Abstract:In this paper, the movement and transformation of phosphorus (P) in fertilizer microsites in red soil were studied by an incubation experiment using soil column. The movement distances of added P were the same at both 7 day and 28 day, 1.4 cm for MCP 0.2 g and 2.0 cm for MCP 0.5g. Most of P moved into soil was absorbed but still in available form in fertilizer microsites. The concentrations of water-extractable P, acid-extractable P and available P have significant negative linear relationships with distance from fertilizer placement in the region of P movement. The amount of P application has significant effects on the concentration distributions of water-extractable P, acid-extractable P and available P in fertilizer microsites. However, incubation time has significant effect on only water-extractable P.

Abstract:The continuous shaking trials were conducted to preliminarily study the effect of the different water-dissolved organic polymeric compounds-polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyethyleneglycol (PEG), on the kinetics of P adsorption in red soils. The results indicated that power-function model had been interpreted as an optimum indication of P adsorbed process in virtue of the compounds application, and the parameters in model of the compounds treatments were significantly different from that of the treatment alone applied monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The P adsorption and pH in soil were increased by the application of PVA, PAM or PEG, but the quantities of adsorption among the treatments applied them were not remarkably different.

Abstract:采用连续恒温培养研究了30℃条件下砂质酸性、中性土壤对2种不同剂型中性缓释复合肥养分释放特性的影响.研究结果表明,中性缓释复合肥的养分累积量、拟合动力学方程参数b值及养分平均释放相对百分率的变化趋势,受砂质土壤pH的影响基本一致.随砂质土壤pH升高,两种中性缓释复合肥氮素和磷素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大;砂质土壤pH降低,中性缓释复合肥钾素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大.两个中性缓释复合肥的养分释放速率对于砂质土壤pH变化响应一致,均表现为SRF1(有机无机型)＜SRF2(无机型).

Abstract:The effect of root separation on plant nitrogen uptake and nitrate nitrogen residual were investigated through field experiment. The results showed that the nitrogen uptake of faba bean with no root separation were higher than that with root partition, and nitrogen acquisition of grain and straw were increased by 20.10% and 34.43%, yet maize nitrogen uptake with no root separation were little lower than that of with root partition. The nitrate nitrogen accumulation both in soil of faba bean and maize strip with no root partition were higher than that of with root separation in faba bean/maize intercropping. When faba bean intercropped with no maize, faba bean nitrogen uptake with no root separation were significantly higher than that of with root partition, yet there existed no difference between root partition and no root partition for soil nitrogen accumulation in blank soil. And plant nitrogen uptake and nitrate nitrogen accumulation varied little between root separation and no root separation in faba bean/maize intercropping with no faba bean.

Abstract:以太湖典型地区宜兴市大浦镇湖滨公路以东50hm2蔬菜地为研究对象,网格法(50m×50m)采集表层(0～20cm)土壤156个,采用传统统计和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了土壤氮素及pH的空间变异特征。结果表明:土壤全N和NH4 -N有明显的空间变异结构。全N符合指数模型,NH4 -N变异函数符合线性模型,全N有强烈的空间相关性,NH4 -N有中等的空间相关性。土壤pH普遍偏低,pH变异函数符合指数模型,在小范围内具有强烈的空间相关性。土壤碱解N与pH呈显著负相关,表明施用氮肥是导致土壤pH下降的主要原因。通过研究土壤氮的空间变异性,获取田间土壤氮的连续分布图,为氮素分区管理、氮素重点控制区设置及生态拦截草带的建立提供科学依据。

Abstract:According to the practical soil conditions in the Yellow River Delta and the special characteristics of the coastal saline soil, this article does research on improving saline soil by using the saline-alkali soil amendments. Four kinds of saline-alkali soil amendments were experimented on middle salinity and heavy salinity soil. Then we measured the soil salt content and the output of crops, and synthetically analyzed the result. Finally we filtrated the best amendment that is suitable to the coastal saline soil. The result of this experiment showed that all of these saline-alkali soil amendments could reduce the soil salt content, and the effect of the saline soil restoration material was the best. It is the most suitable saline-alkali soil amendment on the coastal saline soil.

Abstract:The characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC)decompositions and the carbon pool sizes and turnover rates of active carbon pool,slow carbon pool and passive carbon pool under different vegetations and Chinese fir plantation of different forest ages are discussed. The results indicate that the general trend is there is a faster decomposition rate in the first incubation period than in the second period and in the surface soil than in the subsoil.In the surface soil,effect of decomposition rate on different vegetations is broad leaved forest>mature Chinese fir plantation and on Chinese fir plantation of different forest ages is midaged forest>mature forest>young forest.In the subsoil,there is a few differences on decomposition rate and culmulative amount of carbon mineralized under different vegetations;Effect of culmulative amount of soil organic carbon mineralized on different vegetations and Chinese fir plantation of different forest ages is the first month>the second month>the third month, the surface soil>the subsoil.In the surface soil,the effect is midaged Chinese fir plantation > broad leaved forest >mature Chinese fir plantation >young Chinese fir plantation;There is a different carbon pool sizes and turnover rate of activecarbon pool, slow carbon pool and passive carbon pool under different vegetations and Chinese fir plantation of different forest ages,the active pool(Ca)comprised 1.70% to 4.98% of the SOC in the surface and subsoil with an average field mean residence time(MRT) of 10 to 23 d,the slow pool comprised 16.21% to 49.52% of the SOC ,they had field MRT of 0.8 to 13.1 year,the passive pool comprised 46.22% to 80.50% with a assumed field MRT of 1 000 year.

Abstract:以长期田间定位试验为基本材料,研究了长期垄作免耕对稻田土壤肥力性状的影响.结果表明稻田长期垄作免耕有利于土壤结构的形成,土壤中＜0.01mm土粒团聚度增大,＞0.01mm有机微团聚体和＞0.01mm铁、铝-有机微团聚体所占比例表现为不同程度的提高,＞0.01mm元机微团聚体和钙、镁-有机微团聚体显著下降.免耕10年后,稻田长期垄作免耕土壤表层有机质含量提高,0～10cm土层的有机质含量达47.5g/kg,比常规平作高41.1%,比水旱轮作高51.3%,比试验前增加了89.0%;随着土壤层次的下移,各处理的土壤有机质含量降低.垄作免耕与常规平作和水旱轮作相比,土壤中的氮、磷、钾含量增加,稻田垄作免耕有利于土壤的定向培肥.

Abstract:Because main composition of by-product from flue gas desulphurization(BFGD)are CaSO_4, it can be used for improving sodic soils. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of BFGD on ameliorating sodic soil. There were eight treatments designed in this experiment, four BFGD levels(0,7.5, 15 and 22.5 t/hm~2)and two leaching levels(750 m~3/hm~2 and 80 m~3/hm~2). Results indicated that rate of sunflower emergence was increased, Exchangeable Sodium Percentage(ESP), pH, Total Dissolved Salts(TDS)and the ratio Na~ K~ /Ca~(2 ) Mg~(2 ) in water soluble salt were decreased by applying the by-product, but excessive BFGD also had effect on emergence and growth of sunflower, and leaching can improve the improvement efficiency. It's was inferred that the best BFGD requirement was 13.05 t/hm~2 when ESP =63.5, and pH =9. 15 according to the test result. The result of treatment 4 (7.5 t/hm~2 BFGD and 1200 m~3/hm~2 leaching water)was best in this experiment, the emergence rate and single output of sunflower are up to 92.5% and 36.40 g respectively.

Abstract:以丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺和凹凸棒土为原料，合成了有机无机复合保水剂(PAAM—atta)．与丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺聚合保水剂(PAAM)作对比，在室外考察了复合保水剂与纯有机保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明．在土壤含水量、pH值、电导率、团粒结构、土壤容重和土壤孔隙度等土壤物理化学性能方面，PAAM—atta复合保水剂的改善效果较纯有机类保水剂明显。

Abstract:煤炭开采导致大量农田受损、地表沉陷、土地荒芜及水土流失,然而目前广泛采用的粉煤灰充填后表层覆土的复垦形式,虽然取得了一定效果,但矿区覆土来源的缺乏严重影响着复垦的进度。本研究利用粉煤灰分别与污泥、酒糟以4∶1的比例组配成新型复垦基质,进行了种植植物的试验研究。通过对基质主要化学性质变化的研究表明:有机质、速效养分含量经过灌溉和雨水的淋洗仍保持较高的水平,盐分含量也明显下降,重金属元素除Cd外均未超过土壤环境质量指标值二级标准,基质理化性状能够满足植物生长的要求。这不仅促进了废弃物的资源化利用,也为采煤沉陷区节土造田、加快生态修复与利用提供了新的理论与途径。

Abstract:采用实验室培养试验研究了阿特拉津除草剂对土壤微生物生态特征的影响。结果表明：阿特拉津除草剂10mg／kg浓度处理释放的CO2与对照无明显差异，根据危害系数法的分级方法，其属于无实际危害级农药；阿特拉津除草剂10mg／kg浓度处理在初始阶段，明显降低土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮，随培养时间推移土壤微生物生物量碳和生物量氮有所恢复，随后又有所下降，30d后土壤微生物生物量变化趋于平缓；阿特拉津除草剂对土壤微生物多样性产生一定影响．其影响随培养时间而异。在一定程度上反映出土壤微生物生态特征指标可作为除草剂污染土壤环境质量变异的参考指标。

Abstract:The soil nutrient, microorganism and enzyme activity are studied and analyzed in Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica plantations in Zhanggutai area. The results are as follows:the differences of microorganism quantity among different type of soil is the significant, so are the enzyme activity and soil nutrient. The correlation among soil microorganism quantity, enzyme activity and soil nutrient content is the significant,it can be used as evaluation index of soil fertility. The strategy and measures to prevent the soil degradation of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica were put forward,including application of thinning rationally for existing dense plantations and establishment of mixture forest for new plantations.

Abstract:通过风洞实验，在5个风速下对6种不同结构的垄作及平作对照地的土壤风蚀速率、O～20cm风沙流结构进行了模拟观测研究。结果表明：垄作下平均土壤风蚀速率较平作下降低20％～60％。垄作和平作下土壤风蚀速率均随风速的增大呈幂函数递增，但平作下递增较快。风速为15m／s是早作农田土壤风蚀加剧的转折点，当风速大于15m／s时垄作下风蚀速率较平作下明显降低。0～20cm内，平作和垄作下输沙率与高度分别呈负指数和负线性关系。垄作下0～4cm输沙量和输沙量百分比(Q0～4／Q0～20)均低于平作。不同结构的垄作间进行比较，垄脊高度相同时，垄沟比(垄脊高度与垄顶距的比值)越大，土壤风蚀速率越小，而Q0～4／Q0～20越大；垄沟比相同时，垄脊越高，土壤风蚀速率越大，而Q0～4／Q0～20越小。

Abstract:The damage of wind-sand flow is multiaspect, not only its destruction to soil surface texture and weakening to anti-erodibility of soil, but also affection on vegetable normal growth and mutilating to industrial and agricultural facilities. In this paper, influence of wind-sand flow on soil wind erosion was discussed using portable wind tunnel to simulate natural wind. The results indicated that critical threshold wind velocity of soil surface can be reduced when wind-sand flow appears, and this makes soil more easily to be eroded. The influence on wind erosion had different characteristics under variant wind velocity scope. Wind erosion rate increases slightly in a lower scope of wind speed, while a rapid increase presents in a higher period of wind speed which accompanies a contrast of more than 5 times compared with clean wind, when wind velocity exceeds 10m/s, wind erosion rate decreases dramatically. This phenomenon showed that more sand saltates at a higher height when it obtains more kinetic energy, which weakens the anti-erodibility of soil, although wind erosion rate is greater than that of it is under clean wind condition. Because of sandy mutual impacting and abrading, it attenuates the anti-erodibility of soil making ground surface to be eroded easily, so integrated ways should be take into account to control the source of wind-sand flow. This is the key to inhibit expand of desertification and to improve ecological environment.

Abstract:Test has been conducted to measure the ability to resist wind erosion,compressive strength, water-resistant, water-retaining and the effect to plant growth of consolidated layers of three new-type chemical materials.Results indicated that the 3D and the ZEROSIN chemical sand-fixing material have effective function on sand fixing and plants growth, they can be applied extensively in serious sand erosion areas. It is an effective way to control desert and realize vegetation recover by combining the chemical sand fixation with plants sand fixation.

Abstract:分别利用坡面径流剪切力、坡面径流能耗和坡面径流单位水流功率理论对坡面土壤侵蚀发生过程进行了研究。研究结果表明,坡面径流平均输沙率与坡面径流平均剪切力之间均存在明显的线性关系,试验的土壤抗蚀性参数为178 5g/(Pa·min),径流临界剪切力为0 54Pa。根据径流能耗理论的计算结果表明,径流单宽输沙率和单宽径流能耗之间具有如下的线性关系式:Dr=14 61(ΔE-0 37),表明试验的土壤可蚀性参数为14 61g/J,临界单宽径流能耗为0 37J/(min·cm)。根据径流功率理论的计算结果,坡面径流功率与径流平均输沙率之间存在比较明显的线性关系,随着径流功率的增加,坡面径流输沙量明显增加,二者的线性关系为:Y=8942 2x-68 676。总体来说,3种理论在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用各有优势,其中坡面径流能耗理论相对简便并且误差较小,更利于对坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行描述。

Abstract:以未退耕的陡坡耕地作对比,对退耕还林4年后三倍体毛白杨林地两种不同草本层模式进行的土壤抗蚀性研究,以及它们和林地细根和草根的相关性分析表明:林地土壤的水稳性团聚体含量上、中、下层和未退耕地在总量上差别不大,但林地上层和中层大粒级的水稳性团聚体含量明显高于未退耕地,林地又以自然草林地高于人工草林地;自然草林地有机质比人工草林地略高,但不明显,未退耕地则由于人为增施农家肥而高于林地;以微团聚体含量为基础的各项抗蚀指标,虽一定程度上也表明林地的抗蚀性高于未退耕地,但不如以水稳性团聚体含量明显;各抗蚀指标与林内细根和草根的相关性表明,就提高大粒级水稳性团聚体含量和水稳性团聚体总量来说,0～2mm细根总体上作用是很显著的,相关系数分别达到0 906和0 798;而≤1mm根系起主要的作用,这其中草根的作用不可忽视,无论细根分级如何,总而言之,凡和有机质相关系数显著的径级,同时也和团聚体呈显著相关关系。

Abstract:以传统种植模式为对照,对桑基植物篱模式拦蓄径流、泥沙及改善土壤抗蚀性的效应进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明:桑基植物篱模式下土壤抗蚀性有较大程度的提高,表层土团聚度和团聚状况分别较传统种植模式提高25 2%和50 6%,而分散率则下降了3 7%,水稳性指数为传统顺坡种植的1 9倍,前10min水稳性团聚体破坏率仅为传统种植模式的57 2%。同时,桑基植物篱的应用能有效地减少紫色土坡地的水土流失,尤以侵蚀量和径流含沙量的减少和降低更为明显,与传统种植模式相比,径流量和径流系数减少或降低了10 34%～20 00%,侵蚀量减少了55 23%～67 84%,径流含沙量减小了48 60%～59 80%;在大雨强时桑基植物篱对减少养分的流失总量和富集比效果也相当显著。该技术的应用可有效地保证紫色土坡地土壤对降雨的充分入渗,减少面源污染,保持坡耕地的土地生产力。

Abstract:In semi-arid area of Laizhou(Shandong province), fifteen lesimeters were used to study solute movement and balance on Shandong coastal saline soil under mariculture wasterwater irrigation. There are five treatments in this experiment, i.e, CK(non-irrigated) and the treatments of leaching fraction(LF) being 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4. The results showed that, total desolved salts (TDS) at root zone for the treatments of leaching fraction being 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 increased by 89.78,92.35,96.10 and 102.85 g, respectively, when irrigated two times during the key developing stages of Helianthus tuberosus L. Some were leached blow the root zone and leaching proficiency reached 17.3%, 24.4%,31.1% and 36.8% respectively. After mariculture wastewater irrigation, nutrients such as nitrate, ammonium and reactive phosphorus, increased at root zone. Amounts of nutrients being retained at root zone were different due to the differences of the movement abilities among the three solutes. Nitrate was apt to leaching blow the root zone, however, ammonium and reactive phosphorus be retained. Additionally, heavy rain helped to leach the soluble salts out of the root zone, but the nutrients were also being leached.Therefore, we concluded using mariculture wastewater to irrigate salt-tolerant crop could increase soil nutrients, while the total desolved salts would not be excessively accumulated.

Abstract:庄莱州湾海水入侵地区较严重的山东省莱州市沿岸内陆，利用高矿化水灌溉耐盐性植物大田试验的基础上，于2003年lo月～2004年6月进行了海水入侵区微咸水补充灌溉冬小麦的田间大面积试验，并对灌区地下水时空分布进行初步观测，结果表明：(1)海水入侵地区大面积种植冬小麦，返青后期的关键生育期，采用2．4～3．2g／L和3．2～5．0g／L微咸水与咸水，适时、适量地进行补充灌溉，其产量比雨养种植的小麦增产35．87％～38．43％．获得较高经济产量。(2)微咸水补充灌溉二次后，60cm土体盐分累积比雨养种植处理(不灌溉)增加了28．5％和72．3％，随着作物的生理耗水和生态耗水作用的加强，土壤盐分随水分的蒸发而主要积累于40cm以上的土层．季节性降雨使土壤盐分下降，雨量偏小或季节性干旱，土壤盐分仍然存在于上层土体。然而，微咸水灌溉冬小麦，增加了土壤水的体积容量，及时补充因干旱缺水而造成植物的生理耗水量，确保植株干物质的积累，取得较高的生物产量。

Abstract:Under the support of the GIS technique, the occurrence and distribution of soil erosion were studied in the plain before the mountain of the Heihe river, using the ~(137)Cs technique. And the spatial distributing rules of soil erosion under the different land use background were investigated quantificational. By the spatial analysis of the ~(137)Cs intensity, that the intensity and district difference of the soil erosion can be revealed. Furthermore, the correlation between the soil erosion and the LUCC of the region was to be discussed. Results show that it was belong to secondary erosion that in the plain before the mountain in the middle part of Heihe river, and the average soil erosion rates in the past 38 years of grassland, cultivated land and waste-land were increased in turn. Moreover, grassland cultivated in large acreage will accelerate the soil erosion. Secondly, the soil erosion capacity of the grassland, cultivated land and waste-land were about 0.4 hundred million tons,0.2 hundred million tons,1.2 hundred million tons respectively. Thirdly, the soil erosion of the region was presented increased trend in recently twenty years, the west area of it was eroded more strong, that the cosmically exploitation of the soil in the south, were made the land of current region deteriorated, therefore, the evolutive trend to the waste were accelerated in the lower reaches of the river.

Abstract:The study was conducted in three different forests of Jiuzhaigou World Nature Heritage Reserve. Surface runoff were simulated and the relationship between runoff and surface traits(herb cover, bryophyte cover,litter cover and slope gradient) and soil status(initial water content and humus thickness) were exploited. It was found that:(1) Under the same rain intensity and time, the surface traits including herb cover, bryophyte cover and litter cover strongly impacted surface runoff intensity, but soil status only displayed tiny action on it. (2)In the same slope gradients, very small differences of surface runoff intensity among different forest type were found. (3) In the same forest type, under oak forest, surface runoff changing along with slope gradients increased. Under forests mixed with spruce and oak trees and fir forest, very small differences of surface runoff intensity among different slope gradients were found.

Abstract:通过水培试验,研究了在不同Cu浓度处理条件下海州香薷和紫花香薷根系形态和植物各器官铜含量、累积量间的差异。结果表明:低浓度Cu处理(<50μmol/L)对海州香薷的生长有一定的促进作用,植株干重、根系长度、根系表面积、根体积和侧根均略有升高。但随着Cu浓度(100～500μmol/L)增加,表现出一定的负效应,海州香薷在500μmol/LCu处理时植株干重、根系长度、根系表面积、根体积和侧根明显受到抑制,与对照相比差异达显著或者极显著水平。紫花香薷在50μmol/LCu处理时根系生长就受到严重抑制,而当浓度再增加时,根系形态的各项指标则无明显变化。海州香薷地上部铜含量明显高于紫花香薷。

Abstract:Effects of calcium and silicon on detoxification of aluminum (Al) of buckwheat were studied with solution culture experiments. The results showed that either calcium or silicon could alleviate toxicity of Al. The root activity, the content of soluble protein and the activity of peroxidase (POD) of buckwheat leaves were increased, and malondialdehyde content (MDA, showing lipid peroxidatic reaction) of buckwheat leaves was decreased, when addition of calcium or silicon under the stress of Al. The inhibition effect of Al toxicity on soluble protein was completely offset by either calcium or silicon in first bloom stage. However, the alleviating effects of calcium or silicon on aluminum toxicity were limited when the concentration of Al increased. The alleviating effect of calcium was better than that of silicon.

Abstract:Aluminum toxicity has been a serious agricultural problem in acid soils, so the study of physiological response of plants to aluminum stress is of great significance. In this research, five physiological indices of buckwheat in acid-aluminum stress were investigated. Buckwheat was cultured in sand which was treated by different concentrations of aluminum (0,10,100,1 000 mg/L) and pH value(3,4,5). At 14d and 28d after buckwheat sprouting, roots and leaves were used to probe into the changes of physiological characteristics. The result indicated that under acid-aluminum stress, even in10mg/L pH5, the cells of both root and leaf were damaged and the growth of buckwheat was influenced. With the rise of aluminum concentration or with the drop of pH, the root system activity (RA) was decreased, the membrane permeability of root cells (MP),the amount of malonaldehyde (MDA) and free proline (Pro) in leaves were increased, and the activity of peroxidase (POD) was raised. Especially 1 000 mg/L pH3, the cells of buckwheat were destroyed worst. The membrane permeability of root cells was 2.59 times and the amount of malonaldehyde in leaves was 3.78 times than the control at 14d after sprouting, 2.10 times and 1.95 times at 28 d. These physiological indices of buckwheat had significant correlation with each other under acid-aluminum stress. Aluminum toxicity became less in its growth.

Abstract:The observations from the field plot-experiments conducted on the vegetable base of Shengzhou county of Zhejiang province to explore the effects of organic manure, fused calcium magnesium phosphate and lime on the remediation of productivity in zinc-contaminated soil showed that: all the three kinds of agro-chemical measures evidently increased yields of vegetables grown in winter-spring and autumn-winter seasons on zinc-contaminated soils. Normal local yield level of ginger and lettuce could be gained by using the optimum combination of agro-chemical measures. Yields of ginger and lettuce increased 15.38% to 23.08% and 35.9% to 82.5% as compared with CK, respectively. These agro-chemical measures could leave death and increase the livability of peanut plant (highly susceptive to zinc poison) grown in summer-autumn high-temperature seasons, although it can't get the normal growth and expected yielding levels of peanut. Zinc content in plant could be decreased evidently by using agro-chemical measures and there is a opposite relationship between the yield and zinc content of the plants. Also, we found that the available zinc content in the polluted soils could be decreased by using the treatments of fused calcium magnesium phosphate and lime in polluted soils; however, to apply organic manure may be valid to the decrease in the zinc content of plant rather than in the zinc contents of polluted soils.

Abstract:The experiment conducted in the field, using the submerged macrophyte-Elodea muttallii and immobilized nitrogen cycling bacteria studied the change of nitrogen and phosphorus in eutrophicated water system in winter-spring seasons. The results show that: when we combined the two factors, the results will be more obvious to improving and maintaining the water quality. There are several forms nitrogen concentration will decrease, due to absorb by Elodea muttallii and ammonolysis and nitrification and denitrification process by nitrogen cycling bacteria. At the later of experiment, though the total phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus will increase, due to the release by sediments, combined Elodea muttallii with INCB have the obvious role to cushion the phenomenon.

Abstract:于2003年9月8～15日三峡水库成库后，利用航测的方法对三峡水库11个点位的部分水环境化学指标进行测试，结果表明金属及非金属离子浓度比成库前普遍增高。阳离子以钙为主，阴离子以硫酸根为主；重金属中Pb、Cd含量高，各点位平均值仅能达到V类水质标准(GB3838—2002)，其余重金属浓度均优于Ⅱ级标准。调查区域营养盐浓度较高，其中TN各监测点均超过国家地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水。成库后叶绿素a含量增加显著，变化范围在1．58～7．35mg／m^3，平均浓度为4．69mg／m^3，但水库区域水体总体上处于中营养水平。利用系统聚类方法，水环境化学指标有明显的地域分布特征。

Abstract:Conventional statistics and geostatistical techniques were used to study the spatial variability and temporal stability of soil salinity distribution on a 10.5 hm~2 field in reclaimed region of Shangyu city, Zhejiang province. Based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of soil salinity, a classified management map was produced with the support of GIS. The results indicated high coefficients of variation of topsoil salinity over all the three samplings. The spatial structure of soil salinity variability remained relatively stable with time. Kriged contour maps revealed the high salinity content in the east region and relatively low salinity level in the northern and west region of the studied field. Temporal stability map indicated the stable and unstable regions. The classified management maps presented 4 potential management zones, each with different characteristics that can have an impact on the way the field is managed. Finally, the cotton yield data was used to examine how well these potential management zones reflected the productivity levels. It was concluded that saline soil land might be managed in a site-specific way based on the clearly defined management zones.

Abstract:通过盐分胁迫下柳树2个无性系的盆栽试验,发现盐分对苗木的成活和生长都有一定的抑制作用。随着盐分浓度的提高,苗高、地上与地下部分生物量都呈下降趋势;盐分的存在同样影响到叶片叶绿素含量和脯氨酸含量的变化。通过回归分析发现,盐分浓度与叶片叶绿素含量之间存在着线性负相关关系,与脯氨酸含量之间存在着抛物线形相关关系。土壤中盐分的增加不仅影响到植物的生长发育,而且对土壤自身的物理、化学性状也产生不良效应。,同时还测定了盆栽土壤中土壤葡糖苷酶和土壤天冬酰胺酶活性的变化。结果表明这两种酶的活性都随土壤中盐分浓度的提高而下降,说明盐分对土壤的理化性状和肥力状况都产生了抑制作用。参试的2个柳树无性系中,W1的耐盐能力强于W2。

Abstract:A pot experiment was carried out in Sichuan agricultural university to check the effect of different kinds and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on quality of Mengshan tea in western Sichuan. Results were achieved as follows: Kinds, amount, kinds and amount of fertilizer all had significant effect on tea qualities(except soluble sugars).Contents of tea polyphenols(TP), catechins and caffeine were markedly increased by applying the five kinds of nitrogen fertilizer. TP, catechins and caffeine were higher in using 4 g/pot pure nitrogen than other amount. Catechins and amino acid were higher in (NH_4)_2CO treatment than other nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Content of NO_3~- and NO_2~- were significantly increased using NO_3-N fertilizer included NH_4NO_3 and Ca(NO_3)_2, but amount of NO_3-N fertilizer had no effect on content of NO_3~- and NO_2~-. The NH_4-N fertilizer and urea had few effect on content of NO_3~- and NO_2~-. Considering qualities of tea picked in spring, summer and autumn, urea was the best nitrogen fertilizer, and 8g/pot was the optimum amount.

Abstract:从森林冠层、枯枝落叶层、土壤层等方面分析了六盘山林区水源涵养林油松、华北落叶松、辽东栎、红桦、李灌丛及杂灌丛6种森林生态系统在水文过程中的作用。试验结果表明:各植被类型的林冠层截留各不相同,在雨季(6～9月)辽东栎和华北落叶松的截留率相当,红桦的最小。各种植被类型的冠层月截留率除红桦外都是6月份最大,7,8,9三个月截留率呈波动状下降,但均为7月份的截留量最多,而红桦在6,7,8月份的截留率相当,9月份的较小;枯落物最大持水深以红桦的最大,灌丛类型的最小;土壤水文特性各异,0～80cm土层平均容重以红桦的最小,油松的最大,总孔隙度以红桦的最大,油松的最小,非毛管孔隙度以杂灌丛的最大,华北落叶松的最小,从土壤持水深看,0～80cm土层的杂灌丛土壤最大持水量最大,油松的最小;0～80cm土壤毛管持水量以华北落叶松的最大,红桦的次之,李灌丛的最小。同时对山区的降水特性进行了研究,发现降水量随海拨高度增加降水量增加,平均每100m抬升雨量5 28%,至海拨2640m以后降水量又开始下降,平均每100m递减4 27%。

Abstract:分析了八达岭林场4种林分枯落物层的蓄积量、持水能力、阻滞径流速度和减流减沙的效应。结果表明:①油松的总蓄积量为29 20t/hm2,最大持水量为61 36t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为19 38t/hm2;侧柏总蓄积量为4 62t/hm2,最大持水量为57 84t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为16 58t/hm2;元宝枫总蓄积量为17 76t/hm2,最大持水量为30 92t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为71 73t/hm2;刺槐总蓄积量为10 26t/hm2,最大持水量为43 12t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为24 63t/hm2;在这4种林分枯落物中,元宝枫的有效拦蓄量为最大,相当于7 17mm的降雨。②4种枯落物未分解层和半分解层持水量与浸水时间的关系为:W=Aln(t) B,未分解层持水量均大于半分解层持水量,吸水速度同浸水时间的关系式为V=ktn,在0～2h之间,枯落物未分解层和半分解层吸水速率较快,在4～6h后下降速率逐渐减缓。③随坡度增加,枯落物阻滞径流速率、减沙减流的效果更加明显,元宝枫在此效应中表现最佳。

Abstract:The paper researched the soil water effect across measuring the physical characters of soil water in Pailugou watershed in Qilian Mountains forest ecology monitoring station belonging to the state key field scientific experimental station. The result shows:(1)The water holding capacity of sub-alpine shrub meadow soil is best and aerate well and then forest gray-brown soil with best aeration, chestnut soil has little water holding capacity and bad aeration;(2)The index of soil hydrology effect changes with soil depth, the change extent was sub-alpine shrub meadow soil > forest gray-brown soil > chestnut soil;(3)Hydrology effect of soil unit depth was sub-alpine shrub meadow soil > forest gray-brown soil>chestnut soil;(4)Soil hydrology effect is affected by soil depth besides its characters, the indexes of unit depth of sub-alpine shrub meadow soil were better than the other soil types, but the total hydrology effect index was lower except of natural storing water amount since the little soil layer in the high altitude.

Abstract:Through analyzing the changes of proline,soluble saccharin and endogenous hormone contents in leaves of Chinese seabuckthorn and Russian seabuckthorn under drought stress,the results showed that the slope soil's water content is low than the gully, the proline content and the soluble saccharin content in leaves of Chinese seabuckthorn in the slope increased than it in the gully. In the field drought stress,the content of proline and soluble saccharin increased with decreasing of water content of the soil.The ability of accumulation of the proline of Chinese seabuckthornis more than of Russian seabuckthorn,and the female more than the male. The ability of accumulation of the soluble saccharin of Russian seabuckthorn is more than of Chinese seabuckthorn,and the female more than the male. The content of ABA increased with decreasing of water content of the soil.The content of IAA and ZR decreased with decreasing of the water content of soil.The content of GA increased in the initial stage of drought stress,then decreased after the initial stage. From the changes of proline content,soluble saccharin content,endogenous hormone content can conclude that the Chinese seabuckthorn and the female of seabuckthorn have high adaptability to water stress more than the Russian seabuckthorn and the male of seabuckthorn.

Abstract:The temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture of flue-cured tobacco were studied by lysimeter experiment. The results indicated that in the growing period of tobacco plant, changes of soil water contents within 0 to 20 cm depth layers was the most significant, but followed by layers within 20 to 40cm depth and it was the most stable within 40 to 60cm depth. In addition, mathematical models describing the changes of soil water contents with time within 0 to 20 cm, 20 to 40 cm, 40 to 60 cm depth were also proposed, with which the temporal dynamics of soil water in flue-cured tobacco could be predicted. Also, it was good that irrigation calculating wetness depth was 20 to 30 cm at the root extending stage, 50 to 60 cm at the vigorous growing stage and 30 to 40 cm at the maturing stage; and the optimum relative soil water combining was better than others when it was at 60%-80%-70% or 60%-80%-60%.

Abstract:This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal variety regulation of soil moisture and soil moisture characteristic constants on mobile dune in Horqin sandy land. The research shows that the soil moisture of mobile dune takes on obvious spatial and temporal variety characteristics with the rainfall, withered moisture and mechanical composition present ruleless variety because of the complication of aeolian movement. There exists notable negative correlativity between the field moisture capacity and soil unit weight with the variety of depth. Atthe same time, the quantification of soil moisture characteristic constants provides some theories for controlling and restoring the mobile dune.

Abstract:As the typical arid and semi-arid rocky mountain, the mountain area in Beijing has a barren soil and little soil water resource ,which has been the most important limit factor to the survival rates of trees and forest growth in this area. Platycladus orientalis are the principal tree species in this area and theyplay a very important role in water and soil conservation, water-reserving, etc. So it is extraordinary vital for us to study soil moisture,physical features and nutrients condition. The characteristics of soil in the main forest land in Beijing area has been studied in this research by the ways of establishing plots and chronic position monitor so as to make the best advantage from the limited natural precipitation, increase the soil water resource, and make the trees best utilize it by forestry measures. Additionally, the paper may afford scientific thereunder in increasing the survival rates of trees and forest land productivity, expanding forest resources, restoring plant, making the best use of the function of water-reserving on the premise of adaptable tree for adaptable stand in the arid and semiarid areas.

Abstract:选择黄土高原陇中丘陵半干旱典型区———定西地区,在前期试验研究的基础上,2002～2004年通过对保护性耕作条件下旱地春小麦—豌豆双序列轮作农田土壤水分及利用效率的试验研究,结果表明:保护性耕作能够显著提高0～200cm土层土壤贮水量及含水量,这种作用在降水较少年份表现更为突出。免耕及免耕覆草较常规耕作土壤贮水量分别提高1 93%～7 25%和0 06%～3 58%。休闲轮作有利于提高土壤对降水的保蓄,具有良好的蓄水保墒作用,但不同的轮作序列表现不同。P/W各处理小麦收获期土壤0～50cm含水量均比W/P各处理小麦收获期土壤0～50cm含水量有所增加,增幅为0 33%～0 62%。0～200cm土壤含水量呈反S型变化,播种期、五叶期及收获期土壤具有较高含水量,而开花期土壤含水量则较低。免耕覆草处理的产量及水分利用效率分别为3709 69kg/hm2和10 45kg/hm2·mm,分别较常规耕作提高30 28%和40 08%。

Abstract:在山西洪洞建立了农膜、公路、农田小路、农田下垫面产流场，对不同下垫面的自然降雨产流及早地小麦集水补灌的产量和水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明：在观测的27次降雨中。不同下垫面的产流量存在较大差异，农膜、公路、农田小路和农田下垫面的产流系数分别为81．4％，73．6％，41．6％，2．7％。旱地小麦集水补灌研究表明：早地型品种应作为集水补灌早地小麦的主干品种；补灌量愈大产量愈高。拔节期补灌优于扬花期；同一补灌量集中补灌优于分次补灌；不同播期密度在集水补灌条件下其产量和水分利用效率存在差异。该项研究为开展集水工程及集水补灌提供了理论和技术依据。

Abstract:Laws of water infiltration and soil water redistribution in red soil were studied through indoor soil column simulated experiments. During infiltration period, the depth of wetting front and the infiltration volume had a linear relation with the square root of time, the velocity of wetting front had a power relation with time, and the infiltration rate had a linear relation with the reciprocal of the square root of time. During redistribution period, soil water content decreased with soil depth, and soil water content at the same depth decreased with time under preventing evaporation conditions. Regardless of preventing evaporation or not, soil water suction decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of soil depth, and soil water suction at the same depth increased with time. In addition, the original soil water content significantly influenced infiltration and redistribution. The lower the original soil water content was, the quicker the water infiltrated and the slower the water redistributed.

Abstract:通过对保水剂和旱地龙这两种抗旱节水剂在苹果生长上的试验研究,分析了抗旱节水剂集成应用对土壤含水率、苹果产量、苹果品质(主要指可溶性固形物)的影响。结果表明,施用抗旱节水剂可增加土壤含水率和果实品质,增产达13365 06～19036 58kg/hm2,增加纯经济效益20570～34750元/hm2;水分利用效率提高,每1hm2节水892m3,同时对抗旱节水剂应用条件下的果树灌溉制度进行了研究,提出了不同降雨年型的灌溉制度。

Abstract:This paper analyzed the daily variability and the seasonal variability and spatial variability of the transpiration rate of four kinds of bushes in soil and water conservation, and the correlation analysis and multi-regression analysis were applied to their transpiration rate and influencing factors. The results of the study were the following. The total tendency of the daily variability of four kinds of bush transpiration rate was that it was relatively small in early morning and it reached peak value basically at about 12:00 at noon and dropped to the utmost point from side to side low by 18:00. The change had certain differences on different bushes. According to peak value of the transpiration rate, the size order of the transpiration rate of the four kinds of bushes in dry season was Vitex negundo Linn.> Cotinus coggygria Scop. > Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl.> Spriaea trilobata Linn.,and it was Vitex negundo Linn. > Spriaea trilobata Linn. > Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl.> Cotinus coggygria Scop. in rainy season. The variability tendency of season of four kinds of bush transpiration rate was the same basically. It showed a tendency to reduce in May and then went up gradually since the beginning of June and reached the maximum in mid-July and then began to fall after rise shortly afterwards. The characteristic of spatial variability of transpiration rate was that the largest transpiration rate on top and the middle part takes second place, and the under-part is minimum. The transpiration rate of four kinds of bushes extremely remarkable had with the effective radiation, temperature, air relative humidity and air vent is it spends four extremely remarkable correlations.

Abstract:通过测定刺楸、黄连木、栾树旱季和雨季气体交换参数及其周围环境因子的日变化，分析水分生理生态特性，探讨各生理生态因子对水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：光合有效辐射与温度均呈单峰型，空气相对湿度呈“U”型。蒸腾速率日变化3个树种在旱季和雨季均呈单峰型。净光合速率日变化刺楸在旱季为双峰型，在雨季为单峰型，而黄连木、栾树在旱季和雨季均为单峰型。水分利用效率日变化在雨季3个树种呈单峰型，在旱季黄连木呈单峰型，而刺楸和栾树呈双峰型。逐步回归分析发现，影响3个树种水分利用效率的因子主要有胞间CO2浓度(极显著负相关)、大气CO2浓度(极显著正相关)、空气相对湿度(正相关)和叶温(负相关)等。通过主成分分析，可将影响刺楸、栾树水分利用效率的因子归纳为3类，即温度、气孔导度和CO2浓度；黄连木可归纳为两类，即温度和气孔导度。

Abstract:三峡库区春玉米盆栽水肥耦合试验研究结果表明，水分胁迫导致玉米株高和叶面积指数降低，以拔节期受到影响最大；玉米产量与生物量呈显著正相关关系，产量与根重无显著正相关关系；水氮耦合效应显著，适宜水分和中氮处理下玉米的产量最高，玉米生长发育对氮肥的吸收存在一定的阈值，过多施用氮肥会加剧土壤干旱和作物干旱，水和钾耦合效应对玉米产量影响不显著；水分是影响玉米产量的主导因素，其次是氮效应和钾效应。

Abstract:Based on the clarification of the character of scale, the spatial and temporal scale of river ecosystem restoration is discussed in detail. The temporal scale includes short, middle, long and bally long scale, the longer is the time required to make river ecosystem get stabilization state, the larger is the selected temporal scale. In restoration practice, river ecosystem restoration commonly focuses on short, middle and long scale. The spatial scale consists of region, watershed, river corridor and river section scale. The focus in region scale is the optimization of socio-economic disturbance sources and the dissipation of disturbance intensity, the integrity of watershed, cumulative impacts, landscape pattern and process, land use and other aspects should be emphasized in watershed scale, the longitudinal, transverse and vertical link should be given special consideration in river corridor scale, and river section is the implementing unit for detailed restoration project and engineering.