Abstract:在山东省邹城市刘庄小流域水土保持生态修复区内，对9种森林植被类型的土壤入渗和土壤贮水特征进行了研究。结果表明：①各种森林植被都具有明显的改良土壤水文物理性质、提高土壤入渗和贮水能力的作用，混交林的土壤入渗和贮水能力明显大于单纯林，单纯林的土壤饱和贮水量和土壤稳定入渗率分别比荒草坡地高33％和142％，而混交林的分别比荒草坡地高54％和358％。②各种森林植被对土壤(非毛管)滞留贮水功能的改善程度大于对土壤(毛管)吸持贮水功能的改善，混交林的土壤(毛管)最大吸持贮水量比荒草坡地高37％，而平均土壤(非毛管)最大滞留贮水量比荒草坡地高89％。③霍顿(Horton)入渗模型和通用经验入渗模型都能较好地反映研究地区各种森林植被的土壤入渗过程，但菲刑浦(Philip)模型对入渗过程的拟合效果较差。

Abstract:青海云杉为青海省大通县的顶极植物群落树种,是当地退耕还林的主要树种.通过研究退耕地青海云杉人工林的土壤抗冲性,对于科学指导当地生产实践、制定退耕还林方案等十分必要.三因素三水平的正交试验结果表明,土层、坡度、流量对抗冲性的影响依次增强,以流量对抗冲性的影响最大.＜1 mm根数是影响土壤抗冲性的主要生物因素,＜1 mm根数越多,土壤抗冲性越强.青海云杉人工林根系为表层聚积、下层骤减的分布类型.表土层(0～20 cm)为根系密集分布层,＜1 mm根数占98.88%,根长占91.37%,该层根系对土壤颗粒的网络粘结作用最好,抗冲性最强,其平均值达到0.830 min/g,为中层(0.201 min/g)抗冲性的4倍.退耕还林还草工作中,应重视对在表土层中密集分布须根类型植物的应用.

Abstract:采用室内模拟降雨装置,对供试的密云县农田褐土分别进行了在3种不同地表状况(裸地、草皮覆被、秸秆覆盖),3种降雨强度(60 mm/h,90 mm/h,120 mm/h),5种坡度(10°,15°,20°,25°,30°)下的交叉实验,对不同降雨时间段下表层径流水中K、Na、Ca、Mg流失量进行测试分析,结果表明在坡度10°,15°的3种降雨强度下,各阳离子流失量在相同时间段内总体表现为秸秆覆盖＜草皮覆被＜裸地,在坡度20°,25°,30°时草皮覆被对各阳离子流失量的抑制效果明显;相同地表、坡度和降雨时间段,K、Na、Ca、Mg流失量均表现出60 mm/h＜90 mm/h＜120 mm/h,Mg规律性最强;相同雨强和降雨时段下,草皮覆被和秸秆覆盖地表下Na、Ca、Mg流失量随着坡度的增加呈递增态势;随着时间段的增加各阳离子流失量总体呈递增态势,只有在雨强90 mm/h时部分元素有所差异;相同雨强1h时段内不同阳离子流失总量之间随坡度的变化存在相关性.

Abstract:With the widely extension of plastic mulch technique in Xinjiang region, the key problems, such as water and salt movement characteristics in isothermal and non-isothermal condition and the mechanics of plastic mulch technique which can prevent soil slat from moving to surface layer, haven't been probed moredeeply. Based on the experimental data of isothermal redistribution and evaporation with entirely plastic mulch of Xinjiang salinized soil for the same period, after infiltration with different wetting depths, their characteristics of soil water content profiles have been compared, and the results shows a little difference, which showed plastic mulch's significance on water saving; Base on that, the soil salt content and soil salt concentration profile are compared and shows a little difference too, which indicated that temperature gradient had no obvious influence on soil water and salt movement and showed plastic mulch's significance on anti-salinization. Later, the functional relations of soil salt content as well as soil salt concentration with vertical position and infiltration depth were developed. The researches in this paper showed the characteristics and mechanics of plastic mulch which preventing soil salt from moving to soil surface.

Abstract:通过在小流域坡面上进行的实地磁测、室内组分分离、组分磁测及坡面土壤侵蚀磁性示踪试验,对坡面不同空间部位土壤的磁化率特征和降雨后土壤磁化率变化的机理,以及利用磁性示踪法来研究坡面土壤侵蚀的可行性进行了探讨,结果表明,坡面土壤磁化率以上坡磁化率最低、中坡最高、下坡居中;土壤不同粒径组分磁化率与粒径大小存在密切联系,土壤不同粒径组分中以粒径在0.1～0.25mm的组分对土壤磁化率影响最大;在降雨后不同坡位土壤磁化率均发生变化,其机理是由于土壤遭到侵蚀后粒级组成发生变化,从而造成磁性矿物的含量发生变化,进而引起了土壤磁化率的改变;利用磁性示踪法来研究坡面土壤侵蚀是一个行之有效的方法。

Abstract:利用建立坡面径流观测场,对洪雅县低山区退耕还林中几种植被恢复模式进行定点观测。结果表明:(1)该区域产生坡面地表径流和土壤侵蚀最更本的原因是土地的耕作与否,3年未被直接扰动土壤的退耕地土壤侵蚀量仅是耕地的13.3%～37.9%;(2)林 草、竹 草种植模式的地表径流和土壤侵蚀特征既不同于农耕地,又与未被扰动的生态林植被相差较大。表现为随植被经营利用而出现阶段性的变化,牛鞭草的刈割对退耕地地表径流和土壤侵蚀影响较大。进一步研究、完善林 草、竹 草生态经营技术体系,提高该类退耕种植植被恢复模式的调蓄降雨能力,对指导退耕还林及植被经营有重要的意义。

Abstract:果园套种平托花生具有良好的水土保持作用,连续4年定位测定表明,套种平托花生的果园发生地表径流38次,径流总量61t/hm2,无泥沙流失;而对照处理发生地表径流178次,径流总量2482 4t/hm2,流失泥沙42 26t/hm2。平托花生还有改善土壤理化性状的作用,果园套种平托花生3年后,0～20cm的土壤容重为0 98g/cm3,土壤空隙度25 73%,土壤含水量22 5%;而对照分别为1 06g/cm3,18 6%,21 5%。套种平托花生3年后土壤pH值从5 12提高到6 25,酸性改善;有机质从15 26g/kg提高为19 30g/kg;全氮从0 79g/kg提高到1 04g/kg;全磷从0 25g/kg提高为0 30g/kg;但全钾从23 23g/kg下降到19 64g/kg。平托花生营养丰富、适口性好。以平托花生喂养肉兔,平均日增重为21 67g,高于饲喂野生杂草(10 73g)。平托花生以扦插繁殖为主,采用10cm×10cm的扦插距离,在山地(有机质5g/kg)30天后覆盖度达到49%,45天达到87%,60天达到91%;而园地(有机质15g/kg)30天就可以达到80%。采用20cm×20cm的扦插距离,山地需75天达到80%的覆盖,园地75天达到89%。

Abstract:The paper takes degraded quaternary red soil in Jiangxi province as the object of the study. The soil physical property and chemical property of 9 kinds of rehabilitated forests 10-year were investigated. The research results were described as follows: (1) Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus are increased obviously. The increase in soil organic matter was the most evident.So do soil total potassium and available potassium.(2) The amount of soil organic matter and total nitrogen decreased obviously with decreasing of soil depth, the amount of available phosphorus, available potassium, available nitrogen decreased slowly,and the change of total phosphorus, total potassium was not obvious with soil depth.(3) Soil bulk density, non-capillary porosity decreased in large degree,and capillary porosity, capillary moisture capacity increased in different degree of different rehabilitated forest. The change of total porosity of different rehabilitated forest were more obvious than that of other physical property.

Abstract:护岸林是三峡水库能否长久运行的一项重要保障措施，对三峡库区涪陵段撑绿竹护岸林进行了详尽调查，并对其根系土壤作了详细分析，结果表明：三峡库区涪陵段撑绿竹护岸林有好的保持水土效益；撑绿竹护岸林的栽植密度达900丛／hm^2，林下枯落物厚度在2．5cm以上时生态效益最佳。

Abstract:Constructed rapid infiltration (CRI) system is a new type of land treating technology based on the traditional rapid infiltration (RI) for wastewater. Combining project, this paper indicates that the CRI system with low investment, low energy consuming, convenience of operation and better effect of treatment has great significance for reusing of wastewater in today.

Abstract:对刚果12号桉无性系W5人工林营养元素积累、分布和生物循环进行了研究。结果表明，刚果桉W5不同组分的营养元素含量存在差异。树叶的主要营养元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均较高，树皮的Ca、K含量较高，树干主要营养元素的含量均较低；刚果桉W5人工林主要营养元素年净积累量随林龄增长而增加，2年生的主要营养元素净积累量的增幅最大；刚果桉W5人工林的N、K或Ca的年吸收量与总存留量较高，Mg次之，P最小。植后第5年，Ca的吸收与存留增加明显；刚果桉W5人工林归还林地的主要营养元素比例很低，2～5年生林木以凋落物形式归还的营养元素在12％～15％，其中N、Mg的归还率在20％以上，Ca的在8%～14％，P的在6．5％～9％，K的不足5％。与热带半落叶季雨林比较，刚果桉W5人工林的养分循环率要小得多，说明这一人工林土壤养分趋向于减少。

Abstract:Sophora davidii is constant secondary shrubbery in loess hilly. Sophora davidii can develop pure shrubbery or play dominant species roles in plant community in sunny slope and half sunny slope where the other arbor and shrub trees survive difficultly in loess hilly area,which plays important role in water and soil conservation as well as soil improvement. Barren grass land as control area, Sophora davidii population structures and the characters of soil water and soil nutrition in different stage of recovery in Sophora davidii communities that was closed for 8 years, 20 years and 30 years in loess hilly were researched systematically. The analysis on relationships between recovery of community and environment factors were made. The results showed: Sophora davidii communities could be restored by closing management in loess hilly, and Sophora davidii populations could reach relative stable stage after closing for 20 years. The density, mean basal diameter, height and biomass of Sophora davidii populations in different stages of recovery is significant different: height 30 years>height in 20 years>height in 8 years>barren grass land. With the recovery of Sophora davidii community, the number of young-age Sophora davidii individuals was declined, and the number of and middle-old-age individuals was increased, but Sophora davidii population still keep trend of expanding and with developing potentiality gradually. Soil water show feebly dry layer in Sophora davidii community of different stage of recovery, and extended downward with roots of Sophora davidii individuals. Increase of soil nutrients in beginning period of recovery is quick, but is stable in last period. Environment factors that affect Sophora davidii community recovery and the population development is water factor, such as soil water and coverage of community is comparative important. Sophora davidii has strong compatibility and reproduction and population has expanding potentiality, and its excellent characters should be made use, keeping continue forthcoming closing management in order to accelerate recovery of Sophora davidii community gradually and improve condition of environment.

Abstract:根据西藏16个土类168个土壤剖面的分析资料,探讨土壤有机质和氮素状况及其影响因素。西藏土壤有机质>30g/kg和20～30g/kg的面积分别占39%和46%;其地理分布既有广阔高原面上的水平地带性变化,也有山地和深切河谷的垂直地带性变化。土壤有机质中活性腐殖质一般占30%～45%,以酸性土中的比例较大。土壤全氮>1 5g/kg,1 0～1 5g/kg和<1 0g/kg的面积分别占40%,44%和16%;碱解氮>150mg/kg和<90mg/kg的面积分别占36%和61%。全氮与有机质呈线性正相关;碱解氮与全氮、有机质呈非线性正相关,并与活性腐殖质有密切关系,它在部分土壤中还受有机质C/N的制约。

Abstract:根据不同植被类型和不同植被恢复年限,在位于半干旱黄土高原丘陵沟壑区延安安塞纸坊沟流域采集68个剖面样品,探讨植被恢复过程土壤剖面中残留矿质态氮的变化;同时采取该流域连续14年施用不同肥料处理的坡地长期定位试验剖面土样,研究连续施肥对农田土壤剖面残留NO3--N累积的影响。结果表明,NH4 -N在土壤剖面中的分布和累积基本不受植被恢复及植类型的影响,但NO3--N在土壤剖面中的累积量随植被恢复而下降。林地、草地和农田0～50cm土层平均累积的NO3--N分别为17 4kg/hm2,14 9kg/hm2和39 9kg/hm2;林地和草地剖面中NO3--N累积量所占矿质氮总累积量比例远小于NH4 -N,而对农田土壤,剖面中NO3--N累积量所占比例与NH4 -N所占比例基本相当;农田土壤剖面中NO3--N累积量所占比例显著大于林地和草地。长期定位试验结果进一步证明了在农田连续施用氮肥会显著增加土壤剖面中残留NO3--N累积,当农田退耕还林还草后,累积的这一部分NO3--N因植物吸收利用、土壤生物固定和损失等途径而下降,最终达到低而稳定的水平。

Abstract:Effects of nitrogen rates on carbon and nitrogen assimilate translocation in two different wheat varieties under soil drought and waterlogging from anthesis to maturity were investigated in a cement pool culture experiment. Three water treatments were established from anthesis to maturity, i.e. waterlogging, drought and moderate water supply (CK), and under each water treatment, two nitrogen levels of 120 and 240 kg/hm~2 were implemented. Compared with CK, drought and waterlogging reduced the amounts and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored assimilates, total amount of pre-anthesis stored assimilate and grain weight. Under drought and waterlogging, nitrogen increased amounts and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored assimilates in leaves, hull and rachis, stem and sheathes. Under CK and drought nitrogen increased total amounts and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored assimilates, grain weight and the amounts of pre-anthesis assimilates transferred into grains, while nitrogen reduced them under waterlogging. Both drought and waterlogging reduced the amounts and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen and nitrogen accumulation in grains. Under drought and waterlogging nitrogen increased amounts and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen in leaves, amounts of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen in stem and sheathes, total amount and remobilization rate of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen, nitrogen accumulation in grains and the translocation of pre-anthesis accumulated nitrogen into grains, while under waterlogging nitrogen reduced them. Both drought and waterlogging reduced grain yield, starch and protein yield. Nitrogen favored grain yield, starch yield and protein content under drought, but reduced grain yield under waterlogging. The results indicated that nitrogen regulated translocation of carbon and nitrogen assimilate and sequentially regulated accumulation of grain starch and protein in wheat grown under stress conditions of soil drought or waterlogging from anthesis to maturity.

Abstract:为了解侵蚀型红壤不同植被恢复后,土壤有机碳的演变状况,采集了持续时间为17年和9年的2个定位试验点土壤样品,分析了土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、水溶性碳和矿化态碳含量.结果表明侵蚀型红壤植被恢复后,土壤总有机碳和各类活性碳含量均明显增加,并随着恢复时间的延长,土壤各类碳含量显著上升.同样是杉木林,恢复17年的土壤(0～20 cm)总有机碳、微生物量碳、水溶性碳和矿化态碳的含量分别是恢复9年土壤的2.18倍、2.95倍、2.25倍和2.01倍.不同处理比较来看,木荷林土壤各类碳含量明显高于杉木林土壤,黑麦草处理矿化态碳含量明显高于恢复时间相同的杉木和胡柚处理.分析了各处理活性碳占总有机碳的比例发现,植被恢复17年的2个处理,土壤微生物量占总有机碳比例明显高于恢复9年的3个处理;恢复时间分别为17年和9年的2个杉木处理,土壤水溶性碳占总有机碳比例明显较高,而矿化态碳占总有机碳比例明显偏低;黑麦草处理矿化态碳占总有机碳比例明显高于恢复时间相同的杉木和胡柚处理.从相关分析来看,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、水溶性碳及矿化态碳两两之间相关性均达极显著水平(P＜0.01);土壤各类碳与土壤全氮、水解氮、有效磷含量之间也具有极显著相关性.

Abstract:土壤有机碳是地球表层系统中最大且最具有活动性的生态系统碳库之一。近年来,全球变化使得土壤有机碳的动态变化日益成为全球有机碳研究的热点,也是国际全球变化问题研究的核心内容之一。通过对土壤样品在控制条件下进行的实验室培养,了解不同林型下土壤有机碳分解的动态变化。结果表明:各林型土壤有机碳含量均为中上层土壤明显高于下层;不同森林类型对土壤有机碳状况具有很大影响,并且对中上层土壤影响较大;土壤样品培养61天后,总土壤有机碳损失量是CO2累计释放量,大致在200～400mg/kg;从不同植被下的土壤有机碳平均日分解速率可以看出:分解速率呈相同的变化规律,前期分解速度快,后期速度变慢。即前期分解较快,前7天的分解量占61天分解总量的37%～41%,但不同林型土壤有机碳分解呈现不同的变化,总体分解趋势是灌木林>阔叶林>针叶林>马尾松。

Abstract:不同配比护坡营养基材模拟试验表明．护坡营养基材pH值随着凝固时间的延长而下降，并逐渐趋于稳定，不同配比的护坡营养基材pH值稳定的最短时间不同。影响护坡营养基材pH值变化的主要因素有水泥的掺入量、基质土壤类型、成孔材料添加比例等。研究结果表明，水泥掺入量在基质土壤的2％～4％范围内对植物生长是安全的。在设计护坡营养基材配方方面，以城市垃圾土为基质土壤，添加3％的稻草粉有利于降低护坡基材pH值和促进植物生长。

Abstract:通过盆栽实验研究了两种生态型东南景天提取污染土壤中锌的能力，结果表明，超积累生态型东南景天具有很强的忍耐土壤中高浓度锌、铅和镉的能力，并能从土壤中吸收和转移大量锌到地上部，超积累生态型东南景天地上部的Zn含量为7062～9558mg／kg，非超积累生态型为256～407mg／kg，超积累生态型东南景天地上部的Zn总积累是非超积累生态型的4l～62倍。矿山土壤添加稻草后，促进了超积累生态型东南景天的生长，地上部生物量显著提高，且锌含量也明显增加。种植超积累生态型东南景天后土壤乙酸铵提取态锌有上升趋势，和种植前比较，在矿山土壤和污染土壤上分别增加了4．3％和9．4％，种植超积累生态型东南景天后土壤交换态锌和有机结合态锌明显增加，残渣态锌减少，而对非生态型，种植前后土壤中锌的化学形态没有什么变化。添加菜籽饼和稻草对两种土壤中Zn的化学形态转化均没有显著性影响，其原因有待进一步研究。这些研究结果表明，超积累生态型东南景天具有较强的修复锌污染土壤的潜力。

Abstract:在我国亚热带采集了常绿阔叶林、马尾松林、杉木林和毛竹林土壤,分析了土壤总有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量。结果表明:土壤总有机碳含量常绿阔叶林和毛竹林显著高于杉木林和马尾松林。土壤水溶性有机碳含量毛竹林显著高于杉木林,极显著高于马尾松林,阔叶林和杉木林也显著高于马尾松林。水溶性有机碳占总有机碳比率以杉木林最高,达1 26%(25℃)和1 82%(100℃),马尾松林最低,仅0 78%(25℃)和1 30%(100℃)。马尾松林、杉木林和毛竹林土壤水溶性有机碳与土壤总有机碳含量间的相关性均达显著水平,相关系数分别为0 5106 (100℃提取),0 4739 (25℃提取)和0 4752 (25℃提取)。

Abstract:采用基于GIS普通克里格法和概率克里格法分析江西潋水河流域土壤速效钾含量的时空变异特征。结果表明,潋水河流域样点间表层(0～30cm)土壤速效钾平均含量由1981年的(134 8±89 7)mg/kg降低到2002年的(131 9±97 6)mg/kg,平均降低了2 15%。尽管经过近21年的生态修复,样点间土壤速效钾平均含量总体上下降不多,但因土地利用和水土流失修复工程实施的差异,占流域面积60 63%的土壤速效钾含量减少,仅占39 37%的土壤速效钾含量增加。土壤速效钾含量分级统计表明,1981年速效钾含量水平在50～100mg/kg,100～150mg/kg,150～200mg/kg和>200mg/kg的土壤分别占流域面积的10 35%,75 31%,11 78%和2 56%,而2002年则相应为30 75%,49 31%,16 60%和3 31%。该流域土壤速效钾在≤100mg/kg,≤120mg/kg和>150mg/kg含量水平下的几何平均概率分别由1981年的0 453,0 566和0 327变为2002年的0 523,0 611和0 292。从贮量变化上看,21年间潋水河流域内表层土壤速效钾贮量从1981年的2 48×104t变为2002年的2 30×104t,下降了1875 35t。

Abstract:The objective of this study was to estimate the losses of potassium in the laboratory by large leaching soil columns containing disturbed soils. Results are as follows: Potassium moves quickly in the latosol. There are K~ which deriving from potassium fertilizer in the leachate at 20 cm depth after irrigating30 mm water;Concentration of K~ in the leachate at 60 cm depth are descending with the time growing and positively related to the fertilizer quantity applied after 39 days; Concentration of K~ in the leachate at 120 cm depth ascends with the fertilizer quantity applied after 45 days, and the movement velocity of potassium in the test is about 2.7 cm/d. Accumulation leaching amount of at 120 cm depth are positively related with the fertilizer quantity applied and their leaching ratio is 3.28%. Using equation lnY_t=a blnt can describe the relation between the accumulation leaching amount of K~ with time at 120 cm depth with different potassium fertilizer quantity applied.

Abstract:P load from cropland mostly is in the form of PP (Particulate P). The amount of TP (total Phosphorus) isn't high, but the concentration of DP and ortho-phosphrous should be noticed. Because the bimestrial rain from June to July in 2002, all forms of P of the sample gotten in the 4th, July 2002 are head and shoulders above other samples. After comparing the three different cultivates manner sections, we find some laws: the load of TP in runoff is diverse by cultivate manner sections. In instant rain, the amount of TP load with runoff is FT (Flat tillage)>DT (Down slope tillage) > RT (Ridge tillage): while in continuous rain is DT, RT>FT. On the other hand, there is the resemble relation between leakage P and rainfall, the correlative coefficient R~2=0.9232. In conclusion, the amount of total P load from agricultural system by NPS isn't high, but the environmental effects caused by DP should be paid attention to. The NPS P has less influence on ground water than surface water. The NPS P influences on surface water are potential, which will break out in the moderate conditions.

Abstract:It is a reason which causes eutrophication pollution of rivers that the excessive phosphorus is imported. The river sediment is an important material storehouse of the phosphorus. The surveys of phosphorus pollution in river sediment is essential to water eutropication pollution. The results of the survey show that the pollution degree of town river is greater than which of the district river and village river. In Zhujiajiao town, town river is much serious about the phosphorus pollution,but in Fengjing town,district river is much serious, in summer the eutropication pollution of water breaks out,the survey also show that the sum phosphorus in sediment is highest in summer,the content of phosphorus in sediment is an important factor to cause water eutrophication pollution. The survey results provide us some theory base on fathering the pollution of eutrophication.

Abstract:It is essential to use rationally the lands in ecologically vulnerable environment to preserve soil quality and develop sustainable land use model. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of land use on soil nutrients and pH value as well as soil bulk density in Huailai basin of Hebei province. Eight dominating land use types were collected from two representative regions which respectively lie to the north and south of Guanting reservoir, second largest drinking water source for Beijing city. Moreover the soil degradation degree of different land use types was evaluated by soil degradation index (DI). The results show: Under rational land management and effective conservation practices, compared to other 7 land use types, the bulk density value of shelter-forest land in the north of Guanting reservoir is least and most of its soil nutrients showed significant increase. However, because of local formidable natural conditions and void restoration measures, soil quality of grassland which although developed from discarded field for 8 years was still at the degradation stage. Moreover, the soils under shelter-forest, vine and cherry-apple trees as well as corn in the south of Guanting reservoir were also subject to severe soil degradation andgreat decline of soil quality without appropriate soil and water conservation practices. The bulk density and pH value in these lands increased and most soil nutrients significantly decreased. The soil degradation index shows that severe degradation occurred to grassland and farmland and vine yard land in the south ofGuanting reservoir. On the whole, there was significant correlation between soil quality and land use model. Irrational land management approaches and measures, such as over-grazing, deforestation and over-irrigation and so on, led to soil degradation and greatly diminished soil quality.

Abstract:选取科尔沁沙地不同年龄的小叶锦鸡儿固沙林为研究对象，研究了在人工固沙林发育过程中土壤的颗粒组成、容重、孔隙度、持水性、透水性、养分和水分含量以及土壤酶活性等理化性质的变化。结果表明，随着林龄的增长，固沙林内土壤理化性质均得到较好的改善，土壤粘粒含量增加，表层容重变小，孔隙度增大，土壤持水性和渗透性能均有所提高，有机质、速效N、P、K的含量大幅度增加，但土壤水分含量却出现了下降的趋势。同时，随着林龄的增长小叶锦鸡儿固沙林土壤酶活性逐渐提高，20年生的土壤酶活性基本接近于天然群落，表明小叶锦鸡儿是本地区优良的固沙树种。固沙林内结皮层的酶活性总体上不高，但均高于其毗邻下层土壤，其中转化酶活性高出近20倍。

Abstract:The soil physical properties and chemistry characteristic had been studied during controlling of karst rocky desertification process in the karst rocky mountainous areas. The result showed that: in controlling rocky desertification process, the numbers of individuals and density of plant increased with the degree of soil meliorated. Soil compaction decreased, and soil porosity, capacity of water and fertility holding increased, soil organic matter increased, these were associated with the soil organic matter contents and plant coverage, the total numbers of bacteria, antinomycetes and fungi increased. Bacteria was dominate group, the numbers was increased: soil bacteria> fungi > actinomycetes. Meanwhile soil fertility and productivity increased.

Abstract:研究了有机肥与化肥配施对旱地红壤有机质和物理性质的影响。结果表明,虽然部分年份各处理土壤有机质含量存在某些程度的波动,但总体上随施肥年限的延长呈增加趋势;与对照处理相比,有机肥能够显著地提高土壤有机质含量。本田还田是该地区提高土壤有机质含量的最佳方法。有机肥施用均可显著地降低红壤旱地土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度;但不同的种类之间存在一定差异,即秸秆和本田还田的效果优于厩肥和绿肥的。与化肥处理相比,施用有机肥显著地促进了土壤中>1mm和1～0.5mm水稳性团聚体的形成,厩肥和绿肥处理中>1mm水稳性团聚体含量也显著高于秸秆及本田还田处理的。各种有机肥之间及其与对照相比0.5～0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量都存在不同程度的差异。有机肥的施用不仅显著地提高了0.25～0.05mm微团聚体含量,而且显著地降低了0.05～0.002mm微团聚体含量。除本田还田处理外,其它处理的<0.002mm微团聚体含量与对照相比差异显著。

Abstract:通过模拟淹水过程，研究了淹水后三峡库区消落区主要类型土壤性质的变化，发现淹水后酸性土壤的pH值升高，碱性土壤的pH值降低，Eh在淹水初期都会降低。土壤中的Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As的含量都有不同程度的降低，其中Hg较为显著，而有效态的Zn,Cu、Pb、Cd、Fe和Mn的含量大部分呈增加趋势，但其变化规律不尽相同。

Abstract:通过实地采样分析及调查收集数据，对比研究四川省雅安市雨城区1981年(第二次土壤普查)到2002年20年来的耕地土壤养分变化，结果表明，全区耕地土壤平均有机质、全氮、速效钾分别提高了20Z，30%，16.4％，全磷下降了42％。不同土地利用方式，水田的土壤养分总体升高，旱地土壤养分总体下降。同时系统分析土壤养分变异的驱动力，并有针对性的提出了提高土壤养分的对策和措施。

Abstract:The distributive feature of soil microorganism of Robinia pseudoacacia L. plantation forestland in Loess Plateau under different forest age has been studied. The results shows that quantitive variety of bacterism corresponding with forest age is not remarkable, but actinomyces is remarkable; Quantitive variety of bacterism, actinomyces and fungi corresponding with soil depth is very outstanding; The variety of bacterism quantity corresponding with soil depth abides by Quadratics Ratio model, the quantitive variety of actinomyces and fungi corresponding with soil depth fit to index function.

Abstract:Vodyanitsky method was applied to calculate the effect of pig manure application on thermodynamic parameters of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) in brown soil. The results showed that the formation of HA, FA was spontaneous and exothermic reaction. Compared to HA, the energy state of FA was low, but its order degree and thermal stability were high. The formation rate of FA was faster than that of HA. After the application of pig manure, the energy state, order degree and thermal stability of HA, FA all declined. And the changes of thermodynamic parameters were related to that of elemental compositions of HA and FA.

Abstract:Natural soil erosion and sediment are important parts of geologic cycle, but they have been accelerated by human activities and many eco-environmental problems arised. In a small watershed of purple hilly area, Sichuan province, the erosion-sediment sections were marked out basing on differences of topographic and soil features, and the characteristics of soils particle component as well as its fractal dimensions were also studied on the routine analyzing results. The results showed that: the erosion-sediment features of different spots on erosion-sediment trans/vertical section are different distinctively. Types of washing and denudation, moving, and sediment and burying, which components an erosion-sediment catena, can be distinguished. Sediment is main process on erosion-sediment vertical section. We can get more entire and whole understanding of erosion-sediment through dividing erosion-sediment section types. Particle components, especially clay contents, significantly embodied the differences of erosion-sediment. The trend of sand decreasing and clay increasing with altitude reduce is embodied synthetically through particle fractal dimension.

Abstract:以黄河流域的资料为基础,运用数理统计的方法将描述水土保持植被结构的指标与气候指标相联系,揭示了气候条件对黄土高原水土保持植被结构的影响,在此基础上提出对乔木面积与乔灌草总面积的比率是否合理进行评价的方法。研究表明,年降水量是影响水土保持植被结构的最重要气候因素,乔木、灌木和草地与乔灌草总面积的比率与年降水量的相关系数的显著性水平均大大优于0.01。乔木、灌木和草地与乔灌草总面积的比率与年降水量的相关系数分别为0.72,-0.48,-0.47,逐渐减小,说明乔木、灌木和草类对降水的依赖程度逐渐减小。气温对水土保持植被的结构也有很大的影响,乔木、灌木和草地与乔灌草总面积的比率与年均温和≥10℃活动积温的相关系数显著性水平均大大优于0.01。同时,建立了乔木面积与乔灌草总面积的比率Rt与年降水量Pm、年均气温Ta、年最大雨量与年雨量之比Pmax/Pm、年均大风日数Dw之间的多元回归方程,该方程表明:年降水量越多,年均温越高,大风日数越少,年最大雨量与年雨量之比越低,则乔木面积与乔灌草总面积的比率越高。回归方程还表明,降水对乔木面积与乔灌草总面积的比率贡献最大,年均温的贡献次之,大风日数的贡献率居第3,年最大雨量与年雨量之比的贡献率居第4。基于这一回归方程,提出了对于不同地区水

Abstract:白刺是野生灌木,抗性强,能够在重盐碱地上生长;抗干旱,有很好的水土保持效果。选择白刺在黄河三角洲重盐碱地上进行了耐盐能力及其栽培技术的试验。结果表明白刺耐盐能力很强,在土壤含盐量达2 5%时,造林成活率仍可达90%以上,并具有明显的抑盐改土作用。整地能够提高白刺造林成活率,促进生长。造林成功的关键技术措施是在土壤含盐量0 6%以上的造林地上,以两耕两耙法进行整地,造林密度以1665～2505株/hm2为宜,在雨季进行容器苗栽植,控制杂草生长。不同种源的白刺造林结果表明,大义路种源表现最好。

Abstract:根据对黑河中游的植被调查、固定样地土壤水分监测和地下水位的监测数据,分析了黑河中游人工绿洲防护体系主要植物群落立地的土壤储水量动态规律,并对耗水量做了初步的分析。结果表明,沙枣(Elaeagnusangustifolia)、杨树(Populussp )和樟子松(Pinussylvestrisvar mongolica)等乔木林土壤储水量在春季远高于夏季,随植物开始生长土壤储水量迅速下降。而生长在沙丘的梭梭(Haloxylonammodendron)、柽柳(Tamarixchinensis)和沙丘芦苇(Phragmiteecommunis)土壤储水量变化很小,基本处于稳定状态。乔木的耗水量是灌木的2 5～3 5倍以上。绿洲防护体系的乔木植被耗水量每年需要2600～3800m3/hm2,梭梭、柽柳则需要1000～1500m3/hm2。从生态效益考虑,灌木植被对沙丘的稳定和绿洲的防护作用显著,且耗水量较少,从维护绿洲生态安全的角度,灌木固沙防护林起到了巨大的作用,但现有的植被立地土壤干旱化严重,植被已经到了衰退的边缘,需要给予补充水量。

Abstract:森林植被的生态需水可以理解为林地的蒸散耗水量,与土壤含水量关系密切.根据土壤水分有效性的划分,林木暂时凋萎含水量和生长阻滞含水量分别是能保证林木基本生存和正常生长时土壤含水量的下限,因此,相应的林地耗水量分别为林地的最小生态需水定额和适宜生态需水定额,其数值通过计算林地的潜在蒸散并利用土壤水分修正系数和林木系数进行订正获得.根据最新遥感图像资料,在GIS支持下,计算了泾河流域现有林地生长季的最小生态需水量和适宜生态需水量,分别为203 960×104 m3和340 330×104 m3.

Abstract:采用312-D最优饱和设计,在辽西半干旱区开展了连续4年的春小麦田间水肥耦合试验,研究春小麦水分利用效率.结果表明水肥单因子对水分利用效率有显著影响,影响顺序为水＞磷＞氮.其中,氮、磷施用量对水分利用效率的提高是正效应,而灌水量对水分利用效率是负效应.水肥多因子对水分利用效率有交互效应,氮与磷之间、氮与水之间的交互效应极显著,对水分利用效率表现为正效应.磷与水之间表现为负效应,但不显著.水分利用效率超过10 kg/(hm2·mm)的水肥优化管理方案为,施氮量102.6～239.3 kg/hm2,施磷量84.3～139.0kg/hm2,灌水量41.0～170.9 mm.获得最大水分利用效率的施氮量220.6 kg/hm2,施磷量76.0 kg/hm2,灌水量117.4 mm.

Abstract:Physio-ecological use of water includes physiological use of water and ecological use of water. Transpiration water consumption not only belongs to physiological use of water, but also ecological use of water. Leaf water potential of C. intermedia showed high level all day, which didn't benefit maintenance of leaf water. Transpiration rates of P. simonii, S. psammophyla, C. intermedia were in the following order: S. psammophyla>P. simonii>C. intermedia.Ecological use of water includes transpiration water consumption, inter-tree evapotranspiration (IET) and soil water storage of the community. Ecological use of water of the poplar forest land was (142) mm,in which ET was 99 mm, and rainfall was 181 mm at the same period, though there was 82 mm rainfall to compensate for soil water. But rainfall mainly focused on later growth time and was behind the observation, so the results of physio-ecological use of water in the paper are a rare group of data during dry period and very important for vegetation construction of the semi-arid region.

Abstract:湿地生态环境需水是指维持湿地生态系统生态平衡和正常发展、保障湿地系统生态水文功能和相关环境功能正常发挥所需的水量,以扎龙国家自然湿地为例,选取植被需水量、土壤需水量、生物栖息地环境需水量及污染物净化需水量为主要指标,估算了扎龙湿地生态环境需水量。按照湿地管理的需要,划分扎龙湿地生态环境需水量为5个级别,其中最小生态环境需水量为24 588×108m3,中等需水量为40 879×108m3,最大需水量为71 934×108m3。

Abstract:A laboratory investigation was conducted for capillary water movement from sand layered soil columns in the presence of a water table. The results showed that sand layer influenced capillary water movement velocities and height. The wetting front arrival times were prolonged not only by the thicker sand layer and the higher sand layer location, but also the worse sand distribution. Soil water content profiles were changed, i.e. there was greater underlayer soil water content and smaller upperlayer soil water content in the layered soil when compared with the uniform soil. The total evaporation amount of groundwater in the layered soils column was significantly smaller than homogeneous soil. Moreover, the total evaporation amount decreased with the thicker interlayer sand and the thinner surface sand. Soil water evaporation is more sensitive to changes of sand layer location at depth in evaporation stage.

Abstract:在半干旱地区沙地中，如何使有限的降水被植被利用，植被不发生水分亏缺的情况下，植被密度如何?植被依赖于土壤水分环境的分布格局如何?如何对沙地水资源植被利用的管理等?这些对于沙地生态恢复与重建具有重要的意义。根据沙地灌木林群落土壤水分平衡关系的研究，建立了沙地土壤根际水分消耗模型：AET≡(1-e^-k)Wt或AET≡(1-K1)Wt；提出了灌木林密度计算公式：D≡(1／αc)(∑P／∑AET)^1/2。或D≡(1／αc)(1-β)(∑P／β∑AET-1)；并对沙柳和杨柴两种灌木林群落的土壤水分消耗和密度进行了模拟和计算。沙地灌木林群落土壤根际水分消耗模型和密度公式的物理意义明确，参数易于确定，对于指导固沙造林实践具有重要的价值。模型强调土壤水分平衡关系的原理对于其它类型植被一土壤水分关系的研究也有指导意义。

Abstract:以不覆盖的处理为对照，研究了冬小麦期覆盖秸秆对夏玉米土壤水分动态变化及产量的影响。结果表明，秸秆覆盖有明显的增产效果。受充足的降雨影响，秸秆覆盖的保墒效果不太明显，但夏玉米的水分利用效率(WUE)有较大的提高。秸秆覆盖对表土层(0～30cm)具有明显的保墒效果，尤其是夏玉米生长前期。在深土层(100～110cm)秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水率低于不覆盖处理，形成一个缺水带。一年两熟条件下，夏玉米可以充分利用夏季多雨的特性，结合秸秆覆盖措施，可提高对降雨的利用效率。

Abstract:试验监测了不同种植茬口和玉米地秋后不同处理下土壤含水量变化情况,监测结果表明,春播前玉米地表层土壤含水量分别比谷子和大豆地表层土壤含水量低55%,52%,其他土层深度的土壤含水量也均为玉米地最低,谷子和大豆地较高;秋后玉米地的4种处理方式中,土壤含水量高低依次为覆膜＞灭茬＞刨茬＞留茬,其覆膜处理的表层土壤含水量达到11.76%,覆膜和灭茬处理的土壤含水量随监测时间的延长变化不大,刨茬和留茬处理土壤含水量都随监测时间的延长而下降.

Abstract:Liyang reservior is located in the Liyang town, Ningbo City, Zhejiang province. Reservoir water is the sources of tap water to Liyang town residents, however, blue-green algae blooms happened twice at the spring and autumn during the year of 2002. The algae blooms produced toxic organic matters which influencing the quality of tap water. We surveyed the topography, the level of eutrophication and the course of algae blooms happening at November, 2002 and February, 2003. This paper presented a series of measures of controlling the processes of eutrophication and purifying reservoir water of (i) the concentrating treatment of living and livestock sewages, (ii) the buffering strips of mountainous region and woodlands, (iii) the engineering of constructed wetlands acting as the biological barrier at the relatively low area of reservoir, (iv) the buffering strips of reservior bank to prevent soil erosion from naked mud road around the reservior, (v) the engineering of cultivating the Immobilized Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria (INCB) and floating plants to ecology-floating-island in the reservior, and (vi) the physico-ecological engineering (PEEN) that is two filter enclosures and cultivated plant, fish and mollusk etc between the enclousure water at the outlet, in order to filter and reduce the algae output, guaranteeing the quality of tap water.

Abstract:The definition of ecological restoration and restoration ecology was introduced briefly and the effect of ecological restoration and social sustainable developm~ent was discussed further. Up to date ecological restoration was defined as sam~e as ecological rehabilitation in our country; and it keeps unchangeable overseas. Author uses the word of the ecological restoration in order to keep up with the international norm~ality in the paper

Abstract:以黄土高原主要造林树种刺槐、油松为材料,以坡地常规造林技术为对照,研究了退耕坡地大鱼鳞坑覆膜打孔滴灌技术,使水通过滴灌管缓慢滴入土壤深处,避免了水分无效蒸发,可使刺槐造林成活率达到98 7%,油松达到91 4%,分别比对照提高了36 6%和38%。在降雨量相同的情况下可明显促进幼树生长,刺槐3年平均生长量比对照提高28 1%,油松提高39 3%,树冠投影面积增加2倍。在中强度降雨2次/a、总降雨量387 4mm情况下,25°坡地土壤侵蚀模数下降至2500t/(a·km2)以下。

Abstract:通过祁连山水源涵养林区水质化学元素分析表明降水经青海云杉林林冠层作用后各化学元素总含量呈增加趋势,增幅最大的元素为Zn,其含量高出降水5.580 mg/L,各化学元素含量从大到小为Zn＞Ca＞K＞Mg＞Fe＞P＞Mn＞Cu＞N;降水经灌木林冠层作用后各化学元素中Ca元素的增幅最大,高出降水含量1.737mg/L,各元素含量变化顺序为Ca＞K＞Mg＞P＞Fe＞N＞Mn＞Cu＞Zn;白大板流域径流中Mg、Ca、K的增加幅度较大,分别为158.16 mg/L,85.965 mg/L和9.266 mg/L;Fe、P、Cu的增幅较小,分别为0.335 mg/L,0.033 mg/L和0.013 2 mg/L.

Abstract:The research on the change of ecological environment with remote sensing is one of the important parts of the research on global change. Being crossed three provinces, the "Shan-Gan-Ning air mass to Yinchuan" natural gas pipeline project region is characterized by the obvious variety, complexity and transition of geographical environment. By using the TM images in 1997,2001 and the spatial analysis methods of remote sensing and investigated by quadrat,the dynamic change of vegetation,land use and soil erosion in the "Shan-Gan-Ning air mass to Yinchuan" natural gas pipeline project region during the period from 1997 to 2001 are analyzed. The results show that only by timely and aptly ecology restoration, the environment influence of pipeline project might be minimized.