Abstract:Top soil structure changes and their effects on erosion were studied under simulated rainfall in red soils derived from shale, Quaternary clay and granite. The results showed as followed: Soil crust developed easily in the red soil derived from shale, which accelerated runoff generation and made runoff velocity and sediment content rise to peak value quickly; while in the soil derived from Quaternary clay, because of high aggregate stability, crust developed more difficultly and was easy broken down. Companied with the crust formation and breakdown, the runoff velocity and sediment content rose slowly and fluctuated in a small range. Crust did not found in the soil derived from granite, on which surface sandy layer appeared during erosion process. The sediment size distribution depended on aggregate stability and runoff transportation. The percent of fine particles (<0.02 mm) in sediment were higher than that in soils in the soils derived from shale and granite. And the sediment of soil derived from Quaternary red clay contain much more coarser component which were compound aggregates.

Abstract:黄土的风化主要为植物群落根系的物理作用及其所引起的生物化学作用。利用原状土柱淋滤实验装置及大型挖掘剖面壁法,在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区进行野外实验研究,定量分析了林、草和农地土壤化学风化的剖面特征及动力学过程。研究结果表明,黄土土层的化学风化具有明显的垂直剖面分异特征,即风化速率随土层深度增加而递减。土壤化学风化的动力学过程可划分为急剧减小和稳定状态两个阶段。不同植被类型土壤风化速率及主导风化矿物组合类型的剖面差异主要受制于直径≤1mm的须根在剖面中的缠绕分布特征。植物根系对土壤风化作用的强化效应为油松林群落>白草群落;油松林群落和白草群落根系显著提高矿物风化速率的稳定土层深度范围分别为0～45cm和0～30cm,有效根密度分别在17根/100cm2和60根/100cm2以上。

Abstract:Based on actual state of serious loss of soil and water, complicated terrain and discommodes transportation, the design of spraying polymers of different consistencies on sloping field to promote the efficiency of rainwater catchment materials was put forward. By the rain-simulated experiment, time of runoff yield, efficiency of rainwater catchment and the soil erosion was discussed after three treatment with soil consolidator, organic silicone and asphaltum on sloping field. The results should indicated that macromolecule polymers applied on sloping field can quicken time of runoff yield by 81.2%, advance efficiency of rainwater catchment by 72.0% and reduce clearly soil erosion. Among three treatments, order of efficiency of rainwater catchment is soil consolidator, organic silicone and asphaltum. So studying macromolecule materials is very significance to develop new-style materials and form of rainwater catchment in northwest area.

Abstract:Infiltration is an important process for the exchange of rain water, surface water, soil water,and ground water. It has great significance to the hydrological cycle of a watershed. The water-wind erosion crisscross region initiates the most serious soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau, and studies on the soil infiltration properties and its spatial variability in this region will do help to understand the process of the soil erosion and improve the precision of the watershed hydrological model. On a natural slope (375 meters long) in the Liudaogou catchment, which is typical of the water-wind erosion crisscross region, stable infiltration rate and cumulate infiltration capacity within the initial 30 min were measured with double-ring infiltrometer at 57 sampling plots, and the traditional statistical method and geostatistical method were adopted to study the spatial variability of the soil infiltration properties. The results indicate: (1) The coefficients of variation (C_v) of stable infiltration rate and cumulate infiltration capacity within the initial 30min are 0.480 and 0.404, respectively, and the variation extent on the slope of these two parameters shows medium variation. (2) The theoretical variogram and the experimental variogram of these two parameters match very well, and the ranges are 126 m and 226 m respectively, the nugget values are both above 0, which indicates that some spatial variability may probably exist in a smaller scale than the sampling interval and this means that the sampling interval should be shortened.

Abstract:模拟计算中的误差可以归结为两个方面:一方面是输入资料的误差,这涉及到站网的密度、空间位置、测验仪器和流域内信息的时空分布;另一方面是模型算法、结构,这里涉及到确定性和随机计算方法所引起的误差。地形对降雨量、产流量和产沙量的影响及其估算是一个十分重要的课题,同时也是一个相当困难和研究基础十分薄弱的课题。本文选用与ArcviewGIS藕合的SWAT来分析站网密度和雨量站所处的空间位置对模拟产流量和产沙量的影响。以卢氏流域为研究区域,以卢氏24个雨量站的气象资料以及下垫面资料为模型的输入,分析站网密度和空间位置对产流量和产沙量的影响。研究表明:站网密度越小,计算的面平均雨量的误差越大;在水文模拟中,雨量站的多少有一个饱和的上限,当雨量站大于这个上限时,雨量站站的增加并不会增加模拟的精度;同样雨量站的站数有一个下限,在一定的模拟精度内,许可的最小雨量站。雨量站所处空间位置的高程值、坡度和坡向影响着模拟产流量和产沙量,在下垫面相同的条件下,迎风坡的雨量站模拟产流量大于背风坡产流量,坡度大模拟的产流量大;迎风坡模拟的产沙量大于面平均值,由于产沙受到降雨强度影响,背风坡的产沙量也有可能大于面平均值。

Abstract:Road erosion is one of soil erosion types in regions. To grasp the mechanism of road erosion, runoff plots were used to make observations, and results show that :(1)Characters of rains in study area: the rainfall and rain intensity are mainly 5~10 mm and <5 mm/h respectively in most rain events, and they brought 52.89 mm and 61.31 mm rainfall respectively, which getting to 56.72%,65.76% of whole rainfall respectively.(2)There are well linear relationships between the product of rainfall and rain intensity,sediment concentration and runoff depth, and their correlation coefficient are 0.657 6 and 0.798 2 respectively. These are well accordance to USLE, so the integration of rainfall and rainfall intensity can be an important factor to predict soil losses from road embankment slope. (3) Natural logarithms of sediment concentration and that of runoff depth are well linear (correlation coefficient R=0.863 3), sediment concentration is increased with runoff depth increasing.Mean runoff coefficients is 0.29, of which show that there are large infiltration capacity in the embankment slope.

Abstract:This study involves a laboratory rainfall simulation to design scale model experiments of soil erosion on the interrill. A net-styled downward-spraying rainfall simulator generated laboratory rainstorms of 1.0~4.0 mm/min with raindrop characteristics approaching those of natural rainfall and a series of test troughs containing a reconstructed tilled loess with saturated water was used to evaluate the interrill erosion. In some events of the experiments, rainstorms of known intensity and duration were applied to the test trough and the ensuring sediment-runoff water mixture was collected with results expressed as erosion quantity. In other experiments, the mixture, from each certain period, was analyzed with results expressed as sediment concentrations and runoff. As a result, sediment concentrations varied acutely as time went on though the runoff from the slope kept stable, and dry weights of sediment from the slopes were approximately proportional to a power function of rainfall intensity.

Abstract:By observe the effect of the various stubble heights on the wind speed and the effect of wind erosion on the soil under three different tillage forms-stubble mulch(the main type of conservation tillage), rotary plowing and traditional plowing. The results were as follows: The wind speed is less affected by the various stubble heights but more on whether the practice of stubble is applied or not. The appropriate stubble height is around 20 cm, which is high enough to hold down the wind speed, deduce the amount of rising sand and resist the wind erosion on soil. The three tillage forms mentioned above showed a significant difference of their effects on restraining the amount of raising sand in farmland. Below 60cm, the form of conservation tillage (stubble mulch) reduced the amount of raising sand by 34.9% to traditional plowing and by 61.5% to rotary plowing. So stubble mulch is an effective tillage form in controlling sand storm.

Abstract:目前风沙危害是北京南郊地区面临的最为严重的生态环境问题之一．该区域的风蚀治理迫在眉睫。本文选择耕地、荒草地、流动沙地等永定河沙地典型的土地利用类型．通过定位实验观测与数学定量分析．进行沙地地表风沙活动的原理特征与风蚀防护措施的研究。研究结果认为：近地层风速随高度服从对数分布；下垫面性质不同导致对应的摩阻速度大小不同；不同利用类型下垫面对应的起沙风速明显不同；0～20cm高度范围内各层的输沙率百分含量随着高度的增加而减少，两者呈负指数函数；输沙率与风速呈正指数函数；风蚀地表组成物质明显粗化。基于该沙地的风蚀特点．提出了适合本沙地特点的综合治理技术措施。

Abstract:Plastic checkerboard sand-barrier net is made of high-density polyethylene mostly, it ventilation coefficient is 30%~45%. Compare to wheat strew sand barrier and clay sand barrier, its mechanism to fix shifting sands is different, has the advantages such as good effect on breaking wind and fixing shifting sands, technology simple, long period to use and easy to transport, also has the disadvantages such as high cost, bury and hollow out at the area of stabilization picket and under windward net which affect plastic sand barrier to extend seriously. Results showed that plastic sand barrier together with degenerated vegetation realize the aim of breaking wind and fixing shifting sands, also reduce or avoid hollowing and benefit to degenerated vegetation restoration.

Abstract:结合中尺度大气模式MM5和Shao的风蚀起沙方案,对敦煌莫高窟顶灌木林带和草方格沙障的固沙效应进行数值模拟研究。结果表明:灌木林带的建立,使其地表风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度(ut)达到1.15m/s,是林带建立前的4.1倍,地表的顺风向沙粒通量(Q)和垂直尘粒通量(F)均减小为0,完全抑制了地表风蚀起沙;草方格沙障的设置,使ut达到0.53m/s,为设置前的1.9倍,Q和F分别减少约3/5和7/8,固沙效果非常明显。一般情况下,ut不会大于1.0m/s,充分说明灌木林带比草方格具有更强的固沙效果。MM5模拟的摩擦速度和观测的摩擦速度在变化趋势上呈较好的线性相关,相关系数达0.8以上,说明MM5对该区域摩擦速度的模拟结果可靠。

Abstract:Through the experiment of forest litter amount and their water-holding characteristics in four kinds of shrubbery in limestone mountain area in Shandong province, the litter characteristics parameters was studied. The results showed that the litter amount was Forsythia suspense(Thunb.) Vahl.forest > Cotinus coggygria Scop. forest > Vitex negundo Linn. forest > Spriaea trilobata Linn. forest. In the first half hour, the water absorption speed of the whole litter layer being in the descended order of Spriaea trilobata Linn.forest > Cotinus coggygria Scop. forest > Vitex negundo Linn. forest > Forsythia suspense(Thunb.) Vahl.forest.The maximum of water-holding capacity of the whole litter layer being in the descended order of Cotinus coggygria Scop. forest >Forsythia suspense(Thunb.) Vahl.forest > Spriaea trilobata Linn. forest > Vitex negundo Linn. forest. The modified interception of the whole litter layer being in the descended order of Cotinus coggygria Scop. forest >Forsythia suspense(Thunb.) Vahl.forest > Spriaea trilobata Linn. forest > Vitex negundo Linn. forest.

Abstract:以洞庭湖3类湿地的典型剖面为代表,研究了土壤碳、氮和微生物C、N状况及其垂直分布.结果表明不同类型湿地土壤碳、氮和微生物C、N有明显差异,而且均随深度的增加而降低.湖草滩地表层有机碳、全氮含量明显高于芦苇滩地和垦殖水田.湖草滩地表层微生物碳,湖草滩地与垦殖水田接近,而远大于芦苇湿地.湖草滩地表层土壤微生物N,高于芦苇滩地和垦殖水田.土壤表层微生物C占有机碳的比例,垦殖水田高于湖草滩地,高于芦苇滩地.土壤微生物C与有机碳之间存在极显著的正相关关系(p<0.01);土壤全氮、微生物N与土壤有机碳之间存在极显著的线性相关关系(p<0.01);土壤容重与有机碳、土壤全氮和微生物生物量C、N之间呈现极显著的指数负相关关系(p<0.01);土壤<0.001 mm粘粒与有机碳、土壤全氮和微生物C、N之间呈现极显著的指数或对数正相关关系(p<0.01).

Abstract:基于重庆市第二次土壤普查的1411个土壤剖面数据，结合重庆市土壤图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图，在地理信息系统技术的支持下，对重庆市土壤有机碳密度及储量进行了估算、同时引入有机碳丰度指数这一指标，对有机碳在不同土壤、不同区域以及不同景观中的分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：重庆市20cm和100cm深度的土壤有机碳储量分别为0．27Tg和1．0Tg；20cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于0．33～30．36kg／m^2之间．100cm深度的土壤有机碳密度介于1．27～72．69kg／m^2之间；重庆市土壤有机碳库在不同土壤、不同区域以及不同景观的分布具有高度的空间变异性，100cm深度的土壤、区域和景观有机碳丰度指数分别为0．58～1．95，0．55～1．39和0．46～1．58．与气候、植被、人类活动等因素密切相关。

Abstract:The characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss from rice field by natural rainfall runoff were studied in Shuangqiao Farm of Jiaxing city, located at the Yangtz river delta region. The experiment was conducted using the fifteen plots method with an irrigation water-supported system. From results, we could get these information as follows: firstly, the highest total nitrogen (TN) concentration was 22.15 mg/L, and 4.84 mg/L for total phosphorus (TP) which exceeded more than the criterion for TN and TP regulated by our national government. Secondly, dissolved nitrogen was the predominant losing nitrogen form in runoff, of which nitrate nitrogen had about a percentage of 40~80, and 3.4~27 percent only for ammonium nitrogen, however, there was 76~79 percent of particular phosphorus moving in runoff. Thirdly, the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus with runoff losing from rice field was 0.23~0.80 kg/hm~2 and 0.07~0.15 kg/hm~2 respectively, which both was less than one percent of the nitrogen fertilizer input. Finally, it was found that rainfall and fertilizer were two main factors influencing nitrogen and phosphorus loss in runoff, and there was a significant relativity among rainfall, fertilizer input and nitrogen and phosphorus loss load.

Abstract:The paper studied the nitrogen dynamic in rice-soil-leakage water system under different N application levels based on split supply in paddy rice field. The result showed that N uptake of rice increased quickly with the N application up to (225) kg/hm~2, and N uptake amount changed little when the applied nitrogen were more than 225 kg/hm~2. Nitrogen accumulation dynamic in soil showed that the long-term fertility for rice crop growth could not be sustained under 75 kg/hm~2 N application, but when N supply exceeded 225 kg/hm~2, a lot of surplus nitrogen was accumulated in soil. There was significant correlation between nitrogen applied levels with average total N concentration of the leakage water andcoefficient is 0.943. The period of booting stage to grain-filling stage is an important time for rice nitrogen uptake. N accumulation in soil increased quickly and the peak of N content in leakage water appeared after basal nitrogen applied, which implied that basal nitrogen fertilizer being more than 50% of the total applied amount may be the main reason leading to soil nitrogen accumulation and water pollution.

Abstract:On acidic red soils, low phosphate availability is one of the major limitations to crop production. Mobilization of insoluble phosphates by root exudates plays an important role in improving P nutrition of crops. In this study, mobilization of Al bound phosphate (AlP) by root exudates of soybean was systematically studied using anionic, cationic exchange resins, and molecular membrane of different molecular weight. Mobilization experiment indicated that AlP mobilization by anionic fraction of root exudates was significantly higher than those by cationic or neutral fraction. Among above 8K, 8~3.5K, 3.5~1K, and below 1K fraction, root exudates of below 1K fraction has the largest ability to mobilize AlP in comparison to other fractions of root exudates. Mobilized AlP by below 1K anionic fraction were 13.2 mg/pot and 9.3 mg/pot for P-deficient and P-sufficient treatment respectively, which represented 71% and 57% of the AlP mobilized by total root exudates. Analysis of root exudates of below 1K anionic fraction by ion chromatography indicated that a small amount of citrate and malate was exuded by both P-deficient and P-sufficient soybean roots, which took up 10%~20% of organic acid triggered by Al treatment. However, no difference of organic acid exudation was observed between P-deficient and P-sufficient soybean roots. The above results indicated that other unknown compounds in root exudates of soybean might enhance the mobilization of AlP except for organic acids. Related search is deeply on going.

Abstract:By cultivating indoor and planting corn in pot with Soda-alkali soil derived from Xiyanchi in Shanyin county of Shanxi province by the design method of compete random block, the experiment studied the effect of the soil phosphorus after use DS-1997, sulfur-removal gypsum, weathering-coal in soil. As were shown by the followings:(1)All of this three conditioners could decrease Soda-alkali soil pH value;(2)It showed soil EC value rapidly and the content of soil readily available phosphorus decreased after sulfur-removal gypsum was put into soil. So sulfur-removal gypsum could inhibit release of soil phosphorus;(3)DS-1997 could boost up the activity of soil decompose-phosphorus microbe, phosphate-enzyme, swell release of soil phosphorus than the other two.

Abstract:探讨西藏土壤磷钾养分状况及其影响因素.结果表明西藏土壤全磷和全钾主要决定于母质.此外,土壤全磷与有机质呈正相关,故表层全磷高于底层,表现磷的生物表聚作用;而全钾与有机质呈负相关,故表层全钾低于底层,表现为有机质对钾的"稀释效应".表层速效磷(Olsen-P)＜10 mg/kg 的缺磷土壤面积约占78%,表明下层速效磷更低.土壤速效磷与全磷、有机质的关系复杂,而与pH的关系密切,一般在pH 6.4～7.3的土壤中含量较高.西藏土壤表层速效钾100～150 mg/kg 和＞150 mg/kg 的面积分别占17%和66%;并且速效钾主要决定于CEC,进而决定于有机质,而与粘粒关系不明显,与全钾无关.

Abstract:采用地统计学与经典统计学相结合的方法,对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站长期定位试验地耕层土壤全N和碱解N空间变异性特征进行分析的结果表明,在30m×42m的田间尺度下土壤全N和碱解N在0～10cm和10～20cm两个层次的空间变异主要受结构性因子的影响,在135°方向的变异相对较强,说明观测试验地较为均一的田间管理使得随机因子引起的空间变异所占比例大大减弱。根据变异系数和分形维数分析结果,可以认定试验地能够达到长期定位监测的要求。相对误差为5%时采集17个和29个土样可分别达到95%和99%的置信水平,结合克里格插值得出的土壤N素空间分布图,可以确定更为理想的取样方案。

Abstract:The effects of different cropping systems on content of nitric nitrogen in soils and vegetable were studied. The results indicated that, there is more nitric nitrogen in vegetable soils in green-houses, followed by opened vegetable soils, and then traditional vegetable soils; there is more nitric nitrogen in greenery vegetable in green-houses, followed by leguminous vegetable, and then melon vegetable, the lowest nitrates were found in nightshade vegetable. Nitric nitrogen in greenery vegetable exceed level I standard, pollution index is up to 3.50; Nitric nitrogen leguminous, melon and nightshade vegetable is below level I, which indicates these vegetable are light polluted.

Abstract:The contents of chlorine in tobacco-planting soils and tobacco leaves, as well as the changes of chlorine content and the residual amount of chlorine in soil were studied by investigation, field experiments and laboratory analysis in Chongqing. The results of investigation indicated that the average content of chlorine in various tobacco-planting soils was 13.4mg/kg with the range of trace to 99.7 mg/kg in Chongqing. The chlorine contents in (90%) of the soil samples were lower than 30 mg/kg, which was very fit for tobacco planting. The chlorine contents in 3.7% of the soils were more than 45 mg/kg and were not fit for tobacco planting according to the Handbook of Tobacco Planting Division. However, the chlorine contents in some soils were less than 2mg/kg that were in 19.2% of the soils in the investigation regions, the chlorine was deficient. The content of chlorine in tobacco leaves was very low, which average content was 0.7 g/kg with the range of 0.11 g/kg to 9.19g/kg in Chongqing. The chlorine contents in 99% of the leaves samples were lower than 3.0 mg/kg, which was the lower limit that demand of high quality tobacco leaves. Compare with the results in 1988, the average content of chlorine in tobacco-planting soils was decreased for 5 mg/kg and in tobacco leaves was reduced for 60.0%. The residual and leach amount of chlorine in soil was affect by the amount and intensity of rainfall.

Abstract:This paper selects the Anjiapo small catchment to study the characteristic of soil nutrient under different vegetation-land types including wasteland, almondland, cropland, pineland, shrubland and abandoned land. The results are as below: the plant communities had obvious effect on the soil nutrient by vegetation accumulation on the top of the soil with various effects of different plant, significant differences among six land use types were found on soil properties including soil organic matter, available P, available K, nitrate N and ammonia N in the 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm soil layers, the artificial shrub had a better soil fertility than that of the artificial arbor, abandonment of cropland can improve soil fertility to some degree, during the developing of Chinese "Grain for Green Project", it is better to replace cultivated land with shrubs and grassesand plant some arbor when the soil condition is adapt to it, and the abandonment of cultivated land is a win-win way to improve the soil conditions in the hilly and severe soil and water erosion area in the Loess Plateau of China.

Abstract:A long fertilization experiment has been conducted on red soil upland for 13years. It was found that soil organic matter content increased from 11.5 g/kg to 24.3 g/kg, the most of soil organic matter increased was easy to oxidize, and less was stable. Applying fertilizer P in red soil for long term increased soil available P content and improved significantly the ability of soil on supplying P. Applying organic fertilizer decreased P fixation in soil and enhanced the utilization efficiency of P fertilizer. The soil became acid obviously, the exchangeable Al in soil increased significantly, crop grew poorly and the yield decreased after applying sole chemical fertilizer for long term. Applying organic chemical fertilizer decreased significantly exchangeable Al in soil, increased soil nutrients content, and kept the high and stable yield of crops.

Abstract:土壤侵蚀预测预报的目的是为治理水土流失、合理利用土地资源而服务的,所以说土壤侵蚀的预测预报单元应落实到一个具体的土地利用生态地形面上。以黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错带的六道沟为研究区,基于土壤侵蚀的发生学原理,首先将各主要发生因子的图件数字化,并通过GPS对数字化图进行校正;然后,对地形条件、物质组成、土壤相三图件进行制图综合,生成流域侵蚀地块图;在此基础上,迭置土地利用类型图,在GIS平台上,生成土壤侵蚀预测最小单元图——生态地形面图。在每类生态单元内,系统分析土壤侵蚀发生的各环境要素,并确定其权重,应用组合数学原理,建立适合于当地环境整治、水土流失治理的土壤侵蚀生态预测系统,为建立适合我国土壤侵蚀预测预报模型提供一些基础依据。

Abstract:首先论述了以地理信息系统(GIS)为平台，基于分形信息维数(FID)表征地貌形态特征的原理和方法．采用Avenue语言开发了基于ArcGIS环境下地貌形态特征FID计算软件；并以长江流域白水溪小流域为例，进行了不同等高距下地貌形态特征FID的计算，通过对FID与等高距耦合关系的深人分析，结果表明：基于FID不仅可以对流域地貌形态特征进行宏观性、综合性定量表征，而且能够实现不同等高距下流域地貌形态特征的相互转换，有利于与流域形态特征相关联的水文、水土流失过程的动态模拟．同时可实现对现有地形数据的充分挖掘，填补我国大比例尺基础地理信息数据不足的缺陷。

Abstract:洛川塬区土壤侵蚀变化表现出不同的侵蚀期,土壤侵蚀过程就是沟谷的发育过程。通过分析洛川塬区晚中更新世以来洛河阶地和沟谷黄土、古土壤记录的古地貌形态得出,560～460kaB.P.的第一侵蚀期洛河一级支流开始广泛形成;洛河较大的二级支流形成于250～200kaB.P.的第二侵蚀期;140～95kaB.P.的第三侵蚀期洛河形成了三级支流;洛川塬区众多的冲沟主要是全新世(10～0kaB.P.)以来形成的。分析了洛川塬区不同侵蚀期形成的沟谷地貌形态。以黑木沟为例,具体分析了黑木沟的发育过程和土壤侵蚀量变化。

Abstract:Pennisetum pureum is a perfect kind of grass with excellent soil and water conservation property. However, few quantitative studies on its soil and water conservation have been done. To probe into the effects of Pennisetum pureum on soil and water conservation, the capability of water conservation in the vegetation,the content of water in the soil, soil anti-scouribility and penetrability are measured. The result shows that Pennisetum pureum is strong on the capability of water conservation in the vegetation can improve such soil features and enhance the content of water in the soil greatly; so it can be widely used for soil and water conservation purpose in the area of Three Gorges.

Abstract:As a kind of material of closing land for forest,the economic performance of mulberry at the aspect of the sericulture is obvious,but there are few study about the benefit and application in soil and water conservation.the paper contrast the soil and water conservation benefit among three district:maize ground,submarginal mulberry ground and high yield mulberry ground under four times soil loss,analyze the regression relation between erosion capacity,erosion time and rainfall factor.The result shows:the runoff of submarginal mulberry ground and high yield mulberry ground reduces respectively 24.78% and 37.83% than maize ground in four rainfall erosion courses,and the sediment of runoff reduces 21.85% and 33.55% than the maize ground.In four rainfall courses,the nutrient loss of three districts is maize ground> submarginal mulberry ground>high yield mulberry ground,and the regression relation among erosion capacity,erosion time and rainfall factor are very notable.

Abstract:The model experiment adopted brackish water of four different mineralizations for farmland irrigation.3.0 g/L brackish water can irrigate continuously.If flood season rainfall adequate and irrigation whth freshwater in winter in the region, 4.0 g/L brackish water can irrigate continuously.Mineralization more than brackish water 6.0 g/L were not suitable for farmland irrigation, must be blended freshwater with brackish water to mineralization less than 4.0 g/L.

Abstract:Based on the results of the long term and position research, the soil water content in the sandy soil profiles that covered the Haloxylon ammodendron Bge community and the Alhagi sparsifolia community differ from the soil water content in bare sand profiles. Compared with the former, the soil water content has no obvious horizon variety in bare sand profiles but it is greatly influenced by the precipitation and evaporation. The dynamic of soil water content in the different sandy profiles has obvious seasonal characteristics for the different plant community distribution. It can be divided into three periods, i.e. soil water accumulation (April to May, September), soil water consumption (June to August) and soil water stability (October to the next March). The variable range of soil water content distribution in the slope is obviously because the situation of vegetation cover and soil physical features are different. Compared with the top of slope and middle slope, the bottom of slope has higher soil water content, the maximum is 14.60%.

Abstract:针对造林成活率低的问题,以欠水年土壤水分特征与苗木的抗旱性为依据,探讨了渭北黄土高原流域人工林配置。得出流域土壤水分具有沟道高、阳坡上部低、秋季高、春季低的时空分布特点,且其含水量均高于凋萎湿度;当土壤含水量≥8.56%时,供试的21种苗木均能成活60天以上;最后提出了流域人工林配置方案。

Abstract:运用统计学方法,对黄土高原神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因子进行研究. 结果表明(1)土壤水分含量在垂直剖面方向表现出随深度增加,土壤水分含量呈增加趋势,在100 cm土层内变异最大,在100 cm以下其变化的梯度基本趋于稳定;(2)土壤水分含量沿坡长方向(即坡顶到坡下)呈波浪状递增趋势,且在各坡位变异程度不一,呈现出变异程度为坡上＞坡中＞坡下的趋势;(3)土壤水分含量沿垂直于坡长方向表现为阴坡＞山脊＞阳坡的明显趋势,其变异程度表现为阳坡＞阴坡的趋势.本文对神木水蚀风蚀交错带退耕坡地土壤水分的研究有助于了解退耕地土壤水分的变异特征,为区域环境治理和植被建设提供科学依据.

Abstract:Research to spatial variability of soil water properties was conducted with geo-statistical method in upland of the southwestern China. Results show that soil water properties have different spatial structure in different soil layers in our study area. They can be simulated with pure nugget effect model, linear model, exponential model and spherical model. The variable degree of the soil water properties is water content>wilting point>field capacity>saturation>bulk density. The coefficiency variance is among 1%~100%, which belong to moderate variability. Water properties are changing with the soil layers, but the semivariogram models have not apparent changing rule. The volumetric capacity of soil is available water-storage>transmission volumetric capacity>unavailable volumetric capacity. Its spatial distribution is mainly affected by the soil layer thickness and terrain.

Abstract:采用地统计学的方法，研究了科尔沁沙地沙质草场土壤含水量对干旱和降雨响应的空间变异规律。结果表明，干旱时沙质草场表层(0～20cm)、亚表层(20～40cm)土壤含水量可很好地拟合成球状模型和指数模型，在1～2．26m，1～6．63m的中等尺度范围内表现出很高的空间自相关性，空间自相关度分别为0．92，0．87．分维数均表现出较弱的空间依赖性．分别为1．99，1．94，两层土壤含水量变异特征差异小，土壤水分的空间变异性强，破碎化程度高。降雨后沙质草场土壤表层、亚表层土壤含水量可很好地拟合成指数模型和球状模型，也具有空间结构特征，空间自相关度分别为0．62，0．98，变程分别为181．80m，4．55m，分维数为1．91，1．99，再有土壤水分空间格局图分析，表层土壤含水量空间变异性小，亚表层空间变异性大，两层土壤含水量变异特征存在明显差异。干旱时与降雨后沙质草场表层土壤水分统计特征、变异函数模型和参数、分维数和土壤水分空间格局分布图存在显著的差异，而亚表层差异较小。一定强度的降雨在短期内只能削弱处于干旱时沙质草场表层土壤水分的空间变异性，使其表层土壤水分破碎化程度、空间变异性减弱，而对土壤深层的水分补充和影响有限。

Abstract:Based on the results of reservoirs compensative regulation in main stream of the Yellow River, combined qualitative with quantitative analysis, active and negative functions to environment on mid-downstream of the Yellow River were impersonality discussed by Longyangxia and Liujiaxia reservoirs regulation. Active functions included increasing water supply, increasing ice prevention guarantee rate and decreasing water interception at Lijin profile; negative included increasing river channel sedimentation and affecting capacity of the river to carry larger volumes of water. The results indicated that ice prevention guarantee rates of Lanzhou and Huayuankou profiles were increased so as to reduce ice flood occurring probability, and water interception rate at Lijin profile was reduced 26%. Through analyzing on environment compensation effect of the Yellow River, notice should be focused on environment compensation.

Abstract:生态环境需水量是当前水资源管理等学科研究的重点和难点。对于河流生态环境需水量已形成比较系统的理论和计算方法,但对于其它生态系统则没有固定的计算模式,生态需水量项目也因具体环境而异。依据黄河三角洲自然保护区生态系统特点,其需水量项目主要有植物需水量、湿地蒸散量、土壤需水量、野生生物栖息地需水量、补给地下水需水量和防止岸线侵蚀及河口生态环境需水量等。遥感技术在区域资源环境研究方面具有极大优越性,本文利用遥感技术重点对黄河三角洲湿地生态系统需水量中的蒸散量进行了计算,其它需水量项目则用一般方法进行了计算。计算结果表明黄河三角洲自然保护区最小生态需水量为19.21亿m3,最大生态需水量为42.14亿m3。为维持自然保护区生态环境不再恶化,每年需补给的最小生态水量为12.3亿m3。

Abstract:Urban green space is a very important part of urban ecosystem, and usually called as urban "lung". Through the functions of its supporting plants and microorganisms and itself, the soil of urban green space can beautify and clean urban environment, and has great significance for urban sustainability. Soil samples with 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm depths of park green space, road greenbelt, residential area and green space affiliated to units were collected at central district in Shenzhen city, and soil texture, bulk density, porosity, CEC, pH, organic matter, N, P, K were studied in this paper. The results indicated that the soil texture was dominated by sandy loam and light loam, the soil texture for 20~40 cm depth was accounted for loose sand and tight sand to a certain degree. Gravel content was high in soil, heavily gravelly soils account for more then 91%. Surface soil (0~20 cm) had a high bulk density, low porosity, and low CEC. The pH value of urban green space soils in Shenzhen city were distinctly high as compared with natural soils, and dominated by neutrality and slightly acid. soil organic matter was low, total N, alkali-hydrolyzable N and total P, was very low, soil available P, total K and available K was medium or over medium. Organic matter, total N and alkali-hydrolyzable N in soils with 0~20 cm depth were much higher than those with 20~40 cm depth. According soil quality situation of urban green space in Shenzhen city, some measures and suggestions were put forward for soil scientific management.

Abstract:The effects on soil erosion by soil physical properties under different utilization types in Guizhou karst mountainous region were studied, the results showed that soil physical properties are internal factors on soil erosion and anti-erodibility, the karst mountainous soils are outstandingly characterized by sheleton soil in Guizhou province. The soil physical properties were greatly different under various land utilization types, the soil physical properties were very good in the wood lands, grasslands and cultivated-terrace lands, and reduced occurrence of soil erosion, but the soil physical properties were bad and difficiently favourable in agro-cultivated slope land and bare slope land. By comparison analysis, the main indexes of revaluating karst mountainous soil anti-erodibility were put forward. The soil anti-erodibility in various land utilization types was cultivated terrace land>wood land, grass land>cultivated slope land and bare slope land. The main site of soil and water loss was cultivated and bare slope lands in Guizhou karst mountainous region.

Abstract:为了探讨在金沙江干热河谷不同复合种植模式与对退化红壤质量恢复效果方面的关系,以土壤物理性肥力、化学性肥力、蓄水能力、土壤剖面特性和生物治理效益为指标,进行分析和研究。结果表明:(1)退化红壤经过各模式治理后,土壤理化性质得到改善,通气孔隙度和>1mm团聚体都增加,容重分别是对照区的0.89倍、0.83倍和0.93倍,明显降低。(2)治理、恢复3年,种植模式木豆 酸角、柱花草 酸角、象草 酸角,0～30cm土层有机质分别较对照地增加1.76倍、1.74倍和1.09倍,全氮和有效养分增加幅度也很大。(3)在同一施肥状态下,各模式土壤营养元素在水平和垂直空间土层内都存在明显差异,并且表层土壤理化性质明显好于深层土壤理化性质。(4)各模式经济效益明显增加,分别是对照地的54倍、10倍和28倍;土壤实际蓄水效益也是对照的16.0倍、7.0倍和4.2倍,处理1最高土壤水分滞留量达2.7×104t/hm2,水土保持效益明显。综合各治理指标,发现木豆 酸角模式对改良退化红壤质量取得的综合效益最明显。

Abstract:基于非石灰性潮土26年的定位试验,在12个不同处理CK、N1、N2、M1、M1N1、M1N2、M2、M2N1、M2N2、NP2K、N2P和N2K中,于2003年研究了长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土重金属状况的影响,结果表明,长期施肥和灌溉各处理土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量均高于试验前的土壤,富集量分别为10.22%～15.18%,12.66%～67.66%,18.27%～130.54%和70.31%～129.98%。长期单施有机肥及其配施无机化肥的土壤Pb的积累量低于不施肥土壤,施用无机化肥,土壤Pb的积累量比试验前高1.46～6.17倍,施用过磷酸钙和氯化钾肥料,土壤Cd富集量高出试验前340.25%～3861.58%,影响到土壤的环境质量,但对作物籽粒的卫生品质影响不大。

Abstract:The objective of this paper was to reveal if soil available heavy metal amount responded to application of fertilizer under Hyllostachys praecox stands. A fertilizer trial was conducted in the main Hyllostachys praecox area, and the amount of soil available heavy metal was analyzed by ICP. Soil available heavy metal (such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu) in all treatments was detected higher at the first sampling time in August and then declining with time until April, afterwards increasing again. There was no difference in soil available Zn and Cr between mixture treatments with different amount of mineral and manure, but significant difference (p<0.05) was found between single mineral treatments with different amount of mineral fertilizer, soil available Zn and Cr increased with the rate of fertilizer. Soil available Pb, Cd, and Cu did not change with the increase of mineral fertilizer rate. Soil available Pb, Cr, and Zn were more abundant in stands with winter mulching practice than with non-mulching practice, 1.59, 1.30 and 1.26 fold were respective for available Pb, Cd, and Cu.

Abstract:Soils contain large numbers of rock fragments in the soil matrix. Rock fragments affect physical soil properties and hydraulic soil properties by their presence in soil matrix and on the soil surface. Thus, rock fragments influence on infiltration. Within the soil the physical properties and hydraulic properties that affect infiltration are shown to be influenced by rock fragment. Rock fragment have been reported to both increase or decrease infiltration rate and amounts.

Abstract:系统地评述了近年来国内外对污染物在土壤、非饱和带、地下水和粘土防渗层中迁移转化规律研究的最新进展，以及模拟污染物迁移的数值模型，并提出了需要进一步解决的关键性问题，为环境污染的治理、控制污染和水资源管理与评价的研究提供了可靠依据。

Abstract:The aim of this article is to study the moisture characteristics and the effect factors of three main kinds of paddy soils (White soil, Yellow mud soil and Wushan soil) in Tai Lake region. The physics properties of the paddy soils have been studied, which includes bulk density, soil texture, soil structure coefficient, soil aggregation, and soil moisture characteristic curves. It is compared that soil moisture characteristic curves of the paddy soils and figured out their field capacities, available water content and wilt coefficient. The results showed that field moisture capacity was significant negative correlated with bulk density and significant positive correlated with soil structure coefficient, soil aggregation and organic matter content. In addition, available moisture content was negative correlated with soil texture, wilt coefficient was positive correlated with soil texture.

Abstract:The Sanjiang Ecological Test Station of Wetland serves as the research base. Firstly typical sampling sites were selected, then general characteristics of wetland hydrochemistry and movement of chemical elements due to drainage were researched by analyzing contents of main ions(HCO_3~-,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)),heavy metals(Cu,Zn,Fe and Mn), nutritive elements(N,P,K)and their availability. Results showed that types of wetland hydrochemistry are HCO_3~--Ca.Mg and HCO_3~--Ca.Na. The serials of heavy metal is Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn>Pb,Cr. Lots of chemical elements have been lost because of draining, which is one cause of wetland degradation.

Abstract:休宁倭竹(ShibataeahispidaMcClure)系安徽特有的小型灌木状竹种,通过对该竹种的水分生理、生物量的研究表明:1休宁倭竹的水分利用率较高,为2.76×10-3g/g,虽小于抗旱能力很强的琅琊榆和朴树,但大于抗旱能力较强的青檀和榉树,是湿生树种枫杨的1.49倍,休宁倭竹与榆科树种一样具有较强的抗旱性能;2夏季CO2浓度对水分利用率影响不大,光合速率与水分利用率呈正相关,温度、相对湿度等环境因子影响叶片的气孔导度,也影响了该竹种的光合速率和水分利用率;3休宁倭竹在全光、肥沃土壤环境条件下每1m2活竹可达1300余竿,地上茂密的枝叶截流量大,可减小地表径流;4地下竹鞭发达,纵横交错,形成极为致密的根系网络,地下竹鞭的生物量是地上部分生物量的1.38倍,因此有很强的固土能力。休宁倭竹是一种优良的水土保持竹种。

Abstract:Under field conditions,changes of grain filling and yield of winter wheat with large-ear cultivar Yumai66 were studied in Zhengzhou experimental sit in Henan province during the 200~2002 growing seasons,there was different significantly between 2000~2001 and 2001~2002.The grain filling process of Yumai66,were modeled with Cubic,Quadratic and Logistic equation,R~2 values of modeled equations were significant,and the Cubic R~2 value was the significantest.There was a significant correlation between W and Ws,Se,S in dry year of 2000~2001,and between W and Ws,V,Vs,Vmax in rainy year of 2001~2002.In comparison with 2001~2002,grain filling duration was shortened,filling rate was smaller,which resulted in falling of grain weight in 2000~2001.Effects of irrigation on filling parameters were different between two year-styles,with irrigation improving,S and Se was lagged,filling rate reduced in 2000~2001,but S and Se was shortened,grain filling rate of irrigation treatment with one application was lowest,that of irrigation treatment with two applications was the highest in 2001~2002.Irrigation improved yield significantly in 2000~2001,but there was not significant different between treatments,even yield of irrigation treatment with three applications was lower than that of irrigation treatment with two applications in 2001~2002.

Abstract:The keys of catchment cultivation techniques were broad film and "V"-size. Several years of field experiment and demonstration showed that the method could increase soil water and raise water utilization; it could prompt the growth and up-growth of the crops and its ripeness in advance; it could raise the per unit yield of about 20%.Of the reason were,(1)that V-size cater more water;(2)that broad film add temperature and unit plant temperature area;(3)the method cut down soil harness. But the problem was that broad film and total covering airtight, crop roots breath with difficulty.