Abstract:Based on the strategic situation and function and the cultivated land detailed information in the west region in China,the degenerative reality of cultivated land and its developing tendency was analyzed,including soil erosion,desertification,salinization, nutrient loss and soil deterioration, pollution,especially the nonagricultural occupation and loss in cultivated land et al. Meanwhile the effect of degenerative land on sustainable development of economy and society in west region of China was discussed and the controlling countermeasures were proposed.

Abstract:首先指出有明显脆弱性的生态环境具有环境容量低下 ,敏感性强而稳定性差 ,抵御外界干扰能力弱和自然恢复功能差等特点 ;其次 ,在分析自然和人为影响因素的基础上 ,制定了脆弱生态环境评级指标 ,并建立了确定脆弱生态环境等级总分值的计算公式 :p =Σn- 7i=1 fi .wi。根据生态环境脆弱程度分级 ,区分出极脆弱性、强脆弱性、中脆弱性、轻脆弱性和微脆弱性 5种类型 ;最后 ,对不同脆弱生态环境提出针对性的保护和利用意见 ,特别强调了西部地区生态环境脆弱性的特点 ,在开发中必须注意生态安全问题

Abstract:Based on analyzing of the evolution processes of ecological environment in the Tarim river basin, the water and land resources development in the human history period, especially since recent 50 years, has led to imbalance of water conditions maintaining ecological environment of upper and lower reaches, vegetation degradation and rapidly developing of desertification, which have threatened the sustainable development of society and economy in the Tarim basin. So far carrying out the comprehensive rehabilitation of environment of the Tarim river basin is urgent and timely. Taking the control engineering measures of "harnessing upper reaches, reforming the middle reaches and rescuing the lower reaches", and adjusting and controlling allocation of water resources in the basin, can ameliorate the desert forests along the rivers and ensure transporting a certain volume of water to lower reaches to renew the ecology of the green corridor. Meanwhile it is necessary to take a set of radical measures of soil and water conservation in the arid region taking a whole watershed as a unit to make water resources in the watershed circulated and reproduced, to protect land resources for forever utilization of human being. The several proposals of making soil and water conservation well in the near future are put forward based on the reality of the Tarim river basin finally.

Abstract:Strategies for ecological environment construction and agricultural sustainable development in Loess Plateau of Gansu province should be highlighted on soil and water conservation refer to extensive scale construction, hilly and gully area superior to another regions, water conservancy and grass and forestry industry related to trades, green industry in the industrial structure, comprehensive effect for selecting project, high and new techniques superior to traditional techniques. We also have brought up the entirely strategic objectives and specific objectives of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and grass production fitting to the strategies. Furthermore, suggestions and countermeasures such as building commodity agricultural product base, developing specific agricultural enterprises with local features, improving the rainfall use efficiency, optimizing modern agricultural productive essential factor inputs and technology structure, paying great attention to ecological resiliency and rebuilding, adjusting and optimizing animal species and structure of livestock, supporting the poorer, increasing the comprehensive development of countryside economy, were discussed.

Abstract:1997～ 1999年在四川省中江县旱坡耕地实施以“目”字型种植法为核心的保土抗旱高产技术配套模式 ,玉米连续 3年获得高产。试验结果表明 :该模式具有集雨蓄水抗旱、拦洪保土及地膜保水增温等综合增产效益。集雨蓄水抗旱对玉米增产的贡献为 12 %～ 19% ,地膜保水增温效应的贡献为 15 %以上 ,高低秆作物带状间套和平衡施肥等配套技术对增产也有显著贡献。“目”字型种植可使旱坡地减少地表径流 78%和泥土流失量 80 %。

Abstract:From the aspects of physics and chemistry, the processes and characteristics of soil degradation of typical rainfed farmland in the Horqin sandy land were discussed. Results showed that in the desertification process of rainfed farmland, a series of physical and chemical properties worsened associated with losses of soil fine particle materials, including bulk density and pH raised, total porosity reduced, aeration and non capillary porosity increased, water holding capacity relented, soil organic matter, total N and P, available N and P contents decreased. One percent of silt and clay contents (<0.05mm) were removed, could result in the decreases of 0.259 g/kg soil organic matter and 0.016 4 g/kg total N contents. Disturbances induced by farmers (i.e. cultivation of sandy grassland in the edge of farmland) was the main force of soil wind erosion and degradation. Two models of soil degradation process was put forward, namely, gradual degradation course and leap degradation course.

Abstract:以春季风蚀活动高发期为特定研究时段 ,采用地面埋设容器的“陷阱诱捕”法 ,对秋收后翻耕的裸露沙质农田春播前的土壤风蚀量动态进行了定位观测 ,同时对影响土壤风蚀的关键因子表土层紧实度和含水量以及风速动态也进行了同步观测。主要研究结果是 :(1)观测期内 ,平均土壤日风蚀量为 2 4 1.2 0 kg/ hm2 ,土壤日有机碳和氮素损失量平均分别为 1.5 2 ,0 .15 kg/ hm2 。 (2 )土壤风蚀过程以细微土粒的跃移和悬移运动为主 ,损失掉的主要是表层土壤中的细砂 (粒径 0 .1～ 0 .0 5 mm)、粉粒 (粒径 0 .0 5～ 0 .0 0 2 mm)和粘粒 (粒径 <0 .0 0 2 mm)等富含营养元素的细微颗粒 ,分别占风蚀沉积物的 4 6 .0 1% ,2 1.0 3%和 2 1.74 %。这表明土壤风蚀导致了农田的粗化。 (3)相关分析表明 ,土壤风蚀量与表土层含水量呈一定的负相关 ;土壤风蚀量与表土层紧实度呈微弱的负相关。然而 ,土壤日风蚀沉积量与日平均风速呈高度正相关 ;同样 ,土壤日风蚀沉积量与日可蚀风持续时数亦呈高度正相关。利用它们之间的回归关系式 ,可以定量地预测、预报研究区春季风蚀期裸露农田的土壤风蚀量

Abstract:Based on natural rainfall erosion characteristic, the paper studied on soil crust formation on the slope farmland according to rainfall, runoff and rainfall runoff slope comprehensive methods in indoor. Some characteristics are found through measuring the crust hardness, bulk density and thickness of crust layer. In the process of soil crust forming, rainfall function is mainly impact, runoff function is mainly depositing and condensing, and their functions increase as rainfall intensity and depth of runoff increasing. But the function is also limited while slope degree increasing, the growth of crust is no good. On the whole, the function of rainfall is more powerful than runoff.

Abstract:The rainfall erosivity can suggest the potential effect of rainfall on soil erosion. It is necessary to develop the water erosion model. The models used in CREAMS for calculating erosivity from daily rainfall data were tested at two locations that lie at Miyun and Puwa, in Beijing mountain areas. The results suggest that the difference of the model efficiency of equation in CREAMS did not vary significantly between sites at Beijing mountain areas. The model efficiency of the equation in CREAMS was 0.804 at Miyun, and 0.690 at Puwa. So the equation for calculating the rainfall erosivity in CREAMS should be used in Beijing mountain areas when the continuous record of rainfall are lack.

Abstract:This paper expounds method and order of soil erosion survey by remote sensing and GIS in China. Classify system and intensity grade index of soil erosion are founded and map of soil erosion intensity in China. We compile the digital map of soil erosion by using man computer interactive interpreting and built soil erosion spatial database based on GIS; then we make a comprehensive and deep analysis for the survey results. These results show the distribution characteristics and rules of soil erosion. That is the areas and intensity of soil erosion gradually increase from east to west in China and focus some continuous area. Finally, we suggest some synthesis countermeasures for treating soil erosion

Abstract:Man made accelerated erosion is a key reason for soil nutrient loss after forestlands were disturbed by human being. Sloping spatial distribution of soil nutrient loss responds to spatial distribution of soil erosion patterns erosion intensity. Shallow gully ditch is the severest position of soil nutrient loss. Soil nutrients abruptly loss in the beginning stage of forest removal. After five years of forest removal, soil nutrient content reduces by 50%. A layer loss in soil profile is a sign of soil nutrient loss.

Abstract:With artificial simulative washing test on different slope, the soil potassium loss by erosion in loess area was preliminarily studied. Results showed that the concentration of ionic K increases with the increase of slope. The relationships between slope and amount of K loss can be expressed by the exponential functions. The different forms of potassium were enriched in sediment. K mainly migrated with sediment in unsolvable forms, while slowly available K chiefly removed with soil.

Abstract:提出了土壤侵蚀信息熵 (侵蚀熵 )的概念 ,并以公式 H=- cΣni=1 ωiaijlog(ωiaij)来表达。当把侵蚀过程的影响因子分为外部的降雨因子和内部的下垫面因子时 ,侵蚀熵在本质上反映的是土壤侵蚀下垫面可侵蚀性的综合信息。侵蚀熵模型可用于土壤侵蚀过程的空间数字模拟 ,预测水土保持措施的客观效果。侵蚀熵模型与降雨侵蚀力 R(R=EI30 )的乘积γHR(γ为因次换算系数 ) ,可真实描述地表土壤侵蚀量及其空间分布

Abstract:Making up the remote sensing system for intelligently interpreting soil erosion and checking up its accurate are expatiated in four aspects, the rule of designing system, the system structure, the modes structure and system inspection. It is concluded that the method is scientific and efficient, which uses remote sensing image to inspire soil erosion experts studying the factors influencing soil erosion and the soil erosion message, and record their knowledge to create knowledge database in purpose of automatic obtaining soil erosion.

Abstract:将 GIS(地理信息系统 )、RS(遥感技术 )、Fox Pro数据库等技术集成 ,应用于“朝阳市国家重点治理区大凌河流域治理工程”建设实践 ,建立了“国家重点治理区大凌河流域水土保持信息系统”。该系统包括 :1属性数据信息管理子系统 ;2图件空间信息管理子系统 ;3流域规划设计与措施配置子系统 ;4效益监测、评价与预测子系统。使用该信息系统对区域的 81条小流域进行了规划设计、治理开发措施的优化调控和效益的分析评价 ,实现了大凌河流域治理工程管理决策的科学化 ,促进了大凌河流域治理工程的高质量完成 ,达到了工程的高效率管理和工程的高收益 ,对我国水土保持生态环境建设和水土资源可持续利用具有重要指导意义

Abstract:The method of dividing assessed units on the danger of soil erosion was inquired and the danger of soil erosion appraised in Sanhe ecological orchard,Fengdu county,Chongqing city by means of analytical hierarchy process and system cluster supported by the software of ARC/INFO 8.02 and SPSS 10.0. The factors affecting the danger of soil erosion were considered in an all round way and the limitation and indistinction was avoided during the process of assessment. Results showed that the danger of soil erosion was mainly subject to the three factors of slope, the thickness of soil and the degree of plant cover and the area of the dangerous type, the more dangerous type and the seriously dangerous type was 57.49% of the area of the entire orchard. Because of the danger of soil erosion ,it was not suitable that the excessively economical woods was planted and it was reasonable that the economical woods and the ecological woods were paid equal attention during the process of "planting woods after withdrawing cultivated land" in the ecological orchard.

Abstract:The experimental results showed that the restoration of main fertility factors of degraded red soils was significantly related to matter input and soil physical and chemical properties. With increase of matter input, the restoration of soil fertility quality was accelerated gradually. Under the natural condition, the restoration of soil fertility factors was mainly controlled by soil properties. In the process of soil fertility restoration, the increase rate of organic matter was affected by the content of soil organic matter. There is a curve relation between the increase rate of organic matter and organic matter contents in the soils. The maximum increase rate of organic matter could be obtained when soil organic matter was about 20 g/kg. The nitrogen increase rate was positively related to soil total nitrogen for soils with nitrogen below 1.0g/kg. However, the increase rate of available potassium was negatively related to available potassium level in soils. The restoration of soil water stable aggregates was related to clay and organic matter contents. It was suggested that the restoration of fertility quality of degraded red soils was possible under reasonable management.

Abstract:A long term soil conservation site set up on sloping farmland in Luodian county of Guizhou province for studying on changes of crop yield and soil fertility in several soil conservation measures. The results in 9 years showed that runoff and soil erosion was the main factor in affecting the degradation of soil fertility and nutrient loss on sloping farmland. Treatment without erosion control the nutrients loss by runoff and soil erosion on sloping farmland was 53.0 % of total nitrogen, 67.7% of total phosphorous and 19.0 % of available potassium, comparison with the total consumption of those soil nutrients, or almost equaled to the total N input of chemical fertilizer, total P input on both organic and inorganic fertilizers. Soil organic matter loss was nearly same with the input of organic manure. Total N, organic matter and available K in the treatment soils decreased,and total P is kept in lower level by the heave nutrient erosion. Treatments with water and soil conservation the soil fertility kept balance or even increased in soils. For alley cropping treatment corn yield increased 8.6 % in average of nine years and trend to increasing forward. The long term experiment showed that proper soil conservation technology would improve soil fertility, increase crop yield and play an important role for sustainable use of the sloping farmland.

Abstract:The effects of land use on soil nutrients and soil bulk density in Karst hilly area was studied.The results indicated that deforestation and cultivation led to increase in soil bulk density and decrease mostly in soil nutrients.Compared to forest,the bulk density value of bush forest,low growing bushes,grassland and 3 years decultivated land increased by 32%,20.3%,46.9% and 52.3% respectively.Most soil nutrients except total K in grassland and 3 years decultivated land decreased significantly in comparison with forest.Grassland wintnessed a decrease in soil organic matter by 29.3%,total N by 48.2%,total P by 66.3%,alkalysis N by 45.8%,available P by 56.3% and available K by 60%;While 3 years decultivated land saw a decrease in soil organic matter by 85.6%,total N by 84.7%,total P by 81.4%,alkalysis N by 74.9%,available P by 87.5% and available K by 90.6%.The results of soil degradation index showed a severe degradation occurred to grassland and 3 years cultivated land.

Abstract:采用人工控制土壤水分的方法 ,野外定期现场实测了山西省方山县峪口镇径流林业试验基地内油松与侧柏人工林的土壤水分、光合速率、气孔阻力及其环境因子 ,研究了油松与侧柏光合速率与土壤含水量的关系 ,证明两树种的光合速率与土壤含水量的关系均可用回归方程 Pn=b b1 C b2 C2来表示。研究表明 ,在该地区油松与侧柏的适宜土壤含水量范围分别为 10～ 18 ,8～ 18 ,最佳适宜土壤含水量分别为 14 .2 ,13.1 ,相对应最大光合速率分别为 5 .7,8.3μmol/ m2 .s,说明在同样的水分条件下侧柏的水分利用效率要比油松高 ,侧柏更适合该地区立地条件。这为在黄土高原地区布设相应的径流林业措施、进行有效的土壤水分管理提供了理论依据。

Abstract:Results are reported from on site study on soil moisture dynamics of slopeland, involving in the contour hedgerow/crop intercropping (ST1), hedgerow without crop(ST2), traditional crop cultivation (ST3) and bare slopeland (ST4), in dry valley area of Jinsha River. Hedgerow layer depleted soil moisture beneath 50cm during meta and anaphase of dry season, and promoted infiltration of rainfall into deep soil during rainy season, which leads to not only a significant reduction of surface flow in rainy season but a rather improvement of soil water regime of deep layers in monsoon and dry season. Soil profile of slopeland could be characterized by four layers, i.e. drastically changing layer (0~30cm), gradually changing layer (30~100cm), slightly changing layer (100~150cm) and stable layer (>150cm) for hedgerow system (ST1 and ST2), whereas drastically changing layer(0~30cm), gradually changing layer (30~50cm), slight changing layer (50~120cm) and stable layer (>120cm) for ST3 and ST4. The temporal dynamics of soil moisture could be characterized by three periods: depletion phase, complementarity phase, and stability phase during a dry season and rainy season circle.

Abstract:红壤农田的渗漏量及透水性能对评价红壤水土流失状况具有很重要的意义。利用大型称重式蒸渗仪、时域反射仪和张力计 ,研究了赣东北红壤农田的渗漏量。结果表明 ,红壤农田土体渗漏性能良好 ,4 0 0 cm处最高日渗漏量可达 6 0 mm / d;3年结果表明年渗漏量为 10 36 .37～ 16 2 0 .4 6 mm,占到年降水量的 5 5 .1%～ 6 7.0 % ;在有花生生长和等高种植的情况下 ,即使在雨季 ,缓坡农田的径流量也很小而渗漏量较大。红壤表层以下的透水状况不是造成土壤侵蚀的主要因素。红壤坡荒地开垦为农田后 ,可以提高表土入渗性能从而起到减小水土流失的作用

Abstract:Researching on water transfer between interfaces of forestry watershed is the focus of interface hydrology and the base of probing the mechanisms of forestry vegetation on hydrological process. The mechanisms of water transfer and water convert between interfaces of crown, debris, soil in vertical dimension and the interface runoff production theory and its research dynamics are reviewed, which is a foundation work for the further research in this field.

Abstract:采用土钻法和盆栽试验研究了渭北地区主要造林树种的垂直根系分布特征及其抗旱性。结果表明立地条件对刺槐根系分布特征有明显的影响 ,林地土壤水分状况的差异是造成这种影响的关键所在 ;土壤种类、结构等对刺槐根系的分布特征也有很大的影响 ;不同树种在根系垂直分布特征方面存在着很大的差异 ,其中刺槐的根系分布最深 ;在一定的土壤干旱范围内 ,苗木可以通过提高根系活力来适应逆境 ,当土壤干旱超过一定的阈值后 ,树木根系将逐步丧失其活力和功能 ,最终导致地上部分的枯死 ;在供试的 4个树种中 ,山杏根系的抗旱性最强 ,其次是侧柏、刺槐和油松。苗木根系活力除了受土壤干旱协迫程度的影响之外 ,还受到干旱持续时间的影响。当土壤含水量降至 4 0 %的田间持水量时 ,土壤干旱已经对油松的生长构成了威胁 ,但对山杏、侧柏及刺槐的影响不大

Abstract:研究表明 ,密云水库集水区大气降水化学元素含量在不同时段内变幅较大 ,各元素加权平均值之和为12 .0 0 11m g/ L ,各元素含量大小排序为 Ca >N >K >Mg >Na >P >Fe>Zn >Cu >Mn。大气降水经过 3种类型的水源保护林林冠层后 ,所测定的化学元素含量变化不一 ,但总的结果来看 ,化学元素含量升高的元素较多 ,且化学元素含量之和 ,无论是林内穿透降雨还是树干茎流均呈升高趋势 ,不同林分结果如下 :林内穿透降雨中化学元素总量分别为刺槐林 4 6 .192 4 mg/ L、油松林 2 0 .6 135 m g/ L、板栗林 17.110 5 mg/ L ;树干茎流中化学元素总量不同林分分别为刺槐林 6 1.5 86 2 m g/ L、油松林 73.32 35 mg/ L、板栗林 35 .5 0 74 mg/ L。

Abstract:Plant canopy, one of most important factor influencing soil and water conservation, has been studied for a long time. Crop characteristics, with great seasonal changes through the year, influence the soil loss significantly. The purpose of this study is to measure and analyse the plant characteristics and their seasonal change in the Loess Plateau. A small watershed, Danangou in the Loess Plateau of north China, was selected for this study. Crop characteristics including plant cover, plant height and leaf area index (LAI) had been measured every two weeks in 1998,1999 and 2000. In Danangou watershed, half of the lands are used as cropland for maize, foxtail millet, pearl millet, potato, buckwheat and soybean, and the others are wasteland, fallow, shrub, woodland and orchard.For cropland, LAI, height and cover changed greatly during the measurement season. The cover of cropland increased lately and slowly during the spring, and reached their highest values in August. For non cropland,cover increased from April, arrived the high value in May or June, and kept it to September even October. Annual precipitation has big influences for the crop characteristics. The individual rainfall event also has an important effect on plant characteristics. Because cropland consists of half of the watershed, landuse condition of the Danangou is not very good for soil and water conservation.

Abstract:The spatiotemporal variation in soil erosion means the soil erosion properties show the significant differentiation and diversity at different scales of time and space. Actually, the spatiotemporal variation in soil erosion is related to the joint influences of several environmental factors at multiple scales including vegetation, land use, meteorological factors (e.g. rainfall), topography and soil. However, the key scale and dominant factors are different for the different time, space and scale. This paper reviewed the studies on the spatiotemporal variation in soil erosion and its relation to the environmental factors. The specific attention was given to the studies on the Loess Plateau, China.

Abstract:以天然马尾松林为参照 ,分析了 5种人工商品林地土壤物理性质和抗蚀性能的演变趋势。结果表明 :5种商品林中 ,毛竹和青梅林土壤粘粒含量出现了明显减少的趋势。早竹和毛竹林土壤大于 1mm大团聚体含量和大于0 .2 5 mm水稳性团聚体总量均显著高于天然马尾松林 ,0～ 0 .2 m土层分别达到了 34.6 6 % ,73.35 %和 2 7.2 5 % ,6 4 .0 7% ,而人工杉木林和青梅林土壤团聚体含量明显减少 ,茶园土壤则保持和天然马尾松林相同的水平。早竹地土壤总孔隙度和通气孔度也显著高于天然马尾松林 ,0～ 0 .2 m土层分别达到了 5 7.6 4 %和 18.74 % ,毛竹和茶园土壤则接近天然马尾松林 ,而人工杉木林和青梅林土壤总孔隙度和通气孔度均显示下降。5种商品林中早竹、毛竹和茶园土壤抗蚀能力较强 ,特别是早竹和毛竹土壤抗侵蚀能力超过了天然马尾松林 ,而人工杉木林和青梅林土壤抗蚀能力较弱 ,容易产生水土流失 ,应加强防治措施

Abstract:Based on the observational records covering the period from 1957 to 1999,the characteristics of precipitation changing over east area of Jianghuai watershed and its connection to sediment yield in Chi river watershed were studied using tendency analysis and correlation analysis. Results showed that the rainfall in this area had a down tendency in spring at a rate of -21.2mm/10a,annual and summer precipitation was increasing at the rate of 10.6mm/10a and 14.8mm/10a. The correlation analysis shows that an amount of sediment transport has a very close relation with runoff and rainstorm of 50~100mm of daily rainfall.

Abstract:应用中国重点城市环境监测站的大气可吸入颗粒物 PM1 0 指标和 N OAA - AVH RR的大气上界的反射率指标 ,首先从遥感影象上确定沙尘。同时利用单通道遥感方法 ,从 AVH RR可见光通道反演东亚沙尘气溶胶光学厚度的空间分布 ,进一步依据沙尘气溶胶光学厚度与沙尘载荷的定量关系 ,估算出一次东亚沙尘的携沙量。基于卫星遥感的沙尘携沙量为风力侵蚀的定量研究提供了一个新方法

Abstract:Combining RAGA with multi objection planning, the author solved the problem of optimizing many parameters at the same time. Thus, the advanced convergence and easily to run into partial optimization have been handled. Based on RAGA, the author applied the multi objection planning model to soil and water conservation of small watershed named Xinglong in Songnen plain. The result is good, and the paper can provide a new method for readers who engaged in correlative research.

Abstract:分析长江口河势和潮滩冲淤发展变化,针对不同潮滩的冲淤稳定性,提出在冲刷河段因不同破坏因素而采用不同的保滩护岸方案,防止水土流失,稳固河势发展.从长江口非工程措施和工程措施(围垦、保滩)对长江口资源、环境和生态的正面和负面影响分析,提出保滩护岸、促淤围垦应充分考虑水土资源和生态可持续发展要求的建议.

Abstract:Four great changes have happened since the formation of Loess Plateau and the fifth change will happen. The first change happened 2.50Ma ago, which is the change from laterite plateau to Loess Plateau, and the motive power is climate. The second change happened 1.60Ma ago. After this change, rivers advented, the change represents the change of new tectonic movement in Loess Plateau, the motive pewer is tectonic uplifting. The third change happened 15ka ago, and is affluent change of the Yellow River from running into lake to running into sea and the change of loess material from the internal transportation in Loess Plateau to the external one, the motive power is running water action. The fourth change happened 0.4ka ago, and is change from natural erosion to nonnatural acelerated one in the area, the motive power is mankind activity. The fifth change will happen in 100 years, which is the opposite change to the fourth one, the motive power is mankind activity, too.