Abstract:通过气象观测站与标准径流小区的试验观测,全面系统地分析了江西省红壤坡地的天然降雨特征。主要内容包括与土壤流失关系密切的降雨量(P)、降雨强度(I)等降雨特征参数的等级划分和时间分配规律;确定了江西红壤坡地侵蚀性降雨标准;确立了ΣE·I60 为红壤坡地降雨侵蚀力因子R的最佳计算组合,并分析了R值的季度分配、月分配特征以及雨量分配、雨强分配特征。这为探索控制江西红壤坡地水土流失的最佳时段,研究水土流失产生的动力来源以及发生演变的规律具有积极的借鉴意义

Abstract:The effects of vegetation type, rainfall intensity, surface crust, and weed cover on rainfall infiltration and runoff on grassland and bare land were studied under simulated rainfall conditions. The results show that surface crust could easily take place on bare land, so its runoff-yielding time primarily depends on rainfall intensity, and their relationship might be described by a power function. However, runoff-yielding time on grassland with a higher cover ratio primarily depends on initial soil water content, and their relationship might be described by a linear function. Compared with bare land, grassland could delay and intercept runoff effectively. After surface curst was formed on bare land, runoff generation would be earlier and the average infiltration rate would be lower. However, bare land covered with weed, especially in the middle and bottom parts of the hillslope, would delay and intercept runoff, increase infiltrated water, and make soil water move deeper. Moreover, evaporation inhibition after rainfall also has the similar effects.

Abstract:For studying the relationship between preferential flow and surface runoff, a natural second Chinese pine (Pinus massoniana) forest in the area, which has not been heavily influenced by people, is selected as an experiment site. The process of preferential flow has been recorded by an automatic flowmeter during the time of the experiment. The soil physical properties have also been determined at the same time. The result shows that the discharge of the preferential flow is mainly influenced by the precipitation and the ante~precipitation. The appearance of the preferential flow peak is later than the peak of the surface runoff. The preferential flow defers the appearance of the peak of the surface runoff and prolongs the surface runoff duration. It is not obvious that the preferential flow appears linear relationship with the surface runoff when both the preferential flow and the surface runoff appear two peaks at the same precipitation. On the contrary, the linear relationship between the preferential flow and the surface runoff is marked while both of them have one peak, and it changes with the variation of precipitation and ante-precipitation.

Abstract:Through rainfall simulating in laboratory, and observation on soil sample slices, this study intended to disclose crust development, and reveal the relationship between crust and splash erosion. Two kinds of crust, i.e., structural crust and depositional crust, were observed in the experiment. With the development of crust, bigger aggregates and grains were dispersed, and bigger pores formed beneath the crust. The development of crust was also the process of soil resisting splash erosion enhanced.

Abstract:Most of the researches on physical dust formation centralized in the rainfall and flowing water's action before, and ignored the positive formation and acceleration action of wind power on it especially in the flown sand region. This paper analyzes the formational action of physical by wind power through constructing straw checkboard of different sizes in different morphological locations, at the same time analyzes the grain sizes in the straw checkboard and compares them with the counterparts in the flown sand region. Besides this paper also explains another mass source and acceleration action of physical crust of abundant atmospheric dustfall, and also does not overlook the important attribution of rainfall to the formation of physical crust in the flown sand region.

Abstract:Purple soil sloping farmland is the important land resources in three gorges reservoir region. Based on the research of rainfall intensity influencing on runoff yield and sediment yield, the demonstrated and popularized intercropping orchard-pasturage model was taken as research object, and its characteristics of soil and water loss was studied through opening and locating monitor experiment. It's showed that:(1)The short period and high intensity rainfall has the strongest influence on runoff yield and sediment yield, there was obvious negative correlation between rainfall period and runoff yield and sediment yield, and obvious positive correlation between rainfall intensity parameters and runoff yield and sediment yield;(2)Among the rainfall characteristic parameters, average rainfall intensity is a best one to reflect runoff coefficients, silt amount and silt content of runoff, and I_(30) is the best one to reflect the change of runoff amount in purple soil sloping farmland;(3)Under different rainfall intensities, intercropping orchard-pasturage model can obviously reduce the runoff amount,runoff coefficient,silt amount and silt content of runoff, especially under the low intensity rainfall, its effect of water and sediment reducing is more obvious, and growing year also has influence on its effect;(4)Under the typical short duration and high intensity rainfall, intercropping orchard-pasturage model play an important role in time-delaying and postponing process of runoff yield and sediment yield;(5)Intercropping orchard-pasturage model has reduced surface soil nutrient waning after rainfall, and surface soil nutrient running off was decreased;(6)Intercropping orchard-pasturage model can reduce nutrient loss effectively,so as to keep soil fertility and improve soil productivity of purple soil sloping land.

Abstract:通过田间调查和土壤肥力指标分析，探讨了松辽平原玉米连作黑土在不同的耕作制度下所形成两种不同构型剖面土壤侵蚀特征。结果发现，“平面型”剖面构型比“波浪型”剖面构型的土壤结构优良，土壤物理肥力水平较高；不合理的耕作制度是造成土壤侵蚀的重要原因，而坡地土壤侵蚀又是造成土壤质量退化的主要原因。不同的耕作制度下，土壤的抗侵蚀性有较大的差异，“平面型”剖面的侵蚀率平均为2．88，“波浪型”剖面的侵蚀率平均为3．17。

Abstract:Wind erosion is one of main reason to caused soil degeneration in arid and semiarid region. The intensity of wind erosion is decided by local environment and soil characteristic. With increasing of human being activity intensity. Land using, land cover and soil surface humidity changing are became main factors to influence soil erosion. In this paper, the measured data of soil surface humidity and its erosion quantity are analyzed in Fengning Country of Hebei Province from March to June 2002. Soil humidity which influencing soil erosion are studied and then compared according to the way of different land using. The result show: The main factors to influence soil erosion are the way of different land using and soil humidity. Grassland and woodland are bigger than infield in anti-wind-erosion process. Soil surface humidity is take important part in the process of wind erosion in infield. According which the way of land using adjusted and then to increased soil surface humidity in spring. Wind erosion will be reduced in this region.

Abstract:198 9年以来三峡地区开展的侵蚀泥沙13 7Cs示踪的初步研究表明:三峡地区紫色土陡坡耕地侵蚀强烈,坡度>2 5°的坡耕地,侵蚀速率高达712 6 94 5 2t/(km2 ·a) ;黄壤质地粘重,抗蚀性好,坡度2 9°的陡坡耕地的侵蚀速率仅2 5 0 9t/(km2 ·a)。林草地侵蚀轻微,坡度2 5°林草地的侵蚀速率为30 6 6 88t/(km2 ·a) ,较坡耕地大致低一个数量级。上世纪6 0年代以来,开县小江河床上涨强烈,两岸滩地也有淤积发生,淤积厚度10 70cm不等,低滩地泥沙淤积厚度大于高滩地。开县春秋水库小流域输沙模数为15 6 0t/(km2 ·a) ,由于谷地泥沙淤积极为有限,此值基本可代表该流域的侵蚀模数。全国土壤侵蚀遥感普查公布的川东平行岭谷区侵蚀模数为30 0 0 5 0 0 0t/(km2 ·a)。

Abstract:Based on experiment, we studied the effect of PAM on the soil physical characteristics. The result showed that PAM could increase the quantity of soil large aggregation. Under the same application, the quantity of soil large aggregation increased with the increase of concentration of PAM. It can also decrease soil bulk density and increase soil saturation and field capacity and has some affection on soil infiltration. In addition, we analyzed the affection mechanism of PAM on soil.

Abstract:The sustainability of Policy of Turning Cultivated Land Back into Forests and Grasslands (TCFG) in Loess Plateau region was analyzed through surveying and investigating the farmers and local governors. The conclusions are as follows: although some supplements or improvements are still needed to improve TCFG, the TCFG has produced great impact and solid foundation in Loess Plateau region. The TCFG is far better than other ecological construction measures in strategic superiority and guarantee systems. With the improvement of TCFG, the activities of TCFG will be developed sustainably and efficiently.

Abstract:田间沟垄微型集雨结合覆盖技术有效地利用了膜垄的集水和沟覆盖的蓄水保墒功能,改变了降雨的时空分布,使降雨集中富集在种植沟中,显著地提高了降水的利用效率,特别是小雨的利用率。研究结果表明:土垄的平均集水效率为7% ,而垄上覆膜后集水效率为87% ,膜垄能产生径流的最小降雨量为0 8mm。田间沟垄微型集雨结合覆盖技术能提高土壤贮水量,增加玉米的产量。垄上覆膜结合沟覆盖处理玉米产量比平地增加2 339～5 2 97kg/hm2 (44 %～14 3% ) ,水分利用效率基本都在2kg/m3 以上。

Abstract:丘陵、中低山区(海拔<1 500 m)是经济林果木发展的主要适生区域,亦是人类活动最频繁的区域,生态系统脆弱,一旦土壤地被物遭破坏,极易引起严重的水土流失.通过在四川盆地紫色土桃园地和盆边山地黄壤茶园地设置16个径流场,进行4种除草处理,应用不同除草方式调控水土流失试验1年,结果表明(1)除草试验处理的土壤侵蚀量和养分(N,P,K,OM)流失量排序是耕作除草＞草甘膦除草＞克无踪除草＞割草覆盖(CK).(2)除草试验处理的土壤侵蚀量与传统耕作除草相比较,坡度25°和坡度10°的桃园地应用草甘膦除草、克无踪除草和割草覆盖(CK)土壤侵蚀量分别减少61.7%,67.6%,85.7%和 12.6%,24.2%,50.4%;坡度18°和坡度8°的茶园地土壤侵蚀量分别减少71.2%,84.3%,89.3%和16.2%,52.3%,82.8%.(3)桃园地应用草甘膦除草,土壤养分N,P,K,OM流失量比克无踪除草分别高19.9%,9.2%,23.3%,15.4%(坡度25°)和16.2%,15.3%,17.0%,20.6%(坡度10°);茶园地应用草甘膦除草土壤养分N,P,K,OM流失量比克无踪除草分别高89.6%,90.7%,80.0%,106.6%(坡度18°)和85.1%,81.4%,76.2%,83.9%(坡度8°).(4)除草试验处理的杂草生物量和盖度 桃园地和茶园地应用草甘膦、克无踪和耕作除草的杂草生物量绝对干重分别是割草覆盖(CK)的16.0%,60.0%,75.0%和5.9%,43.9%,79.5%;桃园地应用草甘膦除草、克无踪除草、耕作除草和割草覆盖(CK)的杂草总盖度分别为40%,80%,65%和95%,茶园地应用草甘膦除草、克无踪除草、耕作除草和割草覆盖(CK)的杂草总盖度分别为25%,80%,95%和95%.

Abstract:This paper discussed the soil physical properties and nutrient characteristics under different utilization styles and slope position in western hilly land of Sichuan Basin. The results showed that among three landscape positions (upper slope, middle slope, lower slope), the lower slope had better soil physical properties than upper and middle slope. Simultaneously, reforested land improved soil physical properties more obviously compared to farmland and waste land. Soil nutrient properties showed: Under various soil utilizations, the content of soil organic matter, nitrogen and cation exchange capacity was highest in reforested land, and it had notable difference compared to farmland and waste land. The correlation analysis indicated that the content differences of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and alkai-hydrolyzable nitrogen were significantly positively correlative. The content of soil nutrient was higher in lower slope compared to upper and middle slope. But only the content of CEC was the best significant difference among three slope positions, the content of CEC was positively correlative with the content of soil clay. The results showed that soil physical properties and nutrient properties largely depended on the land utilization and landscape on slope.

Abstract:Based on the Yan gully watershed, authors had emphatically studied on changing chracters of runoff-sediment in process of eco-environment reconstruction. Furthermore, whole sediment yield was accessed in highly harnessed watershed.The results show that harnessed watershed can increase ability of soil infiltration and watershed self-adjust to runoff-sediment. Also eco-environment reconstruction can plused amount of usable water resource. On the other hand, it's sure that eco-environment reconstruction had worked greatly on local environment, compareing with former condition and reducing sediment benefit round about is 83.7% presently.

Abstract:Japan is a nation in which natural disasters, including landslide, floods, debris flow, and soil erosion, occur frequently every year. The government has paid much attention to controlling the natural disasters since the end of World War Two. As a result, there was also a great progress in research dealing with natural disaster during this period. In this paper, the universities and authorizations dealing with water and soil conservation, as well as main leading researchers in Japan are introduced, the history and characteristics of soil erosion and conservation studies, as well as some important results up to now are systematically evaluated.

Abstract:保水剂凝胶是一种保证有效使用保水剂的重要措施。在黄土高原半干旱地区最干旱的春季,通过对比试验分析了在沙棘、杏树、梨树等幼树林中不同保水剂凝胶使用方法与使用量对土壤水分及杏树、梨树前期坐果率的影响,表明使用方法与使用量对土壤水分的维持和对果树生长有显著的影响。在试验的保水剂用量范围内(4 5～15 75kg)使用保水剂凝胶后土壤水分明显提高,提高幅度为5 %～4 8%。棒状保水剂凝胶在埋入土壤2 0天后,贮存的水分可在2 5 30cm半径范围内使得土壤水分比对照提高5 %～4 6 % ,在2 0天到30天内可维持在10 %左右。提高了果树的前期座果率,其中杏树提高2 0 %左右,梨树提高10 %左右。施用棒状保水剂凝胶比直接使用保水剂凝胶和土壤混匀施用维持土壤水分的效果显著,而且可以根据旱情反复吸水使用,是保水剂的一种简便使用方法

Abstract:Ecological effects of weeds on soil water and soil nutrient were studied in winter wheat. The results showed that weeds, in winter wheat farmland, raised soil water content, especially in 0~20 cm profile. Moreover, in 0~60 cm profile, the loss of available-N was the least and the total amount of available-P was increased (comparatively, other treatment's were decreased) and available-K increment was the maximum in WK(weeds keep) treatment. Furthermore, the total amount of nutrient(available-N,P and K) of WK treatment was the most in harvest period.

Abstract:The state of eutrophication of Changshou Reservoir has been evaluated using Garlson model and synthetical nutrition state index. The results reveal that the water quality at all monitoring sites have become eutrophication. The study on the balance of N and P indicate that the total input amount of N is 7 914.6 t/a, 70% of which are from the upper-stream, and the P input is 591.84 t/a, with runoff being the main source, accounting for 47.0% of the total; The outputs of N and P are 2 419.5 t/a and 120.2 t/a, respectively, suggesting that the rates of retained N and P reached to 69.4% and 79.7% respectively. In order to prevent the aggravation of eutrophication, measures have to be taken to decrease the input of N and P from the upper-stream of Longxi River.

Abstract:Preliminarily spatial distribution of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium of circular distribution vegetation area of annular wetlands in Sanjiang Plain was investigated. The results showed that soil chemical element of annular wetlands had obvious horizontal difference law, that was, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content gradually lowered and total potassium content gradually raised from center to edge of annular wetlands. The soil chemical element of annular wetlands had obvious vertical difference law, that was, from top to bottom, the soil total nitrogen of five vegetation communities except Ass. Carex pseudocuraica increased first and then decreased; the total phosphorus and total potassium content of most vegetation communities decreased first and then increased. The spatial distribution of soil nutrient elements of annular wetlands was main effected by biological process and hydro-geomorphological process and determined function of ecosystem through structure.

Abstract:Geostatistical methods were used in combination of GIS techlonogy to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of available silicon, available calcium and available magnesium in cultivated soil in Xinhui district, Jiangmen. The results indicated that data of each variable fitted normal distribution after log transformation. Semivariogram analysis showed that 3 soil elements were moderately spatially dependent in a given spatial range and available calcium were strongly spatially dependent. With the Kriging analysis, results showed that the area with the content of available silicon in the range of 115~230 mg/kg is 34.9% of the investigation region, mainly distributed in the middle and the northeast. The area with the content of available calcium in the range of >1 000 mg/kg is 71.6% of the investigation region, mainly distributed in the northeast, middle, northwest and the south. The area with the content of available magnesium in the range of >300 mg/kg is 29.8% of the investigative region, mainly distributed in the northeast.

Abstract:The study was conducted to analyze soil chemical, microbial properties and enzyme activities in two tea gardens of Zhejiang Province. The results showed that soil acidification of tea gardens increased significantly with tea bush age. The majority of available N in soil was in the form of nitrate. Long-term tea cultivation resulted in the decrease of soil microbial biomass. Soil microbial metabolic quotient(R_(mic)/C_(mic)) in the two tea gardens were lower than these of control, and showed similar trend with increasing tea bush age. Changes in soil microbial quotient(C_(mic)/C_(org))may be a sensitive indicator of environmental stress of tea garden. Soil microbial quotient(C_(mic)/C_(org))of young tea orchard was higher than those of control and older tea orchard. Soil organic C,total N,available P, NH~ _4-N, NO~-_3-N, urease and acid phosphatase activities which were closely related to soil fertility responded in a consistent manner across tea bush age.

Abstract:在金沙江干热河谷区的退化草地上进行了2年的氮磷施肥试验,试验结束后分析了土壤特性及土壤微生物数量和生物量的变化。结果表明,在施氮量为5 ,15g/ (m2 ·a)时,土壤微生物的数量和生物量均没有明显变化,而当施氮量增加到2 5g/ (m2 ·a)时,土壤微生物的数量和生物量比对照明显增加。施磷没有引起土壤微生物数量和生物量的明显增加。施氮和施磷均没有引起土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌组成的变化。这表明氮虽然影响土壤微生物的数量,但对土壤微生物的组成没有影响。施氮导致土壤硝态氮增加,但对氨态氮影响不大,硝态氮可能是影响土壤微生物数量的重要因素。施氮和施磷后植物群落地上生物量均出现增加的趋势,但土壤有机质没有明显增加。施氮和施磷也没有引起土壤pH和含水率的明显改变。我们的试验结果表明,在干热河谷退化草地生态系统,仅靠短期施用无机肥料恢复土壤微生物群落是困难的

Abstract:The harm of heavy metal on microorganism and the effect of bio-fertilizer on microorganism in polluted soil of apple root were studied. The results showed that the application of bio-fertilizer increased the amount of soil bacteria, jungi and actinomycete, especially for the bacteria. The amount of soil bacteria decreases sharp with the increase of Cd concentration from 10~30 mg/kg in soil. The effect of Cu is similar to Cd, but the degree of harm is less than Cd. Organic matter from bio-fertilizer can adsorb the dissociate cadmium and copper. The rate of adsorption increases with the increase of pH from 6 to 8. The rate of adsorption to copper is higher than cadmium under the condition of sourish soil. The bio-fertilizer can alleviate the damage of Cd and Cu to edaphons and that to Cu are more effective.

Abstract:By analyzing the content of the heavy metals Zn,Cu,Cr and Pb in the sediment of tide flats with sewage outfall and the control point which has no sewage outfall, some conclusions are arrived. The concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments of all sampling sites including the control point are higher than the environment background values of tidal flat, and the average concentrations of heavy metals are two to three times to the environment background values; The heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of tide flats near the sewage outfalls are higher than those of the control point. The content of heavy metals in the core sediment of each sites changes with the depth regularly to some extent. And also the content of heavy metals in superficial sediment decrease with the distance to the sewage outfall in the LaoGang landfill tide flat. Through the correlation analysis of the heavy metal contents in each sampling site, it is found that the heavy metals of each sites have different sources: the heavy metals in the sediment of tideland with sewage outfall mainly come from the discharge of sewage from sewage outfalls, while the heavy metals in the sediment of the control point mainly come from the input of the natural background or the exterior source transported by the sea water.

Abstract:Releasing soil phosphorus with Oxalic acid, Sodium oxalic, Citric acid and Sodium citric, the results show (1) 0.1 M Oxalic acid and 0.1 M Citric acid display the certain role to release soil phosphorus mainly due to acidification, but Citric acid's effect is more evident. Sodium oxalic and Sodium citric do not show this role. (2) The role of releasing phosphorus is varying with concentration of Oxalic acid or Citric acid. Oxalic acid's role increasing with the concentration, but Citric acid's role is limited. It shows that Citric acid's role of acidification is weaker and of fixing phosphorus is stronger than Oxalic acid's one. (3) The evident role of releasing phosphorus, Oxalic acid is in 48 hours, but Citric acid is only in 6 hours. Whether Oxalic acid or Citric acid, their role is decrease with acting time.

Abstract:Soil physical and chemical characteristic, soil nutrient contents, soil enzyme activity, soil microbes distribution and forest growth of tree diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height and single tree volume of continuous cropping poplar plantation, were investigated along Shu river in Ju County in Shandong. Result showed that, with the planting generation increased, tree height, DBH and log volume decreased. By means of multiple comparisons, it was found that the differences among tree height, DBH and log volume of three generations were different, significantly. With the generation increased, soil volume weight increased, while soil pH value decreased, water-holding capacity of capillary and hole degree of capillary have no law. Compaired with the 2nd generation plantation, besides Mn and Fe, all the other mineral elements, such as available N, P, K trace-element Cu and Zn in top soil layer decreased dramatically. Soil urea enzyme, polyphenol oxidase enzyme, peroxide enzyme decreased with the planting generation increased, while the hydrogen enzyme increased. Continuous cropping has a notable effect on the quantity of microbe of poplar population, and with the generation increased, the quantity of the soil bacterium, fungi and actinomyces decreased obviously.

Abstract:The study was dealt with the responses of Fagopyrum eschlentum and Fagopyrum cymosum root exudates to aluminum stress with sand culture medium. Exudation of electrolyte, sugar and amino acids were measured with four treatments of aluminum (0, 0.05, 0.1,0.2 g/kg Al~(3 )). The results that the exudation of electrolyte and soluble sugar increased with increase of aluminum treatment concentration. The change of exudation of amino acid was similar with the exudation of electrolyte and soluble sugar when the Al treatment concentration was low than 0.1 g/kg, but it was reverse while when the Al treatment concentration was high than 0.1 g/kg. These results indicated that the root exudates of Fagopyrum eschlentum and Fagopyrum cymosum altered with different aluminum treatment and the changes of root exudates under the stress of aluminum maybe relate with mitigation of aluminum toxicity.

Abstract:The changes of Soil quality of Lucerne with different cultivating ages were studied comparatively by comparing soil properties of Lucerne.The results indicated that the different cultivating ages of Lucerne had different effects on soil properties. All in all, the effects improved with lucerne cultivating ages increasing.The organic matter,total N, total P and total K of lucerne with different cultivating ages had no obvious differences among different layers of Lucerne, but available nutrients,bulk density and so forth had significant differences among different layers of Lucern.

Abstract:在连续3年半干旱区海涂海水灌溉试验的基础上,2 0 0 3年在莱州湾海涂进行了不同浓度海水灌溉菊芋氮肥效应的田间试验。结果表明:①在海水灌溉下氮肥对菊芋的增产与增幅均大大高于淡水灌溉,在5 0 %海水浓度范围内,随着灌溉海水浓度增加氮肥的增产效应也逐渐提高,以5 0 %浓度海水灌溉氮肥增产效应最大。②海水灌溉下,施用氮肥能显著促进菊芋对K ,Ca2 和Mg2 等有益离子的吸收与运输,尤其是明显提高菊芋在海水灌溉下的SK ,Na　(根/茎)与SK ,Na　(茎叶) ,而抑制菊芋对Na 及Cl-等有害离子的吸收。③海水灌溉下,施用氮肥明显促进菊芋根部磷的含量,以N3 (15 0kg/hm2 )水平与N1(不施氮)水平相比较,在用淡水、2 5 %海水、5 0 %海水、75 %海水灌溉处理下,菊芋根部含磷量增加的百分数为35 .9% ,4 7.4 % ,30 .6 %和38 0 %。

Abstract:Stipa baicalensis is one of the main plant communities in grassland in Inner Mongolia and lawn ecosystem in Songnen plain in Northeastern China. The impacts of environmental condition change on C, N accumulation and distribution in Stipa baicalensis were studied. The simulation study shows that the CO_2 concentration in atmosphere enrichment increases root and leaf biomass, and soil drought decreases the root and leaf biomass. The C, N content was markedly increased along with the soil moisture increment, and the C, N content in CO_2 concentration enrichment is higher than that in ambient CO_2 concentration. It can be seen from the C, N distribution that the C, N content in leaf is higher than that in root. The increment of C, N accumulation because of CO_2 concentration in atmosphere enrichment decreases atmospheric greenhouse effect, and this effect would be increased along with the soil moisture sufficient. Under CO_2 concentration enrichment, the C/N ratio in Stipa baicalensis leaf decreases along with soil moisture increment. But, this tendency is not shown under ambient CO_2 concentration. The C/N ratio in Stipa baicalensis leaf is far smaller than that in root. It shows that the leaf nutrition value is higher.

Abstract:Groundwater of the unconfined aquifer in Tao'er River Basin was systematically sampled and analyzed in dry and wet season in 2003, respectively, the methods of the spatial variograms and Kriging interpolation were applied to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the total dissolved solids (TDS), the results indicate that (1) the values of TDS vary unconspicuously between seasons, but present clear patterns; (2) the range values of TDS is up to 64.8 km and 67.2 km, respectively, which are subject to the large scale factors such as hydrogeological conditions, topo-physiognomy and the type of soil and so on; (3) TDS represent abnormally due to saline pollution in the some area, but so far the activities of human being don't make the important influence on the quality of the regional groundwater.

Abstract:Taipusi County, Inner Mongolia, was selected as the study area. During the period of crop growth, eight tillage modes were disposed in the field, including no-till, subsoil tillage, conventional tillage, plowing with stalk mulch, surface tillage, ridge tillage A, ridge tillage B, and ridge tillage C. In the period of fallow farmland, five tillage modes were disposed including comparing stalk returning farmland and plowing, subsoil tillage, conventional tillage, low stubble of wheat and high stubble of wheat. During the growth period of rape, soil moisture from 0 to 70 cm depth of ridge tillage is the highest in the eight tillage modes, that of no-till and surface tillage are the lowest, and that of plowing with stalk mulch, subsoil tillage and conventional tillage was moderate. After harvesting of crop, content of soil moisture of high stubble of wheat is highest from 0 to 30 cm, those of subsoil tillage and conventional tillage are placed in the middle, and those of stalk returning farmland and plowing and low stubble of wheat are lowest.

Abstract:The experiment was conducted at Yucheng Comprehensive experimental station of CAS to study water consuimption characteristics in straw mulching winter wheat field under different irrigation conditions. The results showed: that straw mulching could raise penetrate abilities of irrigation water. With irrigation quantities increased, straw mulching could reduce deep SMBS consumption. Water consumption density was evidently increased after irrigation. After getting up of winter wheat, water consumption density of mulched treatments were much higher than those of without mulched treatments. From planting to getting up growth stages, evaporation quantity of mulched treatments were higher than without treatments 52.25 mm. After getting up growth stage, consume water quantity in different growth stages of mulched winter wheats were higher than those of without mulched, but there were not obviousely differences of total consume water quantity between mulched and without mulched treatments.

Abstract:Through the experiment of winter wheat on furrow planting and bed planting,the results showed that soil water of different irrigation treatments had fallen on 0~120 cm soil layer,the significant fall on 0~90 cm layer and the slight fall on 100~120 cm layer.Compared with bed planting,there was higher soil water storage in wheat furrow planting field,however,there was lower dispersion of soil water storage at the same stage on 0~90 cm layer of furrow planting field and the similar dispersion of soil water storage on 100~120 cm layer between furrow planting and bed planting pattern.Before the field was irrigated,there was the max dispersion of soil water on 0~10 cm layer in both furrow planting and bed planting field,and with the irrigations adding,the layer of the max soil water dispersion began to move down to 10~20 cm layer.

Abstract:The systematical study on soil moisture of natural vegetation in Yan'an experimental area have major significant to recognized environment of vegetation reconstruction, the study results showed as follows. Soil moisture condition of Loess Plateau could ensure the positive succession of vegetation although there is a layer of lower soil moisture in natural vegetation that is a normal natural phenomenon. Furthermore, the layer of lower soil moisture has not fundamentally effect on the natural renewal, succession and forming a stable community of vegetation. The ranges of soil moisture of main plant community types in Yan'an experimental area are listed in the paper.

Abstract:The soil properties and water conservation function of 5 types of vegetation were studied on sandy coast, the results show as the follows: (1) Soil properties and the storing capacity of water of meadow and mixed forest were better than that of pure forests; (2)The sequence of the water conservation function of soil is Meadow> Mixed forest of Japanese Black Pine and Silver Chain>Japanese Black Pine forest > Chinese tamarisk forest > Silver Chain forest; The water conservation function of the surface layer is higher than that of substrate; (3)The water-holding rate of saturation and water capacity of litter range from 105.12% to 453.64% and 4.58 t/hm~2 to 33.17 t/hm~2 respectively, and the best type is Silver Chain forest; (4)The total capacities of conservation water vary from 1 476.66 t/hm~2 to 1 870.38 t/hm~2. Among them, the total water capacities of soil are above 98% of the total.

Abstract:湿地生态用水是湿地为维持自身发展过程、保证基本生态功能发挥所需要的水量,作为一种特殊的生态系统类型,湿地的生态用水计算比其他生态系统复杂,其中包括湿地植被需水量、满足蒸发需水量、湿地土壤需水量、湿地动物需水量、野生生物栖息地需水量以及景观建设需水量等等。本文介绍了用水量平衡法计算湿地生态系统需水的方法,并分别探讨了湿地中植被、土壤、生物栖息地等诸项生态需水量的计算方法。用这些方法对乌梁素海湿地的生态用水量进行了具体探索。乌梁素海湿地包括内蒙古自治区的第二大淡水湖———乌梁素海及其周围的沼泽地。通过分析计算,得出乌梁素海湿地在汛期、非汛期的生态用水量分别为2 .93×10 8m3 和3.10 9×10 8m3 ,全年的生态用水量为6 .0 2 9×10 8m3 。乌梁素海湿地每年耗水量、出水量占进水总量的12 .88% ,每年需要向湿地补充2 .32 9×10 8m3 的水资源量。所以现在所补水量难以满足湿地生态系统对水的需求问题,使得湿地面临着水资源短缺的危机。乌梁素海湿地属于黄河流域中游湿地,所在区域自然环境恶劣,缺水问题十分严重,湿地退化问题更是突出,因此用生态需水理论计算湿地需水量对于保护和恢复这一地区的湿地具有重要意义

Abstract:The least ecological water demand was calculated and the ecological water consumption of different vegetation types was assessed in this paper. The results exhibited that (1) soil moisture and evapotranspiration were closely relative to vegetation types and rainfall. For the same year, soil moisture and evapotranspiration of woodland and shrubland were significantly higher than that of cropland. For the same vegetation types, soil moisture and evapotranspiration in dry year (2002) were lower than that in wet year (2003). (2) Whether wet or dry years, monthly vegetation ecological water using was lower than the least ecological water demand in some months. For yearly scale, the ecological water using of all the six vegetation types in dry year all lower than the least ecological water demand, but higher than the least ecological water demand in wet year (except for wheat). For the averaged rainfall year, ecological water using of potato and H.rhamnoides can reach their least ecological water demand, but the other 4 vegetation types all cannot reach their least ecological water demand. This paper suggested that (1) Arbor and shrub, especially forest, could not be adopted as the major vegetation type. (2) Artificial also can be used to increase the vegetation restoration process.

Abstract:Based on climatic information and hydrologic data of the headstream and mainstream areas of Tarim River, basic hydrological processes of Tarim River basin, changes of precipitation and temperature of mountainous areas, water condition of the headstream areas and water resources consumption in each river reach of the mainstream are analyzed. Characteristics of hydrological process of Tarim River Basin in recent 50 years are analyzed primarily and discussed. The results show that specifically natural condition of Tarim River basin results in forming runoff area, water resources utilization area and water resources consumption area are separate each other. For global climate changes, the temperature and precipitation of mountainous areas are both increasing. Runoff of the headstream areas is increased greatly. The Akesu River, which is the most influencing on the mainstream areas, turns into especially high water period. However, stream flow of the mainstream areas has a decreasing slightly trend. With the increase of water consumption in the upper reaches of Tarim River, ecological environment in middle and lower reaches of Tarim River is degenerated obviously.

Abstract:A decision support system for field water management based on crop growth model (DSSFWM) was developed. The structure and function of DSSFWM, principles and methods of management objective determination and water management decision-making were introduced in details. The case study of irrigation management during the winter wheat growing season at Zhengzhou eco-site in 1991,1992 was conducted to analysis the optimum irrigation scheduling. The results showed that water-saving, high yield and high efficiency could achieved with three times irrigation at tillering stage before winter, green-turning stage and jointing stage. DSSFWM can enhance the judgment of users for field water management and help improve the efficiency of decision-making.

Abstract:大型水库具有多种服务功能，论文在建立服务功能评价指标体系的前提下，用定量方法，对湖南省19座大型水库的部分服务功能价值进行了评估。结果表明，各大水库服务功能总价值545．778亿元，其中蓄水与供水价值24．97亿元，水力发电62．14亿元，水产养殖129．03亿元，灌溉增产粮食10．72亿元，调蓄洪水318．71亿元，土壤持留价值0．208亿元。并认为，今后必须从保护水库，开发库区旅游资源，科学调度水库等方面加强科学管理，以充分发挥大型水库服务功能的最大综合效益。

Abstract:以土地利用图为基础，利用GIS和统计分析相结合，选取景观优势度、景观形状指数、景观破碎度和平均景观斑块分维等指标．对黄土丘陵区安塞县景观空间分布和结构特征进行了分析研究。结果显示：人类活动对各种景观类型的优势度的影响十分显著，集中体现在坡耕地和荒坡地上，二者面积之和达到总面积的73．12％；随着人类活动影响的增强，景观破碎度指数呈显著增加趋势；斑块形状受地貌形态因素的影响更为显著，集中体现在有林地和荒坡地上，其形状指数值大于其它景观类型；随着斑块面积的增加，平均斑块分维数总体趋势呈缓慢上升。这些结果表明，安塞县目前的景观格局极不合理，不利于安塞县生物多样性的维持、生态环境的稳定和资源的可持续利用。

Abstract:Based on cultivated land statistic datum and social-economic materials between 1985 and 2000, this paper analyzes dynamic Change of cultivated land in three different economic regions of Chongqing, which are developed Beibei, less developed Wanzhou and backward Youyang. It is revealed that there are great difference in quantity and structure of cultivated land in these regions over 15 years. Beibei, which is more developed than Wanzhou and Youyang, rapidly reduced in cultivated land quantity and structure rate. Based on Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression, it can be concluded that main driving forces in these regions affecting on cultivated land change are population growth, industrialization and urbanization, development of the third industry, mechanism of economic management, social conduct etc. Furthermore, their effects on cultivated land are diverse to some degree in different economic regions. Taking use of Grey Prediction Model GM(1,1), it is predicted that cultivated land would continue to decrease and that cultivated land reduction rate of Beibei and Wanzhou would be steady, while the reduction rate of Youyang would be more rapid than before in the next ten year.

Abstract:采用人工控制土壤水分，形成单株幼龄侧柏的不同水分梯度环境。在自然环境下利用Li-1600稳态气孔仪和Li-6200光合仪对山西省方山县试验基地内侧柏的蒸腾速率、净光合速率、气孔阻力及其环境因子进行了观测，并辅以盆栽苗木水分胁迫条件下的林木生理指标观测，对生理指标和土壤含水量的关系进行了研究。结果表明：侧柏蒸腾日进程为双峰曲线，水分状况较差时蒸腾日进程曲线到达波谷的时间比水分状况较好时大大提前，干旱条件下蒸腾速率较低；净光合速率的日进程为双峰曲线，水分状况较差时日进程变为单峰曲线，侧柏叶片光合作用午前以气孔限制为主，而午后以非气孔因素限制为主。维持蒸腾速率所适宜的土壤含水量为19.90％；净光合作用的最佳土壤含水量为15．75％；维持叶片水分利用效率的最佳土壤含水量为10.65％．选取维持最佳叶片水分利用效率的土壤含水量临界值作为林木密度调控的土壤水分阈值，侧柏为9．5％～11％。

Abstract:通过测定不同土壤水分条件下,3a生盆栽刺楸苗木的气体交换参数及其周围环境因子,探讨土壤水分及微气候因子对光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等气体交换参数的影响规律。结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加剧,刺楸叶片蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度总体上表现出减小的趋势,且随着胁迫的加剧,下降的幅度越大,蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度在重度、中度、轻度胁迫下日均值分别比对照下降6 6 % ,2 5 %和16 % ,81% ,30 %及5 1% ,70 % ,17%和14 %。随着土壤水分的减少,净光合速率下降逐渐由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制,水分利用效率并未完全表现出下降的趋势,日平均值表现为对照>中度>轻度>重度。逐步回归分析表明,刺楸苗木叶片水气交换参数,不仅受土壤水分的影响,同时也受外界环境因子的综合影响,且影响程度差异较大,回归方程相关系数较好

Abstract:Control of soil and water loss in the watershed of Huangfuchuan River, Gushanchuan River, Kuyehe River and Tuweihe River is the most important things of the eco-environment construction in Main sandy Branches Watershed of the middle reaches of Yellow River. Strengthening the eco-environment construction in the above regions has an important significance and necessity for reducing the sand into Yellow River, improving the local eco-environment and the implement of the strategy of west china development. Base on the analysis on the natural characteristic and soil erosion characteristic in this region, the elementary plan, the protection target and the layout of the measures took are put forwards in this paper.

Abstract:Beginning from analyzing city ecosystem, the article discusses connotation, character and balance principle of city ecosystem. On the basis of consulting both domestic and overseas materials data, the rule of city ecosystem is analyzed. So it concludes that city ecosystem is got-up and brittle ecosystem, the substance and energy circle as well as provision of city ecosystem depend on other places. Therefore city ecosystem has a lower capability when it meets an emergency. Human being should research the character of city ecosystem, prevent disjustment of city ecosystem, and set up new balance, create good living environment by using science theory.The paper also discusses the balance and the control mechanism of city ecosystem.

Abstract:On the basis of defining the ecological ethics of the relation between human beings and nature, this paper points out that to realize economic ecologization and ecological economization is crucial to build Zhejiang into an ecological province, and to achieve the overall winning situation is the fundamental assurance of accomplishing the harmonious existence between human beings and nature and building the ecological province.

Abstract:Effects of several kinds of drugs on the vegetative growth indexes and the physiological indexes of Maodou under water stress were studied in the experiment.The results showed: promotion seedling growth, increasing the root activity,the chlorophyll content,the proline content, relative water content and protective enzyme activity ,suppressed MDA content, reduced the cell permeability compared with control after treated with these drugs, and thus effectively enhanced the resistance of the seedling to the abnormal environment. From the Comprehensive analysis on the effects of these drugs on the vegetative growth indexes and the physiological indexes, BR treatments worked best, it was successively TA, FA, Atonk and Lufeng 95.

Abstract:By using block design the effect of 6-benzyladenine, 6-Amine and zeatin spray on senescence prevention and yield of pellicle dry-cultivated rice during its early earning stage were studied. The results showed as follows: the early-senescence was effectively prevented and the yield was significantly increased when 6-BA used on pellicle dry-cultivated rice, the highest yield increased reached 15.94%. At the same time, the effect of 6-Amine and zeatin were not significantly.