Abstract:Some factors influencing wind erosion are quantitatively studied by the wind tunnel experiment. The results show that the rate of wind erosion positively interrelates with the wind speed. The rate of wind erosion increases with the increasing of wind velocity. The wind velocity of 18 m/s is significance point to aggravate the wind erosion. The rate of wind erosion decreases with the increasing of soil moisture, 6% of soil moisture content is a turning point. The spatial distributing trend of eroded sand takes on a single-peak curve. The maximum quantity of collecting sand is within 2~4 cm high above ground, 80 percents of the eroded sand distributes within 10 cm high. Unreasonable tillage and over-reclamation are the important factors to aggravate the wind erosion.The rate of wind erosion of tilled grassland is 66~306 times than the untilled.The rate of wind erosion for tilled farmland is 25~108 times than the untilled.

Abstract:The impact of Land Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) mainly on annual runoff yield, in this study through scenarios simulation of Lushi basin using SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tools), the impact of LUUC on annual runoff yield and sediment yield were analyzed, and stressed on the forest's impact on runoff yield. The subbasin upper to the Lushi hydrologic station in the lower reach of the Yellow River basin, the daily precipitation data of 24 rainfall station and the climatic data in this area from 1992~2000, soil type and the scenarios of the landuse, all of these data were inputed to the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool ) to simulate the impact of LUCC on the yield of runoff and sediment. The simulated results indicate that forest will increase the runoff yield and decrease sediment yield, grassland reduce runoff yield; with the increase of land use of agriculture the sediment yield will increase correspondingly; the least impact of LUCC on runoff yield was found in normal mean precipitation year, with the increase of the rain rate, impact of the basin condition on the runoff and sediment yield will be reduced.

Abstract:Through the located observation trial in runoff plot in Suining Water and Soil Conservation Station, using the way of data analyzing, the laws of soil erosion on sloping farmland in Suining group purple soil. The results showsed: runoff is enlarged along with the increase of rainfall, and the relativity between the erosion and the rainfall is unapparent; the erosion thickness of sloping land, erosion amount and the loss amount of nutriment are all become big along with the increase of the cultivated land gradient;y=-30.666-1.326x_1-2.343x_2 23.646x_3 can describe the relation between soil erosion amount and rainfall, meant rainfall density, depth of muddy runoff well.

Abstract:针对南方广大红壤坡地果园因耕作不当而导致的水土流失，开展了系列研究。通过翔实的观测数据认真分析了不同耕作措施差异，找出了多种措施的优劣，分别是横坡耕作、顺坡耕作、果园清耕和裸露对照，得出了增加植被、改进耕作有明显的保持水土作用，单纯的耕作措施仍不能杜绝水土流失，欲要从根本上控制，还应与其他措施配合的结论。

Abstract:Field investigation of soil erosion was conducted on embankment slopes of both Qinhuangdao-Shenyang special line of passenger trains and Jiaozhou-Xinyi railway after precipitation, and factors leading to great difference of erosion degree between the two experimental plots were analyzed. The results indicate that difference between soil type of embankment slope of Qin-Shen special line of passenger trains and that of Jiao-Xin railway leads to the difference of soil erosion degree in the experimental plots. Due to containing coarse fragment, the degree of soil erosion on slope of Jiao-Xin railway is less than that on slope of Qin-Shen special line of passenger trains under the condition that single half-width rainfall is more than the critical single half-width rainfall. Soil erodibility of embankment slope is related to rainfall property. In the end of the paper, one suggestion was proposed to reduce soil and water loss on embankment slope.

Abstract:The releases of metal elements Al, Mn and Fe appeared phase characteristics, but the phase characteristics were very different among various soils. In most cases, the release processes of Al, Fe were very similar. The relation between cumulative release amount of the three metal elements can been described with Q=A B_1H B_2H~2. After simulating rainfall of 9 150~10 650 mm, compared with the control, pH4.5 acid rain enhanced cumulative release amount of Al 8.16%~87.49%,Mn -4.29%~24.75%, Fe 5.78%~86.03%. pH3.5 acid rain enhanced cumulative release amount of Al 68.59%~158.60%, Mn 26.11%~205.53%, Fe 8.48%~(138.88)%. The sensitivity of metal elements release to acid rain was Al>Fe>Mn. There was a similar characteristic of cumulative release of the three metal elements: the release amount of Al was close to the release amount of Mn, and was far bigger than that of Fe.

Abstract:通过土柱淋滤试验,从动态角度研究了黄土性土壤对Cr( )的净化作用及迁移规律。研究结果表明:黄土性土壤对Cr( )是逐步地均匀地吸附的,直到吸附饱和。土壤对Cr( )净化吸附分为3个阶段:全吸附段、部分吸附段和吸附饱和段。受粘粒含量影响,黄土性土壤中Cr( )运移的速度不同,其顺序为粘化层<犁底层 老耕层<耕层<钙积层。在浓度一定的条件下,土层越厚,淋出液中Cr( )的零值延时越长,饱和吸附时间也越长。当淋入液Cr( )浓度为10.0mg/L时,对于黄土地区土层5.0m深度可作为对Cr( )的净化深度。当一定厚度的土壤层达到Cr( )吸附饱和状态时,如果持续增加污水淋入量,则Cr( )在土层内达到吸附饱和的界限下移。

Abstract:The effects of water-source conservation of soil and water conservation forests paid a good deal attention to recently. In this paper, the researches was conducted in the stands of Pinus ellfottfi, mixed stands of Alnus crenastogyne and Cupressus ~unebris, the shrub of Robfnfa pseudoacacfa, the stands of Robinnia pseudoacacia and the stands of Alnus crenastogyne, which had been established and naturally restored in late 1980s. The mechanism and the effects of water conservation were deeply studied based on the indexes of factors as following: interception of canopy , soil bulk density, soil porosity , water-holding capacity, penetrability of soil and water holding characteristics of litter. The results show that the effect of every conservation forest was significantly superior to farm land. Among the models of protective forests studied, the effects are significantly different. Some more effective models of vegetation arrangement were suggested as following: The mixed forests of Alnus crenastogyne and Cupressus~funebris, the stands of Pinus ellyottii, Alnus renastogyne etc.

Abstract:将高分子有机硅材料喷施在夯实的坡面上,在坡表面形成一层致密的防水膜,减少土壤入渗,增加径流量,从而提高了坡面的集流效率,并减少土壤的侵蚀量,是一种简单、方便的集雨方式。本试验以一种新型有机硅材料作为对象,采用室内渗透和室外人工模拟降雨试验,探讨其应用于集雨工程的可能性,并确定其最佳配比和最适宜用量。研究结果表明:硅水最优配比(体积比,文中所有硅水配比均指体积比)在1∶5～1∶7,适宜用量为150ml/m2。当雨强在1.2～1.5mm/min,前期含水率17%左右,干容重为1.3g/cm3左右,其集流效率可以达到70%以上,是对照夯实坡面集流效率的2～3倍,而侵蚀量只是对照坡面侵蚀量的1/5。新型有机硅材料具有集流效率高、成本低、施工简单等优点,在集雨工程中具有广阔的应用前景。

Abstract:The paper studies on the nutrient distribution and accumulation pattern of the Castanca mollissima B1 forest in north Beijing mountain area. Its results show that the total biomass of the Castanca mollissima Bl stand at age 22 in the experimental area is 38 638 kg/hm~2, and it distributed in stem, branch, leaf, blossom, chestnut, seed capsule and root biomass are 20 160 kg/hm~2, 8 430 kg/hm~2, 1 429 kg/hm~2, 873 kg/hm~2, 1 024 kg/hm~2, 800 kg/hm~2 and 5 922 kg/hm~2, respectively. It's occupying 52.18%, 21.82%, 3.70%, 2.26%, 2.65%, (2.07)%, 15.33% of total biomass, respectively. The five nutrient elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg accumulated in stand crop is 315.38 kg/hm~2, and different nutrient element storage amount greatly varied in the different organs of the Castanca mollissima B1 forests. The sequence of five nutrient elements storage of different organs are follows: truck>branch>root> leaf>flower>seed capsule>chestnut. The five nutrient elements total storage in depth from 0 to 30 cm of the soil is 206 427.59 kg/hm~2, and available nutrient is 16 618.29 kg/hm~2, the crop nutrient elements storage amount just is occupying about 0.15% of the total nutrient store in the soil of five kind nutrient elements, and 1.95% of the available nutrient store in the soil of five kind nutrient elements. And the sequence of enrichment coefficient of the five elements are follows: N>P>K>Ca>Mg. The net production of organic of forest per ton needs a total five elements of 7.17 kg, and the Ca element amount is the biggest, and the P is the smallest among the five nutrient elements.

Abstract:Litter water retention characteristic can be obtained after survey and analyze, and study the process of water retention capacity of litter in the 4 typical vegetations (mixed wood, broadleaf forest, bamboo forest and shrub forest). The result show that litter amount is shrub forest > broadleaf forest > mixed wood >bamboo forest. The maximum of water retention depth is shrub forest > mixed wood > broadleaf forest >bamboo forest, and the maximum of water retention rate is mixed wood > shrub forest > broadleaf forest >bamboo forest. In the first 2h of water retention capacity of litter, water absorption rate in shrub forest is 1.949 mm/h,1.031 mm/h in mixed wood and broadleaf forest, and 0.809 mm/h in the bamboo forest. So the result show that the water retention capacity of litter in different vegetations in Jinyun mountain natural protection district in the Three Gorges reservoir areas.

Abstract:Number of soil microorganism and enzyme activity and their relationship with soil nutrients were studied during subalpine coniferous plantation rehabilitation in western Sichuan. The results showed that the number of soil microorganism, enzyme activity of the mature spruce plantation were significantly lower than those of the young spruce plantation and secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil fertility degraded greatly with increasing of spruce plantation age, which was mainly affected by forest micro-environment. There were significant correlation between the amounts of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities and soil organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K. Therefore soil biological index can be used as evaluation index of soil fertility. Inorder to accelerate the course of plant restoration and rehabilitation, the strategy and measures were put forward, including application of thinning rationally for existing dense plantations and establishment of mixture forest of coniferous and broad-leaved trees for new plantations, which would create good forest micro-environment for plant growth.

Abstract:通过对土壤水分入渗垂直变异的分析来探讨贵州岩溶地区黄壤坡地的土壤水分特性。主要运用小波变换对各层土壤水分序列的突变点进行了检测,根据相干谱和互谱特征分析了各层土壤水分变化的响应关系,利用相频特征研究了各层土壤之间水分变化的时滞性。结果表明,试验区各层土壤水分变化近似平稳随机过程;土壤表层(0～20cm)的水分突变现象要明显多于下层(20～100cm);0～10cm土壤层与40～60cm的土壤层透水性较弱,而中间层和底层的持水性较差,大部土壤层的水分变化与其上层之间存在一定的时滞性。

Abstract:土壤容重和饱和导水率是影响坡地土壤入渗产流和抗侵蚀能力的两个重要因素,研究径流小区表层土壤容重和饱和导水率在坡面的空间变化规律,有助于深入理解坡地的降雨入渗产流产沙规律。借助经典统计学和地质统计学,采用1m网格布点法对神木六道沟流域41m×5m径流小区表层土壤容重和饱和导水率坡面空间变异规律进行研究,结果表明:(1)表层土壤容重沿坡面的变化没有明显的规律,经地质统计学分析土壤容重具有明显的空间结构和自相关特征,自相关特征长度为7.6m。(2)表层土壤饱和导水率在坡面的变化也不具备明显规律,Ks和lnKs在坡面的变异经地统计学分析均不具有空间结构特征,属于纯随机变量。

Abstract:A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of water table management on dynamics of soil water, crop yield and WUE of spring maize. The water table management consisted of six water table control set at 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m, 2.5 m, 3.0 m from soil surface and one free water table. The results showed: different water table has most influence on 0~100 cm soil layer water content of spring maize field. Soil water content varies more seriously under shallower water table, and it lead to more ground water uptake and more water use. The start day of percolation after irrigation or rainfall lagged under deeper water table. The higher crop yield and WUE occurs when water table set at 1.0 m during whole growing season. WUE decrease when water table increase from 1.0 m.

Abstract:Water resource shortage is becoming a major problem in the North China Plain, especially in groundwater resource because groundwater table is persistently declining. A Soil-Water-Balance approach was used to simulate crop evapotranspiration (ET) and soil water recharge (D) at Luancheng Agro-ecosystem Stationin the North China Plain, and grain yield (GY) and water use efficiency (WUE) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated under different irrigation schedules. Results indicate that ground-water mining of about 200 mm/a from the rapidly depleting aquifer system supplies the deficit under normal soil water condition in winter wheat season. Reversing ground-water declines due to irrigation will mean either reducing the irrigated area, reducing grain yields, or both, which suggests that it is suitable to reduce wheat-cropped areas. Although severe SWD decreases both ET and GY of wheat and maize, slight SWD for winter wheat during a stage from green turn to grain-filling stage did not evidently reduce GY. SWD, severe or slight, all significantly reduced ET, which mainly depended on the different irrigation amounts. Thus, it is possible to reduce ET somewhat instead of reducing GY. In a long way, in order to keep sustainable ground-water mining, the cropped area of winter wheat needs to decrease, while it is very crucial to increase the area of economic crops with low water consumption.

Abstract:用连续浸提的方法研究了若尔盖高原4种湿地土壤(风沙土、草甸土、沼泽土和泥炭土)中硒的含量、形态、剖面分布及其影响因素,以期为该区人、畜缺硒症的防治积累科学资料。结果表明,该区土壤属于低硒环境,表层土壤全硒含量范围为65～260μg/kg。在各种形态硒中,水溶性硒仅占土壤全硒含量的1.12%～3.08%,交换态硒占2.91%～6.03%,有机态硒占10.28%～45.63%,酸溶态硒、硫化态硒和残余态硒3种无效态硒共占60%以上。在土壤有机态硒组成中,胡敏酸结合态硒(HA-Se)占有机态硒的57.84%,富里酸结合态硒(FA-Se)占42.16%。土壤总硒和有机态硒的含量与分布主要受土壤有机碳的影响,且其影响程度随着深度的不同而改变,湿地土壤丰富的有机碳有利于土壤有机态硒和总硒的积累。土壤总硒含量低、有机态硒的比例较高以及胡敏酸结合态硒占优势导致硒的生物利用率低,可能是该区域人、畜硒缺乏症发生的重要原因。

Abstract:通过室内短期培养实验，利用δ^13C的方法研究了小麦秸秆分解过程中黑土有机碳组分的变化规律。结果表明：有机物料本身含有相当数量的腐殖物质，这些物质的加入对土壤中有机碳的更新与活化有重要的作用。黑土中添加小麦秸秆后，土壤有机碳各组分的含量明显增加。随着培养时间的延长，土壤有机碳各组分的含量在不断变化，新形成的和原土中的HA与FA间发生转化，而且主要以FA向HA转化为主，原土的HA与FA间的转化速度比新形成的HA和FA的转化速度相对较慢。最初FA的形成速度大于HA的速度。随着培养时间的延长，由于部分FA向HA转化，加速了HA的形成，最终土壤HA与FA皆呈积累趋势，且HA的增加量显著大于FA。土壤中新形成的FA比原有的FA分解速度快。

Abstract:Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important indicator to measure the land desertification. Yulin city is taken as a case to study the SOC dynamics of desertification rebuilding area in a local scale. The data source based on the second soil survey in year of 1982 and repeated soil sampling in year of 2003, and the methods for sampling, determining and analyzing of SOC are auger hole method, K_2Cr_2O_7 oxidation method, area-weigh method respectively, and micro-pipette method is used to determine soil texture. The main conclusions are as follows: SOC content is much correlative to soil texture, it is negative correlation to coarse silt(R=-0.50, a=(0.01)) and positive correlation to clay(R=-0.45, a=0.05); The content, density and storage of SOC in original profile, 1 m depth and arable layer increase greatly during the 20 years, among which the arable layer is most remarkable result in direct and indirect mankind activities; The content, density and storage of arable layer SOC are increased by 0.55 g/kg,0.15 kg/m~2,10.07GgC respectively, which representing rate of increase of 21.00%,(33.02)%,33.02% correspondingly. The results show that tree and grass planting, return plantation to woodland or pasture, sustainable agricultural managements and other countermeasures will promote desertification reverse significantly, which will helpful to increase the amount of SOC and carbon sequestration in desertification area.

Abstract:土壤有机碳是陆地生态系统的重要碳库之一,增加土壤中碳的储量对于减缓全球变暖的趋势具有重要意义。通过野外样品采集及室内分析,比较了退耕1年,3年,5年,7年,10年,15年和25年7个不同年限撂荒地的土壤有机碳及其活性的变化。结果表明:耕地撂荒后,表层土壤有机碳及活性有机碳的含量随着退耕年限的增长呈增加趋势;土壤中的腐殖质以胡敏素为主,占总有机碳含量的70%～80%;深度在40cm以上的表土,腐殖酸总量及各组分含量都随着撂荒年限的增长呈递增趋势。说明耕地撂荒后,土壤中有机碳的含量明显增高,对增加土壤中有机碳的储量具有积极的意义;同时植被恢复后也减少了土壤中有机碳的流失。

Abstract:Studies on decomposing of litters and characteristic of nutritious elements in different were carried out in Inner Mongolia Huangfuchuan Watershed. The results showed that the nutritious elements in Populus simonii, Pinus tabulaeform leaf and Herbage decreased accompanied with the rising of weight loss rate. A fraction of litters being returned to the soil, led to the increase of nutritious elements in the corresponding soil horizon. The decomposing of litters play an important role in the respect of recovering, supplement and improvement of soil fertility.

Abstract:Study on the forms of inorganic phosphates and their usefulness in black soils in Jilin province by Gu and Jiang's method. The results showed: the amount of inorganic phosphates about 60%~80% in the total-P of black soils,and their composing is:O-P(16.25%~61.0%)>Fe-P(11.42%~38.63%)>Ca_(10)-P(11.66%~34.48%)>Al-P(8.71%~23.77%)>Ca_2-P(5.17%~22.51%)>Ca_8-P(1.81%~27.19%)?Use related coefficient analysis and path coefficient analysis to discuss the relation between every form inorganic phosphates and available phosphates, draw the conclusion that: available phosphates that with draw by Olsen's method mainly is Ca_2-P, their relativity is very obvious, but Al-P,Fe-P are valid complement of Ca_2-P.Every form inorganic phosphates is stable relatively on composing, and they can effect each other. Established the equation between Olsen-P and another factors that effect mainly on Olsen-P.

Abstract:Under deficient potassium soil culture and different potassium water culture, the changes of contents of different potassium forms were studied, which were in the soil of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere in different grain amaranth genotypes. While the changes were investigated, which were in the quantities of microorganisms in rhizosphere, rates of important root exudates and H~ secretion and CEC of roots. The results were indicated that the content of available and slowly available potassium in rhizosphere was higher than that in non-rhizosphere, which formed a area enrichment in potassium comparatively in the rhizosphere. The ability of accumulated potassium in the enrichment genotype was significantly higher than in the common genotype. The content of total potassium of soil in rhizosphere was lower than in the non-rhizosphere , the decreasing extent of total potassium in enrichment genotype was higher than in the common genotype. Compared with the common genotype, the quantities of microorganism in rhizosphere and the exudation rates of main root exudates in enrichment genotype were higher significantly, while the changes of the quantities of bacterium and fungi in rhizosphere was same as the root exudates. CEC of root and the rates of H~ secretion in enrichment genotype were higher than in common genotype, but they were not significant difference in varieties of the same genotype.

Abstract:The soil potassium supplying characteristics of 5 representative paddy soil samples from Guangdong Province were studied by simulation experiment and pot experiments under exhaustive cropping with rice. The results showed as following:(1)There have better correlation between the effective potassium extracted by 2 mol/L HNO_3 and the amount K uptake by rice than by other methods. It is suggested that the available K extracted by 2 mol/L HNO_3 was a suitable index for evaluating the K supplying capacity. (2) The amount of 1 mol/L HNO_3-extractable K was unsuitable to evaluate soils exhausted as it was higher than that pre-exhausting and had no correlation or negative correlation with the amount K uptake by rice.(3) The K supplying capacity of five different soils were followed the order: soil derived from Pearl River Delta deposits>soil derived from granite>soil derived from sandstone>soil derived from limestone>soil derived from basalt.

Abstract:Using a lysimeter self-designed, the dynamic variation of nitrogen leaching and its amount loss in paddy field were studied under 5 different nitrogen treatments with controlled water irrigation systems in 2003. The result showed that NH_4~ -N and NO_3~--N concentration of the leakage water remained at a very low level during the whole growing period of rice,which were lower than 1mg/L. The main leaching form in the leakage water was dominated by NO_3~--N. Nitrogen loss from leaching increased gradually with fertilizer applications increase. After the application of fertilizer for each time,the concentration of NO_3~--N in different treatments increased rapidly during a short period and then decreased gradually. The concentration dynamic patterns of NH_4~ -N had the similar trends and regularity as NO_3~--N,but it showed the peak concentration value of NH_4~ -N exceeded that Of NO_3~--N .There were significant correlation between nitrogen fertilizer applied and the accumulative amount of NH_4~ -N ,NO_3~--N and TN of the leakage water in the lysimeter of different plots and the coefficient is 0.933~*,0.984~(**),0.982~(**) respectively. Based on the point of economy and environment consideration,it is suggested that 75~150 kg/hm~2 with N application in paddy field with sticky and higher soil fertility could be reasonable for better yield and reducing the N leaching. The period within a week after the N application was critical time to control N leaching from paddy field, especially for the first N application in paddy field.

Abstract:The experiments conducted in fifteen small compartments with five different urae levels to dry soil in rice tiller for five days. The experiment results showed that urease activity had no obvious variance and the trend increased slowly. Nitrate reductase activity decrease quickly, and hydroxyamine reductase activity fluctuated, in addition we almost couldn't get the nitrate reductase activty in soil drying. The concentrate of ammonium-N fluctuated in soil surfaceand decrease as the delay of soil drying. The concentration of nitrate-N increased continuously in soil surface, which resulted in nitrate leaching to groundwater after rewetting. If soil was fertilized more urea mass, then the mineralizable N content was higher in soil surface. The aims of soil drying were that reduce the soil water content, advanced soil redox potention(Eh) and improved the conditions of soil aerating.

Abstract:对小麦氮素营养与籽粒灌浆期氮素转移研究进展进行了综述。过去进行的大量研究结果表明,小麦籽粒最终累积的氮素有相当一部分来自于灌浆期间营养器官中氮素的再转移,来自营养器官氮(内源氮)与土壤中新吸收氮(外源氮)的比例基本上是1:2。因此,花后营养器官氮素营养水平是决定小麦籽粒产量、籽粒中氮素累积量和蛋白质含量的一个重要因素。灌浆期间营养器官氮素向籽粒发生转移的同时,常常伴随着叶片光合性能的下降和叶片的衰老。不同基因型品种在灌浆期的氮素转移程度不同,表现为随品种演替,旗叶、茎秆和叶鞘中氮素的输出率增加,而转移氮对籽粒氮的贡献率却下降。氮收获指数(NHI)可以描述植物向籽粒分配氮的能力,是衡量作物对氮利用效率的指标。氮收获指数存在显著的基因型差异,虽然现代小麦品种吸氮量高于古老品种,但氮收获指数在现代和古老小麦品种间的差异因不同研究者而异,有的认为现代品种高于古老品种,但也有人认为与年代无关;小麦氮收获指数一般在0.55～0.80之间,很少超过0.8。过去对小麦籽粒灌浆期间的氮素转移虽然进行了大量研究工作,取得了许多重要进展,但仍有许多问题需要进一步深入研究,如根冠关系和灌浆过程中氮素转移的相互关系,田间个体和群体调控及不同高产栽培模式下灌浆过程中氮素转移的

Abstract:Distribution of soil microbial physiological community and intensity of soil biological activity among different karst landscape in the Guilin Yaji Karst Experimental Site were studied. The results showed that variation of the intensity of soil biological activity was almost in accordance with changes in soil microbial number. The relationship between soil microbial number and organic matter, total N, available N, and available P of soil samples, and the ecological effect of soil microbial physiological community participating nitrogen cycle in this area were also discussed.

Abstract:实验主要研究了乌拉苔草湿地土壤微生物不同季节在不同土壤剖面上的动态变化，结果表明：不同季节、不同土壤剖面细菌数量最大，其次是真菌，最少的是放线菌；细菌数量在表层和A层土壤中随着季节(6～9月份)变化不断增加，B层和C层771份较低，从8月份开始上升直到9月份；放线菌在不同的剖面变化较大，在C层仅9月份有，数量极少；真菌在不同剖面变化一致，随着季节变化(6～9月份)不断增加。研究表明：乌拉苔草湿地土壤微生物数量的变化反映了该湿地本身特有的环境效应。

Abstract:In order to explore and use high mineralization degree ground water in Taklimakan Desert for the instruction of the shelter forest along Tarim desert highway, in 2003 we had done some experiments on drop irrigation with high degree mineralization salt water about 28 g/L in Xiaotang in the north fringe of Taklimakan desert. According to the depth of covering sand layer in the upper desert forest soil in inter-dune area and the slope orientation of shifting sandy soil on sand dunes, nine sites were chosen for experiment. Such five kinds of seedlings as Haloxylon ammodendron, Tamarix hispida, Halostashys caspica were planted in every site. We noted the total amount of survival seedlings in each site from May to August by the cycle of 10 days and measured the seedling growth from July to October by the cycle of 10 days. The results is as follow: (1)The effect of different sites on the seedling growth primarily results from sites' different distribution to soil humidity and ground solar radiation; (2)The seedlings' adaptation to irrigation with high degree of mineralization salt water about 28 g/L vary among different plants and between shifting sandy soil and desert forest soil; (3) The limit factor to seedling growth isn't the same at the different stage of plant growth: at the early (survival ) stage, soil humidity is the limit factor, but at the growth stage, if soil humidity is enough ground solar radiation becomes the limit factor.

Abstract:通过土壤追施镉、铜,研究了重金属在红富士苹果幼树体内的分布特性以及生物有机肥影响红富士苹果幼树根系吸收重金属的效应.结果表明,重金属镉、铜在苹果植株不同器官含量分布顺序为根系>二年生枝>一年生枝>叶片;根系富集铜的能力大于镉; 生物有机肥可以减少根系对铜的吸收.在低剂量处理下,施用生物肥处理的根系铜含量比不施用的降低15%,在中、高剂量处理下,根系铜含量降低幅度分别为30%和50%; 生物有机肥可以降低苹果根系对镉元素的吸收.在低、中、高剂量处理下,施用生物有机肥处理的苹果根系中镉含量比不施用生物肥处理分别降低了12%,15%,24%.随着土壤中镉浓度加大,生物肥处理的根系镉含量降低的效果越明显,在高剂量处理下,镉含量降低幅度最大.生物有机肥减少根系吸收铜的效果比镉更明显.

Abstract:Agriculture non-point source pollution has become one of the most important source pollution of Qiandao lake area with the control of the point source pollution. Based on the study of the Qiandao lake area, the author systemically analyses the current situation of agriculture non-point source pollution from stock breeding, farming, aquatic breeding and living waste of farmers, and establishes the control measures for agriculture non-point source pollution in this area by way of controlling livestock and poultry breeding pollution, aquatic breeding pollution, straw stalk and agriculture plastic film pollution, pesticides and fertilizer pollution etc.

Abstract:Fertilizer application plays an important role in nitrogen and phosphorus pollution from farmland runoff. By means of simulation test, the effects of different fertilizer application methods, different compound fertilizers on the farmland nitrogen and phosphorus losses were studied in this paper. The result showed that rational fertilizer application could control nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loading from farmland runoff. The rational ratio between base fertilizer and top application, proper plant-growing density, moderate fertilizer application quantities could reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loss and heighten cabbage yield; The different compound fertilizers and improvement fertilizers could control nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loading from farmland runoff.

Abstract:Urban surface runoff is the second pollution source affecting the urban aquatics environment; meanwhile, it is also the second heavy contamination source, which only less than agricultural runoff, in the non-point pollution source. The pollution of urban surface runoff has recently received much urgent attention with the increasing treatment of point pollution source such as the industrial wastewater and domestic sewage. The course, characteristic, influencing factors, category of the contaminants, and their sources were discussed in detail, the minimization of the contamination of urban surface runoff were suggested from the quantities of runoff and from the full process of discharges of contaminants in the runoff.

Abstract:The stemflow is an important research contents in the forest hydrology research. Research method and main conclusion of stemflow were reviewed based on the development of stemflow studies at home and abroad. The methods of stemflow studies were divided into practical measurement in field and calculation by mathematic model, and were respectively classified systemically and reviewed in brief. It was emphasized that the methods of measure in field have two critical techniques, including selection of sample trees and collection of stemflow. Stemflow mathematic models were divided into three kinds, which are experiential model, conceptual model and theoretical model, and their merits and flaws were pointed out. Experiential models reflected the quantitative relationship of stemflow quantity (or stemflow ratio) and rainfall, conceptual models described the quantitative relation between stemflow quantity and rainfall as well as forest characteristics, and theoretical models depicted the dynamic course of stemflow following rainfall.

Abstract:玛多县地处黄河源区，是黄河重要的水分涵养地，其生态作用对黄河的安危有直接的影响。近年来，在自然因素和人为因素的共同作用下，区内的生态环境急剧退化，表现为土地沙漠化、草场退化和水土流失加剧等过程。在软硬件系统支持下应用GIS和遥感技术，结合野外调查和室内分析，通过对1990年和2000年两期TM影像进行解译，对玛多县沙漠化现状及其发展趋势进行了系统研究。研究结果表明，玛多县沙漠化面积已达2388．06km^2，占全县总面积的9．65％。1990年以来沙漠化以每年4．1％的速率递增，沙漠化急剧发展的区域主要集中在黑河乡的赫拉、尕拉到黄河乡的热曲、江旁一线，造成这一现象的原因是多方面的，包括地质构造因素、气候变化、人类强度的经济活动和鼠害等。

Abstract:结合地形图、遥感影像以及土壤专题图，提取松嫩平原典型代表区域——农安县近40年盐碱化土地面积动态变化信息，结合土地动态度模型和质心移动模型，对农安县近40年来盐碱化土地动态变化进行了较为全面的研究，分析了土地盐碱化动态的自然和人为驱动力因素，提出合理利用土地的建议。

Abstract:Through transferring water to arid-desert region, it formed a new oasis, that many irrigation farmland came from early fixed sand dune and no-irrigation farmland. Because of water, the environment of irrigated area varied largely, and it was becoming to exist and inhabit by human being. The sandy district surrounding new oasis, its environment is retrogressed as a whole, and that determinant variety index is nature factor.

Abstract:Loess Plateau of China provides us with an excellent experimental system of ecological study. Facing the problems brought about by intensive artificial activities and lacking of systematic knowledge in ecology,the Chinese government has launched a great project in an attempt to implement a western development practice and improve the current status of eco-environmental construction in the west-China region, with a clear purpose of making it play an important role in the 21st century economics, society and sustainable development in China. On the basis of considering the main advances and existing obstacles in improving the ecoenvironment of Loess Plateau of China, the authors put forward a new thinking and strategy for the purpose of solving the problems mentioned above with a combination of the latest progresses in molecular biology and biotechnology. The general situation in terms of the ecoenvironment in China is the same picture as what is described below: Local bettering, general worsening.No doubt, did the previous investigation in this field during the nearly 50 years play a major and positive function in making scientific suggestions for the Chinese government policy-makers and raising life level of the local people and establish a solid bridge for continuing study, but the situation now has changed greatly with a large increase of population and a limiting carrying capability from the environment. Biological factors have an important and special influence on the development of the loess, soil fertility and formation of corresponding vegetation, and its succession.To reach this goal intentionally, principles of molecular biology and biotechnology should be applied into the field of improving the ecoenvironment of Loess Plateau not only at the molecular level, cellular level, and individual level, but also at the community level. Molecular biology and biotechnology is also the basis of biological measures for improving and constructing intentionally the ecoenvironment of Loess Plateau. The content of ecoenvironmental construction of Loess Plateau is composed of three parts at least,including control of loss of soil and water,vegetation restoration and agro-ecological construction. In the last 20 years great change took place in agriculture due to the developments in molecular biology and its application into agriculture. With the occurrence of the first transgenic plants in 1987,many plants like this have been produced with a commercial or scientific research aim. Most of them have been popularized on a large scale, resulting in a revolution in traditional agriculture, forestry horticulture, and medicine; and big harvest in profits from them. The improvement for the ecoenvironment on Loess Plateau should be combined with molecular biology and biotechnology, on the basis of which a comprehensive strategy was suggested in this paper.Indeed,Loess Plateau of China is also an important ecoenvironmental component of the world.

Abstract:With the development of society and economy, all kinds of production and construction activities caused the emergence of many industrial wastelands. Especially in the cities, with the transformation of economic structure, some conventional industries transferred from city center to suburb, which left plenty of industrial wastelands in cities. In these places, the phenomenon of degradation of ecosystem was outstanding. Ecological restoration is an effective method to solve the problem. This paper researched the revegetation during the ecological restoration of industrial wasteland, and mainly analyzed its three stages: soil matrix improvement, choice of plant species and revegetation techniques.

Abstract:The desiccation of deep soil layer on the Loess Plateau results from the gradual depletion of storing water during the process of vegetation rehabilitation. How to assess quantitatively the desiccation of deep soil layer is of great importance to determine the reasonable vegetation type and density and guarantee vegetation rehabilitation. Combined soil water characteristic curve with specific soil water contents, the standards were preliminarily established for assessing the desiccation of deep soil layer on the Loess Plateau. Moreover, the standards were applied to assess the desiccation of deep soil layer on hillsides with locust on the loess tableland gully region.

Abstract:This paper analyzes the change regularity of soil physical characteristics of degraded wetlands. Firstly, the soil profiles of degraded wetlands are been described and then that the change of soil temperature characteristics, electric conductance status, water physical property and soil bulk density are all been analyzed. The research shows that wetland soils in different degraded status have their different physical characteristics. In the typical sampling zone of wetland degradation which means primitive wetland will transform to simple degraded wetland, and then to medium degraded wetland, and then to serious degraded wetland and to cultivated wetland (farmland), soil temperature and bulk density of wetlands increase continuously, and wetland soil electric conductance and soil bulk density trend to decrease. Compare soil surface layer (0~20 cm) and lower layer (20~40 cm), the surface temperature, water physical property and bulk density of wetland soils are all higher. In addition, this paper gives the simulation models of spatial degradation process of different physical characteristics of degraded wetland soils, which shows that exponential growth or decay models could preferably simulate spatial degradation process of different physical characteristics of degraded wetland soils. This study will be helpful to understand the change regularity of physical characteristics of degraded wetland soils and the mechanism of wetland degradation, and will establish scientific base for restoration and reconstruction of degraded wetland.

Abstract:The minimum instream ecological flux is referred to the one which can prevent drought out and keep the water body in existence. The computational method on the minimum water demand for ecosystem should be based on river geomorphology, and the critical flux must be determined after two facts, breakpoint on the curve of the water level with river width and maintaining the habitat to a certain extent(mainly including: average depth, average velocity, et al.), being synthetically consisdered. In this paper, on the basis of establishing the computational methodology and system based on river geomorphology, three hydrological control transects at the lower reach of the Yellow River, Huayuankou Station, Gaocun Station and Lijin Station, are chosen to check the minimum ecological flux. The computational results indicate that the minimum ecological flux of Huayuankou Station, Gaocun Station and Lijin Station is respectively 170 m~3/s, 140 m~3/s and 154 m~3/s, respectively occupying 8.9%, 7.4%, 7.9% of the natural and average flux of multi-years; the ratio of river width is respectively 35.8%, (20.6)%, 40%; average depth is respectively 0.47 m, 0.87 m, 1.02 m; velocity is respectively 0.76 m/s, 0.40 m/s, (0.81) m/s.Because the catchment area studied outside is much more smaller than the Yellow River basin, the minimum ecological flux thus is a little lower than the existed international results.

Abstract:According to the basic principles and methods of environmental economics, the value losses of soil erosion in Beijing is analysed and estimated. The valuation methods also were summarized. The results indicated that the total loss value of soil erosion is 221 603 700 yuan in 2001. It is 10.35% of agricultural GDP of the year. The losses of nutrient, mainly including N, P, K and OM is 143 685 700 yuan and it is 64.84% of total losses of soil erosion. It's loss proportion is the greatest one in these valuated factors, the economic value losses of soil erosion in Miyun and Mentougou districts is the most serious in Beijing. Meanwhile, the paper concluded that the economic loss of soil erosion in Beijing is 13 500 yuan/km~2 in 2001. By valuation, the economic loss of 42 yuan would be avoided at least if we invested one yuan in soil erosion. At last, a new assume of optimization treatment level of soil erosion is made up with for the researchers to study it deeply.

Abstract:通过对浙江省绍兴地区的曹娥江干流上7个取水断面的多次、多参数水质监测,从电导、pH值、水温、溶解氧(DO)、浊度、高锰酸钾指数、总氮(TN)以及总磷(TP)8项水质参数,分析了曹娥江干流水质的时空变异。结果表明:(1)悬浮颗粒态污染物对TN,尤其是对TP有明显的贡献作用;(2)在一定程度上,海潮对pH值和高锰酸钾指数有影响;(3)在一定程度上,降雨对水体中的TN有较明显的影响;(4)整体上曹娥江干流的水质属于 类或是劣于 类的水质。

Abstract:The kinetics characteristics of mercury absorption on the Sanjiang Plain and Jilin Shuangyang peat, and the influences of temperature and pH were studied using the method of Batch. The results showed that the rate of mercury absorbed on the Sanjiang Plain peat was slower than that on Jilin Shuangyan peat. The increase of temperature could accelerate the rate of the mercury adsorbed on peat. The rate of the mercury absorption on peat was affected by pH value of the solution. The maximum absorption was got on the point of pH 6.0. High pH (pH<7) was benefit to the mercury absorption on peat Hill equitation was fit to the kinetics of mercury absorbed on peat. The absorption quantity of peat to mercury inmire wetlands was high. Low temperature and fit pH of wetland was benefit to the storage of mercury in wetland soil.

Abstract:In this paper, firstly, a brief introduction to the theory, technique and methods of soil erosion with remote sensing were presented. An overview was then given on the research progress of soil erosion with remote sensing. Finally, the exiting problems and the future development trends and prospect of soil erosion with remote sensing were discussed.

Abstract:采煤引起的土地不均匀沉陷是造成水土流失、环境污染和土地荒芜的主要原因，但在目前的复垦工作中，矿区覆土来源的缺乏严重影响着复垦的进度。本研究利用有机、无机废渣混配的一种新型复垦材料(基质)进行了试验分析。研究结果表明：粉煤灰和糠醛渣以4：1～9：1的质量比混配的新型基质适合苜蓿、黑麦草和其它类似植物正常生长的肥力标准，为沉陷地的修复提供了新的理论与途径，而且以废治废，大大降低了复垦成本。同时，对有效控制水土流失，扩大耕地面积，促进经济、社会及生态环境的持续健康发展具有重要作用。

Abstract:2002年6月到10月在三江平原利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对不同土壤水分状况或积水深度的毛果苔草沼泽、小叶章草甸以及灌丛进行了CH4排放的测定,结果为毛果苔草沼泽CH4排放通量(11.9 mg/m2·h)>小叶章草甸(8.5 mg/m2·h)>灌丛(0.75 mg/m2·h),差异达到高度显著水平(α=0.01),主要是由土壤水分状况不同而造成的.由于生境的差异,3种湿地类型CH4排放通量的季节变化形式也不尽相同.温度、土壤Eh和毛果苔草生物量是影响CH4排放的重要因素,湿地CH4排放通量和箱内外温度或不同深度的地温均呈显著或极显著正相关,小叶章草甸和毛果苔草沼泽分别与10 cm及15 cm的Eh呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),毛果苔草生物量和CH4排放通量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).