〉中部区（4．84～2．19mg／kg）〉西部区（2．73～0．72mg／kg），全盐为西部区（7．75～1．18g／kg）〉中部区（0．57～0．08g／kg）〉东部区（0．10～0．04g／kg）。土壤盐分与沙漠化关系不明显．而与水环境和人为经营活动有关；（4）从总体上看，土壤机械组成受沙漠化影响的程度为东部区〉中部区〉西部区；其中西部砂粒受损率低于东部、中部．但粉砂高于东部、中部，而粘粒却低于东部、高于中部；（5）中部和东部区砂粒递增高峰期和粉砂与粘粒的递减高峰期（轻度后）均早于西部区（中度后）。在时间序列上中部和东部区受抄漠化危害较西部区早，因此在中部和东部区应重视沙漠化土地的早期防治。

Abstract:通过室内风洞试验研究了甘肃省河西地区在不同耕作措施条件下对土壤表层(0~5 cm)不可蚀性颗粒(粒径≥1 mm的团聚体及粗砂砾)含量的影响及不可蚀性颗粒含量与风蚀量、起动风速的相关关系。结果表明:免耕、免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作、秸秆翻压处理的不可蚀性颗粒(粒径≥1mm的团聚体及粗砂砾)的含量分别高于对照处理(春小麦传统耕作),说明这一地区春小麦改种冬小麦并采取保护性耕作对增加不可蚀性颗粒效果明显,以免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)效果最好,不仅增加了不可蚀性颗粒含量,同时降低了易蚀性颗粒含量。不同耕作措施土壤表层(0~5 cm)不可蚀性颗粒含量与风蚀量之间存在显著的相关关系,随着不可蚀性颗粒含量的增加风蚀量呈递减趋势而起动风速呈递增趋势。因此,在甘肃省河西地区春小麦改种冬小麦并采取免耕、秸秆覆盖、秸秆翻压等保护性耕作措施可增加表土层(0~5 cm)不可蚀性颗粒含量,从而有效地减低该地区农田土壤风蚀发生的可能性。

Abstract:Runoff and soil losses from agricultural fields were investigated as the major non-point sources of phosphorus entering Yanghe reservoir.According to rainfall characteristics of Yanghe watershed in recent years,the phosphorus export by surface runoff from gentle slope was studied under simulated rainfall and analyzed rainfall data conditions.The results showed that the soil phosphorus losses of Yanghe watershed relied mainly on particulate phorphours;the content of different forms phosphorus of surface rainfall in Yanghe watershed was wheat-corn continuous cropping>high-yield cron cropping>low-yield corn cropping>secondary shrub;with the increase of rainfall intensity,the content of particulate phosphorus increased slowly but that of ortho-P decreased;with the plant cover degree increasing,the content of particulate phosphorus and TP of surface runoff decreased slowly but that of ortho-P increased slowly.

Abstract:研究了济南石灰岩山区的黄栌、连翘、绣线菊和黄荆4种灌木林地土壤的物理性状和抗侵蚀性能。结果表明：同一层次不同灌木林地的土壤物理性状存在显著差异，在0～20cm土壤层，黄栌林地的土壤物理性状最好，连翘林地的次之；在20～40cm土壤层．连翘林地的土壤物理性状最好，黄栌林地的次之，黄荆林地和绣线菊林地0～40cm土壤层的物理性状都较差；同一林地0～20cm层的土壤物理性状明显优于20～40cm层;4种灌木林地0～20cm层土壤的有机质含量、水稳性指数和水稳性团聚体含量均大于荒坡地，土壤侵蚀量明显低于荒坡地。

Abstract:Rainfall infiltration,runoff and soil water redistribution were studied in farming and grass slope lands of red soil in standard runoff observation field.The results showed that:(1) Runoff ratio in farming and grass slope lands were decreased with year;Rainfall was the most important factor to affect runoff;The runoff ratio of farming land was higher than that of grass land significantly(P<0.05).(2)The infiltration ratio of farming land was lower than that of grass land;The increase of water conservation amount in soil above 60 cm had a limit in farming and grass lands.The leakage of grass land would increase to keep the higher infiltration ratio under continuous rainfall,however the infiltration ratio would decrease due to no change in its leakage and lower water conservation increasing.(3)The effect of rainfall on soil water redistribution was affected by soil initial water content and slope land utilization pattern.Rainfall made soil increase more water if the initial soil water content lower.Water content in soil above 40 cm would increase due to rainfall in farming land,while rainfall would make water content increase in soil above 90 cm in grass land

Abstract:The objective of this study was to predict the potential influence of sulfur-coating material(SCM) left in soil by using sulfur-coated fertilizer(SCF) on agriculture ecosystem.In order to find the effects of sulfur from SCU on soil leaching characteristics,a leaching trial which included 6 treatments was conducted.The results of the experiment indicated that the pH value,EC value of brown soil leachate and its K~ ,Na~ ,Ca~(2 ),Mg~(2 ),SO~(2-)_4 contents have been changed markedly by applied sulfur powder which equal to sulfur-coating of SCF.And the summations of K~ ,Na~ ,Ca~(2 ),Mg~(2 ),SO~(2-)_4 in leachate including all 5 times increased along with adding more sulfur powder.Except for SO~(2-)_4,K~ ,the other indexes of soil leachate have been influenced prominently by applied SCU.Otherwise,the sulfur-coating of SCU were not same as sulfur powder affecting soil leaching characteristics in short time because they have different physical figures.But the effects of sulfur powder on soil leaching characteristics may cover for sulfur-coating influences when sulfur-coating accumulated and transformed.

Abstract:模拟稻田土壤在淹水后加入不同量的（NH4）2SO4和双氢胺（DCD）抑制剂的溶液，让土壤自然变干，直至土壤产生裂缝到裂缝稳定的连续培养，在培养第10d后再给土柱复水的6种处理，每天监测各处理渗漏液中铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的浓度变化。试验结果表明，肥料（NH4）2SO4和DCD的加入量是10：1．5和10：2时，即DCD和肥料（NH4）2SO4施用量的高比例能在裂缝产生过程时较好地抑制铵态氮硝化。整个培养过程没有获得DCD抑制剂对渗漏液中硝态氮和亚硝态氮的影响。裂缝稳定后的复水对渗漏液中的铵态氮没有影响，但是提高了渗漏液中的亚硝态氮和硝态氮的浓度。

Abstract:Pot experiments under simulating acid rain were conducted to study the effect of Cd-Zn compound polluted on lettuce(Lactuca sativa var.angustana Irish) in purple soil.The results showed that Zn counteracted Cd to improve the yield when the concentration of Zn was low,Zn also cooperated with Cd to reduce the yield when the concentration of Zn was high.The Cd-Zn compound pollution indicated that Zn promoted the absorption of Cd by the lettuce,and Cd restrained the absorption of Cd by the lettuce,under the condition of low Zn level;Zn restrained the absorption of Cd by the lettuce,and Cd promoted the absorption of Cd by the lettuce,under the condition of high Zn level.Acid rain restrained the growth of lettuce.Biology quantity of lettuce and cumulating coefficient of Zn, Cd in lettuce increased when pH of the acid rain increased,and cumulating ability of Cd was bigger than that of Zn,which resulted in heavy metal toxicity of edible part increasing.

Abstract:A field experiment was conducted with rape plants to assess the impacts of integrated fertilization on heavy metal balance in soil-rape cropping system.Four treatments as chemical fertilizers(T1),chemical fertilizers lower rate of organic manure(T2),chemical fertilizers medium rate of organic manure (T3),and chemical fertilizers high rate of organic manure(T4) were designed in the present experiment.The doses of N,P_2O_5,and K_2O of each treatment were equal,and each treatment had four replications.The results indicated that high rate of organic manure could significantly reduce shoot biomass and grain yield of rape plants.It was found that zinc and copper deficits occur in the treatments with no organic manure or lower rate of organic manure,and cadmium accumulation occur in the treatment with high rate of organic manure.Integrated fertilization with appropriate rate of organic manure and chemical fertilizers could not only remain the balance of zinc and copper as micronutrients,but also minimize the risk of cadmium pollution in the cropping system,which can be regarded as an effective manner for the construction of sustainable agriculture.

Abstract:Based on traditional statistics,the influence of different land uses on chromium(Cr) concentration in Jiutai city of Jilin province was compared,including vegetable field,dry land and paddy field.Geo-statistics was used to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of Cr in the whole study area.The variance analysis indicated that different land uses greatly affected the accumulation of Cr in the soils.The difference of Cr concentration between vegetable field,paddy field and background value was significant,whereas it was not the case for dry land.Semivariogram of Cr content in the whole area was fitted well using spherical mode1.The relatively small ratio of nugget variance to sill(14%) and large range(74.58 km) showed good spatial correlation of Cr content.Further analysis indicated that the spatial structure of Cr was isotropy.Through ordinary Kriging interpolation,it was found that the content of Cr was high in the southwest and island area of northeast due to different land use types and topographical factors.Although the spatial distribution of Cr content was mainly controlled by the shape,topography and soil character of the study area,some anthropogenic factors should not be ignored,including regulations of land management for different land use types and fertilization.

Abstract:The cobalt contents and its affecting factors in soils of Yuncheng district in Shanxi province were studied.The results were summarized as follows:(1)The contents of total cobalt ranged from 1.65 mg/kg to 17.85 mg/kg,with an average of 6.00 mg/kg,which was little higher than the critical level 5 mg/kg,but lower than the average level of China 11.2 mg/kg.The contents of available cobalt ranged from 0.060 mg/kg to 2.235 mg/kg,with an average of 0.694 mg/kg.The total cobalt contents in the main soil types cinnamon soils and fluvo-aquic soils respectively were 6.17 mg/kg and 4.73 mg/kg,and the available cobalt contents respectively were 0.708 mg/kg and 0.589 mg/kg.(2)The main influence factors to the total cobalt contents in soils were parent material,soil forming process,the contents of iron and manganese.Available cobalt contents were mainly affected by parent material,soil forming process and organic matter contents.

Abstract:采用根袋土培试验研究了重金属Zn胁迫对黑麦草（Loliurn perenne L．）生长、抗氧化酶活性、游离脯氨酸含量、根系活力及锌积累的影响。结果表明，黑麦草对重金属锌有很强的抗性和耐性．即使在高锌下（16mmol Zn／kg）。黑麦草生长也未受到抑制。黑麦草地上部干重、根系千重在8mmol Zn／kg下达到最大值。分别较对照增加48．8％，52．2％;高锌处理（16mmol Zn／kg）的植株地上部千重也较对照增加11．2％。黑麦草POD活性随Zn胁迫增加，先下降，然后回升SOD活性则随锌胁迫增加而下降。随Zn胁迫增加，叶脯氨酸、根系活力先增加，然后下降。地上部、根系Zn含量随Zn胁迫增加而增加，最大值分别为746．5，521．0mg／kg DW（16mmol Zn／kg）。高锌处理下（≥4mmol／kg）Zn转运率（S／R）〉1．0。

Abstract:The calcareous soil which was collected from main peanut cultivated areas in Shandong province was utilized to investigate the different effect of Bordeaux nutrition protective powder(BNPP) and Kocide on validity of iron and copper in calcareous soil and yield of peanuts.The research results indicated that the pH value of soil had been declined differently at all times by spraying BNPP,but the pH value of Kocide treatment was declined first and then rose at the last time,compared with CK(the treatment which only sprayed water).In addition, the chlorophyll content,active iron content in young leaves and total iron content of root,stem and leaves of peanut had been increased differently by spraying BNPP.But the available copper content of BNPP treatments was lower than that of Kocide treatments,which could alleviate copper contamination of soil.Moreover,the yield of peanuts with BNPP treatment had been increased by 125% to 153%,compared with CK.As a result,the effect of BNPP was better than Kocide.

Abstract:This paper studied on the litter amount,natural water content and water holding characteristics of litter layer under the natural evergreen broadleaved forest and three artificial plantations,Sassafras tzumu,Cryptomeria fortunei and Metasequoia glyptostroboides forests,which formed by natural evergreen broadleaved forest artificial regeneration.The results showed that the amount of litter layer is natural evergreen broadleaved forest(25.68 t/hm~2)>Metasequoia glyptostroboides forest(18.14 t/hm~2)>Sassafras tzumu forest(9.95 t/hm~2)>Cryptomeria fortunei forest(1.13 t/hm~2).The natural water content of whole litter layer in natural evergreen broadleaved forest is 3.18,41.33,1.53 times of that in Sassafras tzumu,Cryptomeria fortunei and Metasequoia glyptostroboides forests,respectively.During the process of water holding of litter layer,the water holding capacity and absorption speed of the first 2 h were superior to the rest of time.The equation between the water holing capacity of the litter layer and the immerse time is Q=alnt b,the equation between the water absorption speed of the litter layer and the immerse time is V=kt~n.The maximum water holding capacity,the maximum interception and the modified interception of litter layer are natural evergreen broadleaved forest>Metasequoia glyptostroboides forest>Sassafras tzumu forest>Cryptomeria fortunei forest.Therefore,protecting natural evergreen broadleaved forest and choose appropriate afforestation tree for artificial regeneration of natural evergreen broadleaved forest were important for enhancing the eco-hydrological benefits of forest litter layer.

Abstract:通过对秦岭火地塘天然林林区大气降水和林内雨pH值等相关水质指标进行测试和对测试结果进行对比分析．发现天然林冠层对酸性降水有显著的调节作用，可使其酸性降低并趋于中性，而起关键作用的是林木的叶。林冠层对降水中NO3^-有一定的净化作用。降水通过林冠层后。NH4^＋、K、PO4^3-、Na、Mg、Fe含量增加．其中K含量增加非常显著；其次．林冠层还对NH4^＋、Na、Ca、Mg有调节作用。林内雨中，K、Na、Ca、Mg含量在林木落叶期较高。林冠层对Cd、Pb、Mn、Zn均有吸附作用，对Cd的吸附能力平均在0．8μg／L左右。其中对Pb、Zn吸附作用不但非常强．而且还有调节和稳定作用。

Abstract:Soil is an important element of physical environment in tourism areas and also a main object of tourism impacts.This paper researches the level of soil environmental responses to the impacts of tourist activities in the Jinyun mountain of Chongqing by studying the soil single-factor change rate and the soil environmental response index based on field investigation and experimentation.The results indicate that,due to the impacts of tourist activities,soil water,soil porosity,soil clays,soil organic matters,total nitrogen and available nitrogen of all the samples averagely decrease by 22.79%,42.03%,40.31%,39.76%,37.99% and 30.87% in comparison with the contrasting spots;its pH and bulk density averagely increase by 6.59% and 56.64%;the change rates of soil total phosphorus,available phosphorus,total potassium and available potassium in all samples have not any significant relations to the impacts of tourists activities.The soil environmental responses indexes constitute a high-to-low cline successively from the whelk cave resort(4.655),to the eight-cornered well trail(3.386),the firry garden(3.289),the No.308 factory-the bamboo trail(1.433) and the baiyun bamboo resort(1.264),and their response levels are influenced by the intensity of tourist activities and the attribute of the soil.

Abstract:研究了小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）人工灌丛不同生育期、不同生长年限及不同器官的营养特征。研究结果表明：小叶锦鸡儿枝条和叶片营养丰富．枝条在开花期粗蛋白含量达到19．61％．嫩叶的粗蛋白古量高达27．50％，粗纤维含量仅为12．3％。枝条和叶片的矿质养分含量高且比例合理．Ca／P为1．7：1～2．1：1．接近家畜日粮中Ca／P最佳比例2：1，是优质的灌木饲料。从休眠期到开花期．小叶锦鸡儿的营养元素含量呈上升趋势．以后逐步降低，花期是最佳利用季节。随着小叶锦鸡儿生长年限的延长，各种营养成分逐渐减少．从生态学的角度分析，平茬后第3年是小叶锦鸡儿最佳的利用时间。小叶锦鸡儿枝条氨基酸总量在6．0％左右．高于玉米秸秆饲料，而且维生素含量丰富．是优质的家畜饲料和北方生态建设的优质树种。

Abstract:The paper systematically studied the benefits of soil and water conservation on 4 different models of compound eco-agriculture on dry slope land.The results showed that their effects of soil and water conservation were better than the compare model which was Tamarindus indica bare ground.Among them,the model,Tamarindus indica pigeonpea Stylosanthes gracilis,had the best effects on intercepting rain,increasing cover degree of the earth's surface,improving soil physical characteristics,increasing the performance of impoundment and controlling water retention and soil erosion.Other 3 models had the obvious ecological benefits.If the plants which was some different shrub and grass are disposed reasonably again,the optional compound eco-agriculture models by rebuild will produce good ecological,economic and social benefit.

Abstract:运用生态经济学原理,采取实地调查和田间试验方法,研究了南方丘陵典型季节性干旱区节水稻作模式生态系统的物流、能流、价值流及生态环境效应。结果表明,节水稻作模式的净初级生产力为309 763×106~378094×106J/(hm2.a),以化肥为主的辅助能投入为58 607×106~97 265×106J/(hm2.a),纯收入为3 921~9 426元/(hm2.a)。不同节水稻作模式所表现出的变化特征为:采用节水灌溉双季稻模式,有利于减少系统化肥、农药、人工等能量投入,增加系统能量的输出,提高能量转换效率、光能利用效率和稻田的经济效益;采用水旱轮作双季稻节水稻作模式,有机肥的投入增加,能流循环指数提高,系统稳定性增强,但能量转换效率下降,稻田的经济效益有所降低;采用稻油轮作节水稻作模式,在减少系统化肥、农药、人工等能量投入同时,充分利用作物生长期间太阳辐射,光能利用效率提高,稻田的经济效益增加。与常规稻作模式相比,节水稻作模式的综合效益较高,具有较好的节水、省肥、省药效应以及控制农业面源污染效应。

Abstract:Based on field investigation, guided by the principle of maneuverability, sciences, comparability, acceptability, this paper took health assessment of Badaling forest center about plant species diversity, construction of forest community, canopy density, cover of shrub community, age structure, stand, soil erosion, plant diseases and insects pests and measured for ordination by adopting the complex structure and function indicator method, which set off 4 ordination for forest ecosystem. Health forests of small scale are the structure of more layer and age, mixed forest, better layer of shrub and grass, better biodiversity and productivity, which are better stability, anti-interfere and vigor . This is a kind of better structure of forest health community which offers the scientific theory of forest health management for Badaling forest center.

Abstract:Valuing the ecological effects is crucial to the assessment of output of the forestry project.This paper suggested an assessment system for the ecological effects of the land conversion project in Wuqi county,applying expert consultation,the layer analysis and the frequency analysis;and the paper also calculated the value of ecological effects from 1999 to 2004 using market valuation method,shadow engineering method,opportunity cost method,substitute expense method,among others.The results showed that the land conversion project in Wuqi county has produced tremendous ecological effects.The ecological value is up to about 2.48 billion yuan(RMB) in total,among which contributed by water resource conservation,soil conservation,air cleaning,microclimate improvement,farmland shelter and biodiversity increase are 0.64,0.60,0.53,0.03,0.002 and 0.67 billion yuan(RMB) respectively.The results may be a reference for the assessment of ecological effects of the land conversion project being carried out in the Loess Plateau.

Abstract:Based on analysis of characteristic and construction procedures of the expressway and compared with the filed survey data in other similar area, the scope of duty on prevention of soil erosion was well and truly designated. The effect and potential danger of landslide and debris flow was well-considered. Then soil and water conservation measures system of the expressway including prevention measures of principal part of building, new added measures and monitoring and prediction of landslide and debris flow were put forward. The places where soil was discarded and where soil and water loss was serious were sorted in different types and designed representative prevention measures for each one.

Abstract:对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地营养元素随剖面深度变化的研究表明，4种土地利用方式的有机C、全N、全S及DTPA浸提态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn等具有随剖面深度增加而下降的趋势，交换性Ca、Na及交换性盐基总量在土层间的分异不明显。有机C、全N、碱解N、NO3^-N、全S及DTPA浸提态微量元素在0～10cm和0～20cm的含量与0～100cm含量的比值分别为0．1和0．2以上．表明这些养分指标具有明显的表聚性特征；NH4^-N、全P、速效S无明显的表聚性；交换性Mg、Na及交换性盐基总量在0～20cm与0～100cm含量的比值小于0．2．反映了供试潮棕壤较强的淋溶作用。不同土地利用方式营养元素在土壤剖面中的分布差异及表聚性特征，主要受到植物循环的影响，另外还受到淋溶及人为干扰的影响。

Abstract:基于IKONOS高分辨率（1m）卫星遥感图，结合GIS研究了我国高邑、宜兴、金堂、益阳和电白5个人口密集农村地区（每个地区的研究面积为3km^2）土壤全氮、全磷密度和储量差异，以及各地区土壤全氮、全磷密度和储量在不同土地利用方式下的分布。结果表明：土壤全氮储量在5个地区间的大小顺序依次为金堂（1022．4t）〉宜兴（995．2t）〉益阳（920．4t）〉高邑（804．0t）〉电白（632．4t）；土壤全磷大小顺序为宜兴（698．9t）〉高邑（661．3t）〉金堂（618．9t）〉益阳（360．6t）〉电白（255．8t）。从不同的土地利用方式来看，除高邑地区外（无水田）．其它4个地区水田的土壤全氮密度均为当地最高，土壤全氮密度较低的有闲置地类和开采地；土壤全磷密度分布较为复杂，高邑、宜兴、金堂、益阳和电白5个地区土壤全磷密度最高的土地利用方式分别为园艺用地、早地和建设用地、水田和旱地、水田、干扰地。在所有地区中，林地土壤全氮密度均小于农田水平，林地土壤全磷密度均为当地最低，也就是说在林地转化为人为土地利用方式后，土壤的磷水平并没有减少，反而有不同程度增加。

Abstract:采用SPSS统计软件和地统计学方法研究了横断山北部生态脆弱区土壤钾素的影响因素。结果表明,该区土壤有机质层全钾的平均含量为(21.74±5.97)g/kg,速效钾的平均含量为(183.9±107.4)mg/kg。由不同母质发育的土壤中,全钾的含量为板岩残坡积物>砂岩残坡积物>花岗岩残坡积物>洪积物>第四系冲积物;速效钾含量为砂岩残坡积物>板岩残坡积物>第四系冲积物>洪积物>花岗岩残坡积物。在林地、草地和耕地3种土地利用方式中,土壤全钾含量为草地>林地>耕地;速效钾含量为耕地>草地>林地。在不同坡度的土壤中,其全钾和速效钾含量变化较复杂。在不同地貌类型上发育的土壤中,全钾含量为山体>洪积扇>阶地>丘状高原;速效钾含量则为丘状高原>阶地>洪积扇,在山体土壤中的分布是山体下部最低,并随山体部位增高而逐渐增加。

Abstract:以保护性耕作长期定位试验为研究对象，分析了保护性耕作对土壤不同层次的总碳、活性碳的影响，并计算了各处理的碳库活度、碳库活度指数和碳库管理指数。结果表明，土壤总有机碳和活性碳均随土层的增加而减少，其0～30cm平均总有机碳含量大小为旋耕〉免耕〉翻耕〉对照，秸秆还田提高土壤耕层总有机碳，旋耕和免耕提高表层土壤有机碳．且差异达到显著水平；土壤活性碳平均含量为旋耕〉翻耕〉对照〉免耕，旋耕和翻耕提高土壤活性碳，免耕则降低土壤活性碳，尤其是10～20cm土层活性碳比旋耕下降了27．33％。华北平原0～30cm土层的碳库各项指数受表层的影响比较大，其中保护性耕作（少免耕和秸秆还田）能增加土层的总有机碳、稳态碳和碳库指数；而翻耕秸秆还田则提高了土壤的A和AI，少免耕则降低了土壤的A和AI；就碳库管理指数来讲，秸秆还田的贡献大于耕作措施。

Abstract:In order to discuss the existence forms and the conversion process of the soil organic carbon,and the relationship on different soil organic carbon components under the different tillage method in loess plateau semi-arid area,the soil in different tillage condition had be analyzed by chemical method.The results showed that no-till can increase the content of soil organic carbon.Leaving crops straw affects soil total organic carbon(TOC),no-till with straw cover(NTS)can significant improve the content of TOC on the surface of the soil,TOC content can be improve 20.77% in semi-arid area after return straw for 17 months.Conventional tillage with no straw(T)and conventional tillage with straw incorporated(TS)can destroy soil construction,go against accumulation of soil organic carbon.There is no significant discrepancy in soil sodium pyrophosphate-extractable carbon(SPPC)among different soil treatments.There is big range of variation on the rate of SPPC in TOC,from 23.70% to 50.60%.NTS has the highest SPPC content,NT has the lowest SPPC content,that is no-till with straw cover is benefit to improve the soil physical chemistry property,but only no-till,doesn't return straw go against the accumulation of the soil organic matter.The content of hot water-extractable carbohydrate(HWCC)accumulation is NTS>NT>TS>T,that is no-till with straw cover benefit to the active organic matter accumulation,to improve the soil physical chemistry property,to provide lots of energy resource to soil microorganism and to benefit soil development.

Abstract:The organic carbon binding micro aggregates and other particles together into macro aggregate is believed to be physically protected from decomposition,which was more stable than the carbon in macro aggregates.The object of this article was to study the distribution of soil organic carbon in aggregates,and to know whether the soil can sequestrate more stable carbon and decrease emission CO_2 or not since vegetation restoration.The results showed that stabile aggregates(>0.25 mm) were increased in soil,and soil organic carbon in different diameter aggregates was increased since vegetation restoration.Though the content of soil organic carbon in <0.25 mm were least under all vegetations,TOC in <0.25 mm in Quercus liaotungensis was three times than that of cropland.The content of soil organic carbon in >5 mm aggregate in vest land,herbage,shrub,early forest,Quercus liaotungensis were higher 149%,209%,104%,62% and 10% than that in cropland.There were much more young organic carbon in macro aggregate since vegetation restoration,and then there was much soil organic carbon in micro aggregates with vegetation succession.Soil organic carbon in micro aggregates is stable,so soil can sequestrate more stable carbon since vegetation restoration.There were positive correlation between the mean weight diameter of aggregate and the content of soil aggregate organic carbon.We can draw a conclusion that thefunction of soil as a carbon pool was strength since the restoration of vegetations in Ziwuling region.

Abstract:A typical catchment named Tongshuang small watershed,which was subjected to drastic erosion before 1980 and was managed subtly after 1980 in black soil region,was chosen as a study area.The data of soil bulk density,topographic factors and land types were obtained by soil sampling and measurements,deriving from DEM and remote sensing image,respectively.Classical statistics and geostatistics analysis methods were used to describe the spatial variability and to explore the correlation of topographic factors and land use with soil bulk density.The classical statistics analysis results indicated that the soil bulk density of study area was moderately variable(C_v=14%).The slope position and land use were the most discriminating influencing factors.The geostatistics analysis showed that soil bulk density had similarly moderate spatial correlations. The spatial correlations were mainly induced by stochastic factors(C_0/C_0 C=41.18%).The effective spatial autocorrelation range was(2 402) m.The control of soil erosion was successful and inspiring.However,of whole farmland,48.3% was worrisome for their surface's soil structure.It will be an impending task to improve soil fertility.

Abstract:The geostatistics were used for analyzing the spatial variability of the soil particle composition in Mengding tea plantation with two sampling scales at Sichuan province. The result indicated that all of the composition of the soil particle-size in tea plantation soil with the small scale in Mengding mountain had a strong spatial relativity, but only clay had a strong spatial relativity with the micro scale in a representative tea plantation field. Clay had the longest interrelated range in soil with small scale, on contrary, it hand the shortest interrelated range with micro scale. Anisotropy analysis illuminated that the primary aspect of the spatial variability was strong at north, northwest and northeast in tea plantation soil with the small scale, and all of the composition of the particle-size had a strong spatial variability in northwest except sand; All except sand had strong spatial variability in northwest, and the spatial variability of sand was not so obvious with small scale. The ordinary Kriging analysis indicated that there was not any visible rule in the spatial distribution of the particle composition with small scale. The equivalence of the particle composition changed at the aspect of northwest with micro scale. The micro-terrain such as gradient, the length of gradient and the special modeof the mantle with tea plant were the primary factor that controlling the distribution of the particle composition.

Abstract:The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on soil enzymatic activity and rhizosphere microorganisms of Yumai 49 -198 root system was studied in this paper, The results indicated that the activity of the soil protease and urease of Yumai 49-198 increased with the growth period then descending, Protease activity reached its peak period up to jointing stage, Urease activity reached its peak period up to seedling establishment. The activity of the soil protease increased with nitrogen fertilize treatment and reached its peak on N2 level treatment. Urease activity increased with nitrogen fertilizer treatment and reached its peak on N4 treatment. Rhizosphere microorganisms increased with the growth period then descending and reached the peak up to flowering period. The results also showed that the population quantity of rhizosphere microorganisms increased with different nitrogen treatment then descending. On N3 level treatment, the quantity of rhizosphere microorganisms attained the highest value. The difference between treatments is significant.

Abstract:在四川省洪雅县两种主要退耕还林模式的桦木（Betula luminifera）林地、苦竹（Pleioblastus amarus）林地和农耕地（对照）中，系统研究了土壤中3大类微生物数量组成、季节性动态变化、垂直分布特征以及两种林木的根际效应。主要研究结果为：①在土壤微生物3大类区系组成中，细菌数量占绝对优势（95％以上），放线菌数量次之，真菌数量最少；②土壤3大类微生物数量及微生物总数的季节变化趋势在两种退耕还林地中基本相似，而农耕地与两退耕地之间差异较大；⑧微生物在土壤剖面中的分布趋势是表层（0～15cm）〉亚表层（15～30cm）〉深层（30cm以下），尤其是个体生物量较大的真菌、放线菌数量的这种变化趋势明显，且苦竹林模式表层微生物数量高于同层次的桦木和农耕地;④在桦木和苦竹林地中，3大类微生物各季的平均R／S值都在1～2之间，即两林木都具有较强的根际正效应；⑤从微生物学角度评价两退耕还林地的生态效益是：苦竹林模式优于桦木林模式。

Abstract:Based on field investigation and sample analysis of polluted soil from Pb, Zn mine in Quzhou county Zhejiang province, microbial activities, soil enzymes activities and heavy metal accumulation in plants were studied. The results showed average value of Pb,Zn, Cd,Cu content in polluted areas were 267.8,132.6,41.8 and 17.0 times of the non-mine soil. Heavy metal concentration in plants was positively correlated with total and available heavy metal concentration in soils. The microbial biomass carbon decreased, whereas basal respiration and qCO2 increased with increasing of heavy metal concentration. The microbial biomass carbon in mine center soil was 72% of control, but basal respiration and qCO2 was 1.6 and 2.3 fold respectively. Each kind of soil enzyme activities was higher than that of the mined soil, among which dehydrogenase activity changed most remarkably, so it can be a better index in evaluation of heavy metal pollution in mine area.

Abstract:在亚热带丘陵区红壤幼龄茶园经过4年稻草覆盖及间作三叶草田间小区试验，对土壤剖面分析结果表明．稻草覆盖及间作三叶草均能明显增加土壤表层有机C、碱解N、有效P．增加土壤微生物量C、N、P。剖面中土壤有机C、微生物量C、全N、碱解N、土壤微生物量N、全P、有效P、微生物量P随深度的增加而递减。稻草覆盖影响到40cm土层左右，阃作白三叶草影响到20cm左右。0～20cm土层微生物量C／有机CT2〉T3〉T1，3个处理微生物量N／全N在1．02～2．74之间，微生物量P和全P比值在2．27～13．1之间。亚热带丘陵区红壤幼龄茶园土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳C、碱解N、微生物量N、有效P、微生物量P具有极显著的正相关关系（P〈0．01），与全N、全P呈显著的正相关关系（P〈0．05）。

Abstract:利用染色和计算机解译的方法来确定太湖地区3种主要水稻土（白土、黄泥土和乌栅土）的优势流路径和大孔隙的分布状况。将土壤染色后，所拍摄的剖面染色图片经过Photoshop 8．0和ArcGIS8．0处理，将所染的蓝色由深到浅平均分成10个等级，以此分析土壤剖面中大、小孔隙的比例。分析结果表明：（1）3种土壤剖面的优势流深度相差不大，均在80cm左右。但因为乌栅土的地下水位较高（最高可达70cm）。所以优势流对鸟栅土的地下水影响最大。（2）土壤剖面中不同深处的染色百分比与该处土壤容重有显著的相关性。土壤容重越大，染色百分比就越小。（3）不同土壤剖面大孔隙的数量和孔隙体积相差很大。在白土和黄泥土的所有土壤层次上以及乌栅土的剖面上第三至第四层，蓝色最深的两个等级之和的百分比即是剖面上该层〉1mm的大孔隙含量。另外在乌栅土剖面上的第一至第二层〉1mm的大孔隙含量数值与经染色后产生蓝色最深的3个等级百分数之和相当。

Abstract:In order to explore effect of BGA,a new organic drought resistant agent made from garbage,on traits of growth and water consuming of Euonymus japnicus under different daylight illumination and temperature,the tests in and out greenhouse were done at experiment base of China agricultural university.The results were as follows: biomass and water consuming intensity of Euonymus japnicus that was planted out greenhouse were larger than that in greenhouse whether BGA was used or not.The biomass of Euonymus japnicus got increased when BGA was added more,and the water consuming intensity was increased first,then decreased out greenhouse.The biomass of Euonymus japnicus was increased first,then decreased with increase of BGA dosage,and the water consuming intensity was increased all the while in greenhouse.WUE of Euonymus japnicus that was planted in greenhouse was nearly same as that out greenhouse when BGA was not added.The WUE of Euonymus japnicus that was planted out greenhouse was more than that in greenhouse after BGA was added.

Abstract:In the paper, saturated mass water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity for different hulk densities were measured by the method of fixing bulk density of olefin. Effects of bulk density on the two parameters were analyzed. The results showed that saturated mass water content decreased with the increment of bulk density and was inverse to bulk density. Saturated hydraulic conductivity tended to diminish in power function when bulk density increased. The researches will provide appropriate function quantificetionally to build innovative frame on water movement theory for the soil with changing bulk density. It is helpful to utilize soil water resource reasonably.

Abstract:The biological responses of broomcorn millet root system to manure,N, P and K fertilizer in immature soil were studied on the experimental farm of Shanxi agricultural university with pot culture.The results indicated that N and P fertilization stimulated its root growing,increased its root weight,root number,root length,total and active root absorbing area,and therefore increased the yield of broomcorn millet.The effects of broomcorn millet root growing were not obvious,if only K fertilizer was used.However,combined P,N and K fertilizer with proper rate significantly enhanced the growing of broomcorn millet root.P fertilizer was not only the key factor to get high yield and high quality in immature soil,but also the original active element to soil fertility.The barren soil can be improved rapidly by using P fertilizer.The effect of N,P,K to broomcorn millet root growing was P> N> K.Manure supply can also promote root growing,especially in its earlier growing.The results also showed the strong root promoted soil microbe to multiply rapidly.As a result,the soil enzyme activities of urease and phosphorylase increased.The results of the interactions of root and soil fastened the root and soil system developing towards mature direction.So broomcorn millet yield in immature soil reached the normal level in the very year.

Abstract:Experiments were carried out on the experiment farm of Anhui agricultural university with pot culture from 2003 to 2005.Effects of waterlogging at different stages on N,P and K nutrition metabolism were studied applying simulation waterlogging method.The results showed that waterlogging at different stages significantly influenced N and P nutrition absorption content and transportation and distribution ratio and less influenced K nutrition of different cultivars,injury degree of waterlogging at booting stages more than other stages.Waterlogging before booting stage mainly influenced N and P and K nutrition absorption content and less influenced transportation and distribution,waterlogging at filling stages mainly influenced N and P and K nutrition absorption content and N and P nutrition transportation and distribution ratio and less influenced K nutrition transportation and distribution ratio of different organ.So applying rich P and K fertilizer at basal fertilizer and rapidly available N fertilizer form jointing stage to booting stage and KH_2PO_4 at filling stage and it is very important that to culture strong stem and large spike and to reduce waterlogging injury and to increase grains yield of waterlogging wheat.

Abstract:The study was carried out by pot culture condition under field ecological environment. The amounts of urea nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and available nitrogen of slow/controlled release nitrogen fertilizers were monitored at the maize seedling stage. The characteristics of nitrogen nutrition release was analyzed about those nitrogen fertilizers. The result showed that amounts of urea and ammonium nitrogen in soil by using urea coated by starch acetate film and urease inhibitor nBPT were the highest in all fertilizers, for 21.72 mg/kg and 48. 31 mg/kg. The amounts of nitrate and available nitrogen in soil using urea coated by starch acetate were the highest, for 102.90 mg/kg and 135.25 mg/kg. The urea amount of soil moving from film inside to outside in urea coated by methyl methaerylate and urease inhibitor nBPT was less, and nitrate and available nitrogen were the least, for 53.74 mg/kg and 93.70 mg/kg. The effect of reducing soil nitrate amount was most signification in fertilizers urea coated by film and urease inhibitor nBPT, and significant difference than the others. The fertilizer of urea eoated by methyl methacrylate and urea inhibitor nBPT was the best on the result about slow/controlled release function.

Abstract:Root growth and available N,P and K in rhizospheric soil of maize were investigated with a pot experiment simulating drought stress.The results showed that drought stress restrained root growth of maize at jointing and tasseling-anthesis.The absorption area of maize root was decreased under drought stress.Soil NH~ _4-N,NO~-_3-N,available P and K were accumulated in rhizosphere of maize under drought stress,and soil available N and K were higher than normal water supply,but available P trended to lower than normal water supply.Root growth and absorption ability were weakened under drought stress,which were important reasons of the reduction of maize yield.

Abstract:The mechanism by which aluminum interferes with ion influx and translocation is the basic of Al toxicity to plants,but it is not well known.In this study,the effects of different aluminum levels on the influx and translocation of the cations i.e.calcium,potassium,magnesium,sodium,zinc,copper,iron,manganese,total nitrogen and total phosphorus were measured in barley(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench).The results revealed that as the aluminum concentration in vitro increased,the Al content in plant increased greatly,and the other element contents decreased correspondingly.Comparing with the vegetative stage,the Al contents in shoot and root decreased a lot in the flowering stage,and the contents of other essential elements also increased,indicating Al toxicity can be alleviated in buckwheat at this stage.This showed as an Al tolerant plant,buckwheat owns a relatively great adaptability to Al toxicity.

Abstract:A regulation of calcium ion on jerusalem artichoke(JA) seedlings under seawater salt(SWS) and NaCl with the same salt content was made with three calcium ion concentration of 5 mmol/L,10 mmol/L and 20 mmol/L.The effects of calcium ion on biomass,SOD activity,MDA content,relative conductivity,chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic were studied.The results indicated that: normal metabolism of JA was markedly inhibited by 1.0% SWS and 1.0% NaCl.However,addition of Ca~(2 ) could alleviate the effects of SWS and NaCl stresses on JA in different degree,so higher biomass,SOD activity,chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate,lower content of MDA and relative conductivity were maintained,especially 10 mmol/L Ca~(2 ).Above 10 mmol/L the alleviation decreased.As a result,appropriate concentration Ca~(2 ) could significantly protected JA from oxidative damage caused by SWS and NaCl stresses.Therefore,higher SOD activity,chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate,lower content of MDA and relative conductivity were maintained.These were propitious to the dry matter accumulation so that the fresh weight was increased significantly.At Ca~(2 ) concentration of 5 mmol/L,10 mmol/L the effect of Ca~(2 ) on alleviation of SWS stress was superior to NaCl stress significantly,whereas the two treatments did not have pronounced difference when the concentration was 20 mmol/L.

Abstract:在移动式防雨棚下，采用子母盆栽土培法和池栽微区试验相结合的方法，以夏玉米（Zeamay L．）为材料进行了调亏灌溉试验研究。结果表明，适时适度的水分调亏显著抑制蒸腾速率（Tr），而光合速率（Pn）下降不明显，复水后Pn又具有超补偿效应，光合产物具有超补偿积累，且有利于向籽粒运转与分配；抑制营养生长，促进生殖生长。玉米节水高产的调亏灌溉指标是：调亏时段为三叶-心-拔节（七叶一心），调亏度为45％FC（Field water capacity，FC）～65％FC，历时21d；或拔节一抽穗调亏，调亏度为60％FC～65％FC，历时21d；平均比对照增产25．24％，节水15．41％，水分利用效率提高45．05％。根据3因子正交旋转组合设计综合试验资料，分别建立了经济产量（Y）及水分利用效率（WUE）数学模型。

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to study the metabolic responses of soybean to cadmium in two types of soils(alluvial soil and red soil) in Hunan.All physiological indexes were mensurated in the leave of soybean.The results investigated that the growing of soybean was inhibited in all treatments with cadmium.The synthesis of abscisic acid(ABA) and proline(PRO) were simulated in all treatments with cadmium.Peroxidase(POD) activities of soybean growing in red soil with cadmium were stimulated.In the treatments with alluvial soil,POD activities were inhibited with the lower Cd~(2 ) concentrations and stimulated with the higher Cd~(2 )concentrations.ABA and POD were the most sensitive indicators for soybean under cadmium exposure.The total biomass of soybean growing in red soil was less than in alluvial soil.In conclusion,red soil with cadmium has a strong influence on the growth of soybean than alluvial soil.

Abstract:借助于国家高科技农业“863”课题,以春小麦为供试作物,2004年和2005年在甘肃省张掖市甘州区进行了膜上灌春小麦调亏灌大田试验研究,研究了地膜覆盖(设丰水F(FM)、轻度L(FM)和中度M(FM))、露地(设丰水F(B)和中度M(B))。结果表明,与露地相比,覆膜处理春小麦出苗时间提前7~9 d;最大叶面积指数较露地提高12.34%~40.11%,增温1.5~1.7℃;同一水分处理下覆膜丰水处理F(FM)比露地丰水处理F(B)增产54.22%,WUE提高了4.67 kg/(mm.hm2);覆膜中度处理M(FM)比露地中度处理M(B)增产70.46%,WUE提高了4.91 kg/(mm.hm2)。最高产量所需的土壤适宜水分下限为50%~60%,较露地下降10%~15%。将亏缺灌溉与地膜覆盖两种措施相结合,旨在探讨其对产量形成过程的影响和相互作用,结果表明同一水分处理下覆膜小麦不仅具有较高的生物产量,而且茎、叶、穗等器官营养物质的输出率、分配率、转换率均高于露地小麦,相同水分条件下覆膜处理具有明显的增温、保墒增产作用。

Abstract:In the south edge of Hunshandake sand land, the influences of seed source effect ol enclosed grasslana on seed bank around sandy grassland are researched tentatively by contrasting the characteristics of seed bank in different places of sandy grassland out of fence and the grassland which was enclosed for 7 years as contrast. The results show that the seed source effect of enclosed grassland are dramatic on sandy grassland seed bank out of the fence, especially nearly around the fence, and the influences are fade-away gradually out of fence for about 500 meters. In addition, the seed source effect can restore radially the seed bank around sandy grassland.