Abstract:Accumulation of heavy metals in soils is likely to result in the increases of heavy metal exports to waters. The contents and fractions of heavy metals in soils directly influence the transport of the metals. However, minimal information is available on relation between metal concentration in runoff and fractions of metals in the soils. In this study, field monitoring and leaching experiment were conducted to study metal concentrations in surface runoff and metal leach ability of the 13 soils with different levels of the metals. The metals in the soils were characterized using sequential fractionation and chemical extractions. The results indicated that the metals in runoff and leachates were mainly originated from exchangeable and water soluble fractions of the metals in the soils. There were no significant correlation between metal concentrations in runoff and total metals in the soils. Extractable metals using 0.01 mol/L CaCl_2 and 1 mol/L NH_4OAc were significantly correlated with metal concentrations in surface runoff, and could better predict potential runoff of heavy metals from the soils.

Abstract:通过对不同孔隙度尼龙网对风沙流减弱作用的风洞模拟实验,旨在探求输沙量与孔隙度和风速二者之间的关系,从而为防沙新材料的开发、野外工程防沙的优化设计及其应用提供理论依据。如果没有风蚀过程发展导致风沙流的出现,就不可能有因沙粒输送和堆积过程中引起的各种沙害。因此,防治沙害、改善沙区生态环境的根本措施还是选择合适的材料抑制或削弱风沙流的强度。而防沙材料本身又对携沙气流产生影响,如何协调二者之间的互馈关系,使得防沙材料发挥最大的防沙效益便是本文研究的目的。在前人研究的基础上,作者以平均净阻沙率、网后平均输沙率和风沙流动态变化趋势为参考指标,初步确定尼龙网防沙效益的最佳孔隙度β应该在40%左右。

Abstract:对不同浓度和规格的土壤凝结剂沙障进行了风洞模拟实验和野外固结实验,实验结果表明抗风蚀强度以40%浓度处理的固沙模型最强,20%最弱,但30%浓度防风蚀效果较为实用.不同规格沙障以1 m×1 m规格的沙障积沙和抗蚀力最大,2 m×2 m最差.沙丘不同部位沙障的抗蚀力不同,迎风坡受损程度和风蚀率最高.沙障受风蚀率可能还与喷洒时的压力、风速等因素有关.

Abstract:基于遥感和地理信息系统技术的分布式水文模型是目前水文模拟发展的主要方向。分析了分布式水文模型、遥感和地理信息系统技术在流域径流模拟过程中的结合点，并针对流域径流要素对土地覆被和气候变化响应过程为目的，讨论利用分布式水文模型研究土地覆被和气候变化下径流响应过程的一般方法。

Abstract:Based on the development of modern technology, there is more and more application of GPS with the building of DEM on the research of gully erosion. The researches on gully erosion reflect the deeper understanding of erosion on the spatial scale. Complex morphology and topography have some special requirements on the building of DEM. This paper sums up the building of DEM, in which Arc/info is treated as the working platform. Meanwhile, combined with GPS sampling points in field and requirement of DEM building, preliminary discussion is performed on the application of GPS in field.

Abstract:The coarse sediment source area with high concentration of middle Yellow River Basin is the most strong erosion area of the Loess Plateau, and is a main source of coarse suspended sediments which led strong sedimentation at the lower Yellow River. The soil erosion in this area is influenced by multiple factors. Vegetation as a main factor has been paid close attention. In this work the spatial distribution of the erosion modulus, forest cover and total forest and grass cover was discussed. Some non-linear relationship between some high erosion modulus and vegetation cover seems existent. The high erosion modulus was defined as the extreme erosion modulus: the maximum erosion modulus under a similar vegetation cover condition. From the relationships between extreme erosion modulus and vegetation cover, the threshold value of 24.2% for the total forest and grass cover, and 12% for the forest cover was obtained. It means that, if the other multiple factors do not change remarkably, the extreme erosion modulus increases with the increase of forest cover or total forest and grass cover when the forest cover is lower than 12% or the total forest and grass cover is lower than 24.2 %, then it decreases with the increase of the covers. This result may be helped us to manage the middle Yellow River basin efficiently.

Abstract:The research, conducted in the agro-pastoral belt of northern China, discloses the result that when a piece of land planted with forages, it could reduce the wind erosion degree and save up the soil water reserves more than that planted with wheat.Comparing with the cropland,natural grassland vegetation could reduce the water erosion better.

Abstract:采取室内与大田试验相结合的方法，研究了液体地膜覆盖保水效应。结果表明：液体地膜覆盖显著降低水分蒸发。用于土壤保水目的的产品为E，使用浓度20～25倍，适宜用量为112．5～150．0kg／hm^2；而用于抑制水面蒸发目的的产品为D，适宜用量为75kg／hm^2。

Abstract:通过测定东北黑土背景点样品中137Cs活度,探讨了土壤剖面中137Cs的分布特征,对因风蚀造成背景点土壤表层137Cs的沉积进行了校正,得出了黑土的137Cs背景值,为水蚀风蚀两相侵蚀地区土壤137Cs背景值的确定提供了新思路。结果表明:黑土背景点土壤剖面中137Cs比活度的分布呈指数型,其拟合方程为Cs=76.744e-0.2566h,相关系数达到0.994。剖面中75.7%的137Cs分布在0～5cm的表层中,92.5%的137Cs分布在0～10cm的土壤上层;黑土的137Cs背景值为2463.64Bq/m2,与平坦黑土耕地中137Cs的沉降总量接近,可以利用该背景值进行黑土侵蚀速率的估算。

Abstract:To control the soil and water losses is one of the general objectives of the Cropland Conversion Program (CCP). Therefore, there is a growing need to assess and improve the feasibility of soil and water conservation between cropland and conversion options in semiarid hilly loess plateau during the long-term period. The experiment was comparatively investigated upon runoff and soil erosion rate of conversion options under natural rainfall. The data were collected on nine runoff plots of 50 m~2 and six 100 m~2 plots over a period of 14-year. Significant differences occur between the conversion options in assessment of the water and soil conservation effects and efficiencies. On the basis of runoff during 14 years, the following ranking from the most to the least favorable was made for water and soil conservation effects: shrubland > wild grassland > woodland > pastureland. The runoff reduction mainly occur in July and August. The percentage of reduction runoff in July and August versus total reduction runoff in pastureland, shrubland, woodland and wild grassland is 49%, 73%, 58% and 73%, respectively, that of reduction erosion is 75%. The reduction ratio of cumulative runoff in woodland and pastureland gradually decreased from 43%, 52% during 1~2-year, 30% during 8 years and to 12%, 21% during the 14 years, respectively. Inversely, those in shrubland and wild grassland increased from 43%, 41% during 1~2 year, 61%, 59% during 8 years and to 66%, 44% during the 14 years. It may be concluded that theuse of purple alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), in some cases, can produce much better conservation results such as in the short-term other than in the longer term.

Abstract:The nitrate nitrogen transport and distribution characteristics of intermittent infiltration under surge fertigation were researched based on indoor experimental data, the connection between nitrate nitrogen distribution and soil water content was founded, and contrasted with continuous infiltration. These research results have laid a foundation for further study of soil solute transfer theory and technology of surge irrigation fertilization.

Abstract:利用原状回填土渗漏池研究了小麦生长季节氮素在紫色土中的移动特点和淋洗损失以及影响氮素移动和淋失的因素。结果表明，小麦生长期间氮素的移动和淋失主要以NO3^--N为主。小麦生长前期是NO3--N向下移动最强烈的时期，向下淋洗的NO3^--N没有在土壤剖面中累积，小麦收获后NO3^--N在lm土壤剖面中呈均匀分布。氮素淋失量平均为4．81kg／hm^2，淋洗损失的氮占施氮量的1．7％～3．3％。降雨量、氮肥用量、肥料品种和土壤性质影响了NO3^--N在紫色土中的移动和淋失。

Abstract:Leaching and evaporating experiments were conducted to study water-nutrient controlling effect of polymer/bentonite composites. The results obtained showed that the polymer/bentonite composites were of significant ability on retaining water and nutrient, but it fully played under the condition of water sufficient supply. The composite containing 0.5 times bentonite(based on the mass of polymer) had a water conserving ability closed to that of the polymer. The composites could reduce nutrient leaching loss by reducing water loss, and could reduce K leaching loss.

Abstract:采用Kumada法研究了两种培肥措施对黑钙土及其复合体腐殖质组成的影响。结果表明，在根茬还田的基础上增施有机肥，可使全土及各级复合体的游离态和结合态腐殖质的胡敏酸、富里酸含量及△logK等不同程度地增大，PQ和RF值减小．腐殖化度降低，这种作用在粉粒复合体中表现最为明显。粘粒和粉粒复合体的游离态胡敏酸均为A或B型，细砂均为Rp型。随复合体粒径的增大，游离态胡敏酸类型的变化序列为A型(粘粒)→A型(粉粒)→Rp型(细砂)；结合态胡敏酸大多为A型，少数为P或B型。黑钙土增施有机肥培肥后，腐殖质的腐殖化度会发生量变和型变。在黑钙土中，胡敏酸的型变，主要表现在全土和粉粒复合体的游离态腐殖质中。

Abstract:An incubation experiment was conducted to study the dynamic response of soil microbial biomass C, N, P in an atrazine-added paddy soil, at a rate of 10 mg/g soil. Results showed that soil microbial biomass C, N, P significantly decreased after addition of atrazine. As composed with control, microbial biomass C, N and P decreased averagely 13.5%,10.1%,20.0%. However, microbial biomass C, N and P significantly increased after application of organic matters and fertilizers. The effect of organic amendments and fertilizers on microbial biomass C, N followed the order of pig manure > Chinese clover> rice straw> NP combined treatment> sole N treatment> sole P treatment. But the effect of organic materials and fertilizers on microbial biomass P was pig manure >NP combined treatment>Chinese clover>sole N treatment> sole P treatment>rice straw.

Abstract:The Gurbantunggut Desert, the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, are covered by well-developed biological crust, which acted as one of the important biological factors for sand dune fixation in this desert. The results showed that the distribution of biological crust has selective characteristics on different surface of sand dune, and the species component varies according to different succession stages of biological crust. The microorganism crust mainly distribute on the surface of drifting or semi-drifting sand dunes. From the top of sand dune to slope area, there occurs the algae crust, which serves as the early stage of biological crust and is fragile to outside disturbance. From lower slope area to inter-dune area, the lichen crust, which is dominant type of biological crust in this desert, becomes rich and well-developed with a common color of black and gray. The inter-dune area posses the richest cover of biological crust comprised by both lichen and moss species. The moss crust mainly distributed under the canopy of small shrub such as Ephedra distachya.

Abstract:采用人工模拟降雨溅蚀方法，通过采样制作土壤切片，研究聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对黄土结皮形成的影响。结果表明，PAM能改善土壤结构状况，显著提高土壤团聚体的稳定性，从而有效地抑制土壤结皮形成；但是随着降雨历时的延长，这种抑制作用逐渐被雨滴破坏；试验筛选出PAM-1抑制土壤结皮形成效果较好。

Abstract:The aggregates of slightly eroded red soil and severely eroded red soil derived from Quaternary red clay were used to understand the stability and the breakdown mechanisms by applying wetting sieving method and Le Bissonnais method, and the relationship between aggregate stability and some soil properties, such as different forms of Fe oxides and Al oxides,organic matters,CEC and clay content were also studied. The results of the study indicated that: the aggregates of severely eroded soils were more stable than those of the slightly eroded soils; The slaking of entrapped air in aggregate destroyed the aggregate severely, especially for the slightly eroded soils. Meanwhile mechanical breakdown and micro-cracking did little on the aggregates. The aggregate stability positively related with the percentage of Fe_d, Al_d, Fe_o and clay content, but negatively related to the SOC, which may because the low organic matters in the severely eroded soils and the effect of cultivation.

Abstract:在安吉山地主要森林类型设立典型样地,研究了马尾松林、杉木林、阔叶林、毛竹林、针阔混交林、经济林、灌木林下的土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及林地枯落物养分贮量等30项内容,揭示了不同林型树木生长与土壤养分状况之间的相互关系,运用多因素主成分分析方法,评价了山地土壤养分的含量规律,并将土壤养分诸特性的综合优势作了排序,其结果为阔叶林>灌木林>经济林>毛竹林>针阔混交林>杉木林>马尾松林,以便更好地做到合理利用森林土壤,科学营林防止地力衰退提供科学依据.

Abstract:研究了石菖蒲、灯心草和蝴蝶花3种不同植被系统、基质为河砂的潜流型人工湿地净化生活污水总氮和总磷的效果,并同无植被系统、相同基质的潜流型人工湿地净化效果进行了比较,结果表明在较低浓度范围里无植被的人工湿地和3种有植被的人工湿地对污水中总氮有较好的去除作用,随着污水中总氮浓度的增加,虽然无植被的人工湿地和有植被的人工湿地去除总氮的效果均有下降的趋势,但有植被的人工湿地仍然能维持较高的总氮去除水平,无植被的人工湿地总氮去除效果则下降较快.在有植被的人工湿地中,以石菖蒲植被人工湿地氮素净化能力最强,其次为灯心草和蝴蝶花,这与植被自身吸收同化污水中氮素水平以及植物根系微生物作用有关.对于污水中总磷的去除,本研究中由于污水中磷素浓度较低,无植被和有植被的人工湿地对污水中磷素均有很好的去除作用,没有明显差异,但不同的植物体中磷素仍有明显的吸收同化富集现象,其中石菖蒲吸收同化磷素能力最强,其次为蝴蝶花和灯心草,植被在人工湿地系统中对于污水中总氮和总磷的去除起着重要的作用.

Abstract:In order to investigate macrophyte role on the waster water purification and select appropriate native vegetable to built plant filter in constructed wetland, four vertical flow constructed wetlands with river sand as their substrates were made. Among them, number 1 had Grassleaved Sweetflag(Acorus gramineus Soland.), number 2 had Rush (Juncus effucus Linn), number 3 had Butterfly Swordflag(Iris japonica Thunb.), and number 4 had no vegetable (CK). Within lower concentration of total nitrogen (TN) (<30 mg/L), the constructed wetlands with or without macrophytes had better effects on removal TN form domestic sewage and had little difference in treatment efficiency. When concentration of TN increased, the purified efficiency of all constructed wetlands had decreased to some extent. The constructed wetlands with vegetable remained higher efficiency than that constructed wetland without vegetable in purification of TN in treatment waster water. Among the constructed wetlands with vegetables, Number 1 had higher purified efficiency of TN than number 2 and number3. For total phosphorus (TP) removal, all of constructed wetlands had a good performance on removal of phosphorus form domestic sewage due to lower concentration of phosphorus in domestic sewage (<20 mg/L). Although substrates were unsaturated with phosphorus, the vegetable had yet absorbed more phosphorus. Of all vegetables, Grassleaved Sweetflag had a better ability to clean phosphorus than Butterfly Swordflag and Rush. The biomass and content of nitrogen, phosphorus in vegetable body were the main factors affected the ability of vegetable on cleaning nitrogen and phosphorus form waster water, because the vegetable absorbs nitrogen and phosphorus as its physical need during its growth. Besides nitrogen absorption, the nitrification and denitrification led by microorganism around root can enhance the wetland performance on removal nitrogen form domestic sewage. The vertical flow constructed wetland is better instrument for treating waster water with lower concentration of pollutants and should be widely used in the future.

Abstract:Phosphorus loss on red soil orchard slopes(slope 25%) in Jiangxi province treated by seven different soil and water conservation treatments and a check(bare soil) was assessed.The results showed: (1) Phosphorus loss varied obviously in different treatments. Phosphorus loss is the most serious on bare soil (check), and planting Paspalum noatum grass on the whole orchard was the most effective method to prevent phosphorus loss. The phosphorus loss of bare soil was 3.4 and 8.5 times respectively more than the ones of the average of 7 different treatments and planting Bihia grass on the whole orchard. (2) Dissolved phosphorus (DP) was the major form of phosphorus loss in the test. Dissolved phosphorus (DP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) contributed respectively 77.5% and 24.5% of the total phosphorus loss. And DP was contributed 100% of the total Phosphorus loss in these treatments of planting Paspalum noatum grass on level bench terrace ridge, planting Paspalum noatum grass on the whole orchard and planting Paspalum noatum grass in strips on the orchard. (3) There exists obvious temporal distribution in soil phosphorus loss on orchard slope land of red soil. Serious phosphorus loss occurred in rainy seasons (in April, May,June,July). During this period phosphorus loss occupied 80.9% of total loss in a year. The correlation coefficients between phosphorus loss and rainfall of 7 different treatments were more than (0.91).

Abstract:Spatial heterogeneity of total carbon content, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in thin layer black soil of Shuangcheng city, Heilongjiang province was analyzed by geostatistics method. The results showed all of them had heterogeneity. Soil total carbon content was significantly impacted by spatial distance, the depth of black soil layer affected its spatial distribution. There was a relative low spatial heterogeneity of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content, more than 80 percent of them was affected by stochastic factors. The range of total carbon content, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content was 15.7 km,4.6 km,11.2 km,7.1 km, respectively. There were significant correlation between total C and available N.

Abstract:对潮棕壤4种土地利用方式经过14年后土壤pH和Olsen-P在0～150cm土体10个土层中的垂直分布情况进行的比较研究表明,不同利用方式下土壤pH和Olsen-P含量的剖面分布差异显著,说明不同利用方式对土壤pH和Olsen-P有较大影响。林地和撂荒地0～5cm土层pH分别为>7.0和6.5～7.0,玉米地0～20cm各土层土壤pH基本为6.0以下;20cm以下各土层中的pH,水稻田土壤呈微碱性,玉米地和撂荒地接近中性,林地呈微酸性。土体中Olsen-P平均含量为撂荒地>林地>水稻田>玉米地。水稻田和玉米地0～20cm的3个土层Olsen-P含量明显高于20～80cm的4个土层,表明耕地土壤由于施P肥而导致的P素表聚性;林地和撂荒地0～5cm土层的Olsen-P含量大大高于5～80cm的6个土层,这可能与林地和撂荒地的P素生物归还及基本不受人为扰动有关。4种土地利用方式下土壤各层次Olsen-P含量垂直分布的散点折线图呈现出较为相似的特征。80cm以下的3个土层Olsen-P含量接近或超过表层土壤,主要是受母质层相对较高的全P含量影响所致,也可能与地下水作用有关,不过具体原因还有待于进一步研究。

Abstract:通过对4龄芒果园间作体系前期水土流失研究表明,热带地区坡地芒果园水土流失严重,在试验条件下,果园不同间作生态系统中,芒果 柱花草间作模式的径流量和泥沙流失量分别为13747.9m3/hm2,6881.0kg/hm2;芒果 木薯间作模式的径流量和泥沙流失量分别为11199.3m3/hm2,5105.6kg/hm2,单作芒果的径流量和泥沙流失量分别为10590.5m3/hm2,4440.3kg/hm2,芒果 蕃薯-花生间作模式的径流量和泥沙流失量分别为8701.5m3/hm2,3741.3kg/hm2。养分物质损失量大小顺序为有机质>速效钾>全氮>水解氮>速效磷。养分流失呈现明显的季节性变化。

Abstract:基于地统计学和地理信息系统,采用区变量的半变异理论定量研究了土壤速效钾的空间变异特征,分析比较了不同空间插值方法的插值精度,并利用最优Kriging法插值生成了研究区土壤速效钾的分布格局图。结果表明:研究区土壤速效钾具有中等强度的空间自相关,步长为108.5km;块金效应显著,C0/sill值为0.43。所有插值方法中,球面多项式插值的RMSE最大,平常克吕格的指数模型插值精度最高。IDW虽然也常常被用来进行土壤属性特征的插值分析,但它只与距离有关,对于区域性的较大差异或存在多因子影响时,Kriging方法有其明显的优势;土壤速效钾的分布以中部饮马河为线,东西差异较大,总体自东北向西南呈有规律地逐渐增大的趋势。

Abstract:Ability of holding water and preventing erosion of different land use ways in Taihang mountain were studied through investigating the characters of vegetations and soils. The results showed that owing to better layers composition and more litters and roots, abilities of holding water and preventing erosion of Oriental oak forest, Black locust forest and coppice forest of Black locust are stronger than that of others. Abilities of holding water and preventing erosion three kinds of Chinese chestnut forests with single layer is poorer than that of other three kinds of forests because of its intense human kind disturbance. The abilities of holding water and preventing erosion of cropland discarded are stronger than cropland thanks to its higher coverage, more litters and roots. Cropland is the poorest in ability of holding water and preventing erosion because of its single layer composition, least litters and roots. In the area, the infiltration rate of the soils under most kinds of land use ways is high, owing to their high non-capillary porosity, and vegetation can enhance erosion resistance of soils.

Abstract:This paper studied the laws of soil erosion on different land use conditions in one drainage basin based on the support of GIS. Following conclusion could be drawn: during the short time of 1995~2000, with people increasing and development intensity of land use, the rate and intensity of soil erosion were accelerated. Soil erosion modulus and amount of soil erosion would be increased in the middle and lower reaches of Liaohe river valley.

Abstract:三峡地区是生态环境的脆弱地区，这与其特殊的自然地理环境息息相关。从土地利用／土地覆被的角度出发，利用RS和GIS技术，阐明了20世纪最后10年库区土地利用／土地覆被变化在数量、结构、类型和空间分布上的特点，并进一步分析了库区土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动力，得出以下结论：(1)10年间除建设用地和草地面积增加外，其他土地利用类型都呈现出不同程度衰减；(2)建设用地以高速增长，增幅达21528．09hm^2；(3)耕地减少的幅度较大，达18399．29hm^2，主要转变为建设用地；且减少的耕地多为位置相对优越，产量较高的优质良田；(4)林地面积总趋势是减少，主要转变为草地、旱地和建设用地，其中有林地减少的幅度较大，达7411．93hm^2；(5)草地的面积总体增加，主要源自于林地和旱地的变化；(6)库区土地利用／土地覆被的空间格局分为3个主导因子变化区域：耕地-城镇型、林灌-耕地型和复合型；(7)库区土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动力主要为：经济因素、人口压力、宏观政策及三峡工程4个方面，这4个方面不是孤立的，而是互相影响、互相制约的，共同影响库区的土地利用／土地覆被类型。

Abstract:依据TM影像解译的土地利用类型转换数据和社会经济数据,以地处中国北方农牧交错区的陕西省榆林市为例,分析了1990～2000年土地利用类型转换的主要驱动因子。自然因子为海拔与坡度,人类驱动因子为治沙种草与造林、农业结构调整、土地退化、开垦耕地、建设用地和退耕还林(草);同时运用定性与定量相结合的方法,揭示了土地利用类型转换随海拔和坡度的规律性变化,以及生态建设驱动因子在榆林市土地利用类型转换中起着决定性作用。

Abstract:Based on the desertification data obtaining from TM image from 1985 to 2000, with the software of ARC/INFO and Access, desertification land composition and its distribution are studied, and also, changes character in area, degree and spatial from 1985 to 2000 are analyzed. The conclusions as follows: The desertification land area in the south of Korqin sandy land is large with the ratio between 44% and 50%. The main desertification type is moderate. With the effecting of topography and the main wind directions, there are some features in the distribution of desertification land. The serious and severe desertification land mainly distributed in the patches in the west region, several desertification degrees interlaced in the east with the extension from east to west, and the north region is the region with the light and moderate desertification lands. From 1985, the area of desertification land enlarged and the degree of it mitigated. The main degrees of desertification land of stable are the severe and moderate, the main degrees of desertification land of upgrading are light upgrading and middle upgrading, and on the other hand, the main degree of desertification land of degrading is light degrading. The changing trend among desertification degrees is that the potential desertification land developed into light and moderate desertification land, and the serious and severe developed into moderate desertification land, which with great relationship to the people's attitude to all kinds of desertification degrees and the selection of controlling area. The desertification land of light degree and the potential desertification land should be give much more attention in order to avoiding its upgrading and the new desertification land coming into being.

Abstract:The litter decomposition and influence factors in Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in Sanjiang Plain are studied using mesh bags. As time passed, the weight reduction rate is increasing and the decomposition rate is decreasing. The decomposition is faster when the litter in 0~10 cm, and slower when in the deeper. Using correlation analysis and primary components,the temperature-humidity condition and pH are the major environment factors which could affect the litter decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland. The Olson's single exponent model was adopted to simulate the dynamic of the litter decomposition rate and the remnant rate.

Abstract:The characteristics of raindrop composition and reduced rainfall kinetic energy were studied with the "stain" technique in coniferous forest and alpine shrubbery of Wolong nature reserve Region. And the applicability of three kinds of methods for calculation of raindrop terminal velocity was also compared. The results showed that: the variety of rainfall kinetic energy through the canopy of coniferous forests and shrubbery showed some difference. In shrubbery the rainfall kinetic energy under forest canopy was commonly lower than that of outside. Moreover the reducing function was improved with the increasing of rainfall intensity. In coniferous forest the rainfall kinetic energy under forest canopy was commonly higher than that of outside. And the energy ratio of inner rain with outside rain was decreased along with enhanced rainfall intensity. Better formulas calculating raindrop terminal velocity were Beard experience formula, Sha Yuqing formula (and revised Newton formula).

Abstract:Supported by the land use/cover change(LUCC) detailed survey data of all 24 villages and towns of the suburb of Yan'an City during 1984~2002, on the basis of analyzing the feature of quantity and structure change of LUCC in the suburb of Yan'an City during 1984~2002, using the newest achievement about ecological value estimation of domestic and international scholar, and considering the concrete conditions of the suburb of Yan'an City, the authors have estimated the economic worth of ecosystem service function of the suburb of Yan'an City each year during 1984~2002, calculated the relative changes of the economic worth of the ecosystem service function on a basis of 1984, and analyzed the features of the changes during different periods and its reason. Studies have shown: Generally,during 1984~2002,the responds on environment of LUCC in the suburb of Yan'an City were positive. Ecosystem economic worth improved in general. The policy of returning farmland to woodland and grassland, as well as the implementation of inside structural adjustment of policy, realize economic and environmental anticipated result .

Abstract:Based on field experiment in sunlight greenhouse on Loess Plateau, this paper dealt with the continuous cropping obstacle of cucumber. The results showed that, as continuous cropping years increasing, soil main fertility index increased, but the ratio of N, P and K was not rationale. As continuous cropping years increasing, soil bacteria and epiphyte quantity increased obviously, but fugue not increased, cucumber main disease become serious. There were significant difference in growth characteristics and productivity in continuous cropping years.

Abstract:研究了南方红壤丘陵区不同森林恢复类型下生物多样性的变化，并用逐步多元回归分析法探讨了10种土壤生物学指标对多样性变化的响应。结果表明：研究样地中物种多样性以天然次生林最高。不同土壤生物学指标对物种多样性变化的响应不尽相同，其中土壤有机质、微生物生物量碳、细菌数量、真菌数量、微生物总数、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶等7个指标随着灌木物种多样性的增加而得到改善；细菌数量和酸性磷酸酶随乔木物种多样性的增加而增加；放线菌数量和多酚氧化酶随灌木个体数的增加而增加；真菌数量和酸性磷酸酶活性随乔木个体数的增加而减少；转化酶与物种多样性指数没有直接线性关系。最后建立了上述9个指标与物种多样性的相关数学模型。保护和提高南方红壤丘陵区植物群落物种多样性能促进部分土壤生物学活性指标的改善和生态功能的恢复。灌木物种多样性的恢复在人工造林恢复植被过程中应予以重视，它对于土壤生物学肥力的提高具有重要意义。

Abstract:采用旱棚人工控水，蒸发桶整体称重法，对4种地面覆盖材料、50％覆盖度条件下，土壤水分蒸发与移动性能进行了研究。结果表明，在持续干旱时段，覆盖不仅改善了覆盖区土壤水分状况，而且强化了覆盖区与相邻非覆盖区下层土壤液态水的运移与再分布，提高了相邻非覆盖区下层土壤水分状况，有利于减轻持续干旱对造林成活和幼林生长的威胁。通过非线性参数拟合，首次求得了表征塑料地膜、渗水地膜、干草和塑料泡膜4种地面覆盖材料对土壤蒸发的阻抗特征参数，为建立不同覆盖材料在局部覆盖条件下的土壤蒸发量模型奠定了基础。同时也求得了依据常规水面蒸发和土壤湿度等资料计算黄绵土裸地蒸发量和局部覆盖条件下土壤蒸发量的经验模型。

Abstract:The soil texture, pH, salinity, organic matter, groundwater level and mineralization degree in Bohai sea coastland in Xinhu village, Dongying city, Shandong province and in Yellow sea coastland in Xuwei salt field, Lianyungang city, Jiangsu province are investigated, measured and analyzed. According to soil physicochemical properties, groundwater lever, and the ability to endure salinity and humidity, different species of seedling to plant in different area in Xuwei salt field is chosen. The result shows that Ziziphus jujuba is more fit to climate, soil and groundwater level in Bohai sea coastland and gain good economic and ecological benefit; Ziziphus jujuba,Amorpha fruticosa,Populus L.,Melia azedarach,Koelreuteria paniculata,Pteroceltis tatarinowii,Eucommia ulmoides,Sophora japonica,Robinia pseudoacacia,Salix matsudana,Albizia julibrissin,Ginkgo biloba are fit to conditions of Xuwei salt field and gain the basic afforestation benefit, but the chosen species of seeding and tree planting technique should be further researched in some area of the salt field.

Abstract:Through the continuous correctly monitoring of 27 index of the Huangqian Reservoir, the ground drinking water source area of Taian city, we appraised and studied the space-time change of water quality of the reservoir, disclosed the main pollutant of it, produced the current reasons, and put forward the corresponding settlements in order to protect the drinking water source pointedly, improve water quality further, optimize water management and offer scientific basis.

Abstract:By pooling or slowing flow behind a dam, there are temperature changes both within the reservoir and downstream. Analysis of these changes have important significance in estimating effects of hydroelectric powers on the local climate, aquatics and crops. Based on long-term monitoring data, stratified temperature patterns occurred in Longyangxia reservoir on the upper sections of the Yellow River in Qinghai province is analyzed. Because of important impacts of air temperature on the top layer water temperature of a reservoir and a river, a new model is established to assess net impacts of Longyangxia reservoir on the water temperature within the reservoir and downstream of the dam. In comparison with conventional models, the new model adds correctional factor for relations of the air and water temperature and avoids impact of natural factors on changes of the water temperature, thus, resulting in exact calculating results.

Abstract:The soil moisture, which is mainly replenished by rainwater and snowmelt, is a crucial factor in maintaining the stability of the fragile ecosystem. Choosing a typical sand dune as study area in the hinterland of Gurbantonggut desert. In different terrain parts that contain the crest, the slope, and the foot of the natural dune, we laid 7 aluminum tubes by which the soil moisture content could be measured with a neutron probe, disposed 7 plant sample areas, 7 iron poles which mark the wind-sand activity correspondingly, meanwhile, set up one weather station. With neutron probe, through field calibration and systemic study on soil moisture, plant sample area and wind-sand activity. The result shows that the space-time distribution of the soil moisture is closely related to terrain parts, the depth of soil, plant cover, rainfall, and the depth of accumulated snow. It is clear that the space distribution difference of the soil moisture. Generally, the soil moisture content of the inter-dune is higher than the dune crest, the lower slope higher than the upper slope. In the vertical direction, the soil moisture content of the surface layer is highest from late autumn to May of next year, the subsurface layer, from June to July, and the deep layer, after the August. In the time aspect, the change of soil moisture content shows that the soil moisture content is higher and the soil moisture content increases from March to April; the soil moisture content decreases rapidly from May to June; the soil moisture content is least from July to October; the soil moisture content is invariable except the soil moisture content of the surface layer in late autumn and winter.

Abstract:Based on the water stress field experiment of water wheat in arid region, the growth of winter wheat, water using and the character of soil water movement were investigated, and one-dimension soil water model containing root water uptake was presented in this paper. The model was used to simulate transpiration, evaporation, root, water uptake and water movement of soil water under different water stress condition .The result indicate that at development prophase of winter wheat the depth of root water uptake is up 80 cm, and that the valum of root water uptake which is a small proportion of whole root water uptake increased at under layer. The analysis based on the growth data measured of root show that the root under water stress condition during metaphase of growth stage premature senility and grow slowly after rewatering at anaphase of growth stage, and the effect of moderate water stress is more than water stress weightily after rewatering.

Abstract:Based on the observational records covering the period from 1954 to 1999,the characteristics of precipitation changing in dasha river watershed and its connection to sediment yield were studied using tendency analysis and correlation analysis .Results showed that the rainfall in this watershed had a down tendency in spring at a rate of -7.4 mm/10 a,summer and Annual precipitation at a rate of -13.06 mm/10 a and -4.6mm/10 a. The correlation analysis shows that the amount of sediment transport has a very close relation with rainstorm of 100 mm and 50~100 mm of daily rainfall.

Abstract:台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)原产台湾,是台湾地区重要的先锋造林树种,以及优良的水土保持和水源涵养树种.本文采用PEG6000渗透胁迫处理,研究了4种台湾桤木种源和2种四川桤木种源苗木光合作用对水分胁迫的反应,结果表明(1)随着水分胁迫程度的增加,叶片相对含水量明显下降,各种源叶片相对含水量下降程度为AC1>AC2>AF1>AF4>AF3>AF2;(2)与对照相比,在轻度(PEG10%)水分胁迫下,台湾桤木种源叶绿素含量呈上升趋势;而四川桤木种源叶片在整个水分胁迫过程中,叶绿素含量呈下降趋势; (3)叶片净光合速率(Pn)随水分胁迫程度的加深而降低,在中度干旱胁迫(PEG15%～20%)时,以AC2种源Pn下降幅度为最大 (71.23%),AF2下降幅度为最小(64.78%).在PEG20%时,各种源Pn接近于零;(4)水分胁迫条件下,四川桤木种源的蒸腾耗水和水分利用效率下降幅度明显地大于台湾桤木种源,表明四川桤木种源对水分胁迫的适应能力较台湾桤木差;(5)采用隶属函数法,对各种源的抗旱性进行综合评价,其耐旱性强弱的顺序是AF2(台湾桤木苗栗种源)、AF4(台湾桤木福建南平种源)、AF3(台湾桤木台东种源)、AF1(台湾桤木台中种源)、AC2(四川桤木广元种源)、AC1(四川桤木金堂种源),台湾桤木比四川桤木具有较强的耐旱生理适应性.从耐旱性角度来说,凡是适合四川桤木生长的区域,基本上亦适合台湾桤木,在引种栽培中,应以抗旱性稍强一些的台湾桤木苗栗种源为主.

Abstract:The response of root length, plant height and basal diameter growth of dominant plant species in Mu Us sandland to atmospheric CO_2 enrichment and soil drought is experimental studied. The results show that the impacts of atmospheric CO_2 enrichment and soil drought on plant growth are complicated. The response of different plant species to CO_2 is different, but the response of different plant species to soil drought is different too. Therefore, the compound impacts of atmospheric CO_2 enrichment and soil drought on plant are very complicated.

Abstract:人类不合理的土地利用方式对山地灾害具有明显的促进作用,但与此相关的定量研究成果则较少报道。以云南省昆明市东川区为例,在RS和GIS技术支持下,探讨了山地灾害敏感性系数(SC)的计算方法,定量分析了不同坡地土地利用方式对泥石流和滑坡、崩塌的综合敏感系数。发现区内对山地灾害最敏感的土地利用方式为工矿用地、道路建设用地、>35°的未利用裸地、>25°的低覆盖草地、8°～15°和25°～35°的灌丛地以及>25°的旱地;最不敏感的土地利用方式是水库常年蓄水位以下的土地、河滩地、密林地。根据综合敏感系数大小,对不同坡度土地利用方式进行了敏感性分区,其中,灾害敏感区占16.6%。该项研究成果可为地方政府开展退耕还林和执行流域水土保持工作提供决策依据。

Abstract:This paper presents the importance of urban soil and water conservation, based on which it mainly introduces the applications of visualization technology in Haidian region of Beijing. During this course, the methodology we used is as follows: first by measuring and investigating the whole area(15.6 km~2), we obtained statistical data needed, and then on the basis of analyzing the aerial photographs(taken in 1999) of part of the region(about 8 km~2), by utilizing Virtuozo NT, Imagis, Cybercity etc., we measured and estimated the strength of soil and water loss in part of the region, and gave birth to some 3D simulated-maps. According to our incomplete investigation, (1) there are as many as 47 mainreal-estate developers, of which the constructive area comes to (211.406 7) hm~2, causing about 163.074 5 hm~2 land bare, (2) and 6 road-constructed projects added up to 8 675 m, causing another 4.223 9 hm~2 land bare. On the whole, there are 191.566 2 hm~2 bare land, which accounts for 12.28% of the whole investigated area. The results show that (1) the soil and water loss of Haidian region is chiefly caused by human activities, (2) solid waste produced by production affects more conspicuously than daily life actions, and (3) real-estate developing is the key reason for this loss.

Abstract:It is mining area trends exploitation of Zijin mountain that causes the amount of dreg abandoned, pile dreg field, these constant changes bring new difficulty and potential safety hazard issue to the prevention and cure of soil erosion. On the basis of investigating current situation of mining area, characteristic, trend foundation of soil erosion, we have analyzed the security validity of the existing water and soil conservation measures, and proposed concrete projects and relevant suggestions supplementing to combine the water and soil conservation measures about the important positions such as mining area of ore, displacement of soil or stone field, soak field, road, etc.At the same time we offer scientific basis for perfecting water and soil conservation measures.

Abstract:对自然界中含α-亚麻酸植物的含油量、α-亚麻酸含量、资源分布、原料价格等进行了比较研究。研究结果认为,紫苏、亚麻和杜仲是目前含油量高、资源丰富、原料价格低廉、富含α-亚麻酸的植物;轮叶戟是一种有开发前景的富含α-亚麻酸植物。

Abstract:This paper provides an integrated review of phosphorus (P) biogeochemistry of wetlands. Overview included forms and fixation of P in soils, effect of flooding on P fixation, P behavior in continuously flooded soils, P reactions under alternate submergence and drying, and the role of wetlands in removal of P from waters.

Abstract:Based on the experiment, deposit principle of debris flow when it confluence with the main river is studied. Deposit quantity and region is analyzed. According to the experiment, deposit quantity will increase with the increasing of discharge ratio. As deposit speed is considered, it will be first up then down. Deposit quantity will get the maximum value at discharge ratio of 0.5 and get minimum value at 0.65. The curve (relation between deposit quantity and discharge ratio) will be an uphill sinusoid. Deposit region will change little in all experiment conditions. As shown in the experiment, deposit region may expand with the increasing of the confluence angle.