Abstract:Using portable photosynthesis system (Li-6200) and portable steady porometer (L i-1600), This paper study mainly the quantitative relation between plant physio logical parameter and soil moisture, namely the response process of the tree net photosynthesis rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),carboxylation efficien cy(CE),water use efficiency of leaf(WUE L), stomatic conductivity(Cs ) and stomatic resistance(Rs)to soil water content(SWC)using three ki nds of trees of Black Locust, Oriental Arborvitae and Apple tree in semi-arid r egion on Loess Plateau (Fangshan county, Shanxi Province). The results show that the optimum SWCkeeping the highest Pnof Black Locust, Oriental Arborv itae, Apple tree is 17.13%, 15.90%, 16.11%; the critical SWCvalue of mainta ining the highest Pnupwards 70% (namely the SWCof turning point of C s~SWCcurve) is 10.50%, (9.50)%, 9.75% respectively; the best SWCto sup port the highest WUE Lis 13.23%, 10.66%, 12.38% in turn; the SWCis 15 .70%, (15.50)% and 15.83% with the highest CE; the SWCof the highest Tris 18.82%, (19.70)% and 16.33% respectively. According to the essential a im to saving water and increase effectively water use efficiency of forest by water-h arvesting afforestation, the critical value of the SWCkeeping the optimum WUE Lcan be chosen as a upper limit value for control woodland soil moistu re and stand density as wall as calculating the trees water requirement, the SWCcritica l value of maintaining the highest Pn70% upwards is chosen as the lower l imit value to control woodland soil moisture on Loess Plateau in semi-arid regi on, This range of the optimum SWCcan be generalized as Black Locust 10.5%~ 13.5%, Oriental Arborvitae 9.5%~11.0%, Apple tree (10.0)%~12.5% (equal to 50 %~64%, 45%~52%, 48%~60% of field capacity) respectively.

Abstract:攀枝花市地处金沙江干热河谷 ,视野区荒山植被建设 ,多年来一直采用雨养造林的技术路线 ,未能改变“雨季郁郁葱葱 ,旱季一片枯黄”的稀树草原植被景观。干热河谷森林植被难以恢复的主要原因是旱季干旱缺水。微水造林是采用微型水利工程措施 ,拦蓄雨季径流 ,改善坡地旱季土壤水分状况 ,造林育林。视野区山地山高坡长 ,毛支沟发育 ,雨季洪水径流充沛 ,非常适合采用微水造林的技术路线 ,营造四季常青的南亚热带常绿森林植被。

Abstract:Hillclosing afforestation techniques on bare grit and rock area, af forestation practices on dry and impoverished hilly region, and dry farming and cultivation practices of fruit trees were systematically dissertated according t o the general situation on hilly region in Shandong province. The theoretical ba sis of integrated afforestation and control of water and soil loss were put forw ard for dry farming and cultivation.

Abstract:On the basis of the research works for many years the main character istics and laws of soil and water conservation by vegetation are comprehensively expounded, and its systematic summation is made. It provides scien tific basis for objective analyzing and evaluating the roles and effects of vege tation, right working out and implementing the policies of soil and water conser vation.

Abstract:With the assistance of the classified map of land use types and according to the hydrographic data , we study how the forest types and the rate of forest covera ge (total 8 factors) affect the rainfall and runoff by the method of gray correl ation analysis. As a result we known the best forest types which have the closes t relationship with the water conservation function . The study affords referenc es for improving the water conservation function of forest in the area.

Abstract:Closing land for forest or grass is a important project, which was developed in west-China in 2000, in improving environment, water and soil preservin g and reducing natural disaster. Minjiang river is an important branch of Yangt ze river. Its water and soil preserving will affect environment of Yangtze river drainage directly. The essence of closing land for forest or grass lies in wate r and soil preserving. Remote sensing and geography information system (GIS) tec hniques were applied to extract the sloping land information and describe all fa ctors of the USLE model. The universal soil loss equation (USLE) is used to calc ulate the annual soil loss, and characterize the spatial distribution of the ris k of soil erosion by water in Minjiang river drainage. The relationship between sloping land and soil erosion will be analyzed, which is in different slope for determining the criterion of closing land for forest or grass. In the end, the change of environment and soil loss is evaluated before and after closing land for forest or grass in Minjiang drainage.

Abstract:Dynamical changes of soil erosion in Lizixi catchme nt of Sichuan province in 1986 and 1999 are monitored by remote sensing and geog raphical information system. Remote sensing images are basical information and s pace analysis of varieties of soil erosion are done by geographical information system software ARC/INFO. The quantity of soil erosion is estimated. These analy sis are done: dynamical changes of soil erosion, the relation between the change s of soil erosion and the changes of land use, the relation between the changes of the intensities of soil erosion and the quantity of soil erosion. This study provides the scientific basis and support of policy decision for soil and water conservation in Lizixi catchment.

Abstract:The method of supplying geographical information system ARC/INFO to predict soi l erosion amount of watershed was probed. Based on the field survey,the geograp hical data base of Yuzigou small watershed was builded and the method of calcula ting the value of factors of USLE was studied. By the support of ARC/INFO ge ographical information system and integration of GIS and USLE,the soil erosion amount of Yuzigou small watershed was predicted. Results showed that the annua l average soil erosion amount was 3 893.38 t/km~2 and it belonged to middle deg ree erosion in Yuzigou small watershed;but the erosion amount of sloping land whose area accounted for 29.48% of the total area accounted for 81.98% of the total soil erosion amount of Yuzigou small watershed;the annual average soil er osion amount of sloping land was 10 826.54 t/km~2 and belonged to extremely st rong erosion. Results made clear that sloping land was the source of soil and w ater loss in Yuzigou small watershed and the key of harnessing soil and water l oss in watershed was that sloping land was rationally utilized.

Abstract:土地坡度构成和土地开垦情况是影响土壤侵蚀强度的重要方面。利用 GIS方法对黄土高原土地资源进行分析 ,探讨了利用地理信息系统技术来确定黄土高原县域不同坡度级的土地面积比例、耕地面积比例和垦殖率及其空间分布。研究表明 :黄土高原地区土地和耕地≥ 15°和≥ 2 5°比例较大的县主要集中在黄河中游几条支流流域和六盘山及以西地区。在这些地区 ,≥ 15°陡坡地的垦殖率在 0 .1以上 ,有些地区达 0 .5 ,是黄土高原陡坡耕地主要集中区 ,也是侵蚀严重的地区。

Abstract:According to the standard of soil erosion classification and grade,th e author discusses the methods of carving up polygons, capturing the values of f actors of impressing soil erosion, and differentiating erosion intensity on the GIS(Geographic Information System). The result and reasons based on the comprehe nsive evaluation on the basic polygon and on the multi-coverage overlay are ana lyzed. The author thinks that two methods can be used for differentiating the er osion intensity, and the latter can reflect the differences of soil erosion amon g small parts. From the technique and save of the manpower,money and material r esources, the multi-coverage overlay is better method when the digital maps of factors exist.

Abstract:Accumulation effects of soil and water conservation function of artificial Chi nese pine forest system have been studied by methods of theory analysis a nd typical measurement. The results showed compared with bare-slope and bush-g rass catchement, the function that artificial Chinese pine forest system increas ed pure precipitation is evident,effects of artificial Chinese pine forest syst em to runoff time retarded is 2.5 and 4.3 times of bare-slope and bush-grass catchement, effects of artificial Chinese pine forest system to runoff kinetic increased is 25.0 an d 166.4 times of bare-slope and bush-grass catchement, effects of artificial Chinese pine forest system to capacities of runoff carried sediment increased i s 24.4 and 163.3 times of bare-slope and bush-grass catchement. Artificial Chi nese pine forest system can improved soil structure resulting in soil anti-scou rability and anti-erodibility, and its function made artificial Chines e pine forest system to take play a great role of soil and water conservation.

Abstract:The soil and water conservation function of Chinese pine mixed forests and pure pine stand is studied on soil physical properties, water holding capac ities of forest canopy,ground vegetation and litter layer, water storage capac ity of soil, soil permeability and soil erosion. The results show that the mixed forests of Chinese pine have better water and soil conservation function than i ts pure forests.

Abstract:根据长期定位水土流失与防护林效益观测资料 ,分析了黄土残塬沟壑区吉县的降雨侵蚀。研究结果表明 ,当降雨达到一定量级才能产生土壤侵蚀 ,侵蚀性降雨的雨量标准为 10 mm/次 ,产生严重土壤侵蚀的降雨标准为≥ 3 0 mm/次 ,造成极为严重侵蚀的是降水频率为 5 %的大暴雨和降雨强度≥ 1.0 mm/ min的降雨。场降雨量、降雨强度与小流域产沙模数呈线性相关。因此 ,防止暴雨侵蚀是防治水土流失的关键。

Abstract:PAM, as a new efficient soil amendment, can significantly increase soi l infiltration rate and reduce runoff. Rainfall simulator was used in this study to investigate the relationships between the time of runoff yield and rainfall intensity and slopes, as well as the dynamic process of infiltration rate cha nge with time, for slope land at different coverage of PAM. It was found that infiltration rate and stable infiltration rate are increased when covered with P AM. Kostiakov and Horton infiltration models were used to analyze their infiltra tion processes.

Abstract:The results showed that mulching of jute geotextiles can greatly improve the ger minati on and growth of ramie. Combined with ramie the geotextiles can reduce soil eros ion effectively. When geojute was covered within one year, the treatment of geoj ute with ramie can reduce runoff volume 61.95% and sediment volume 96.52% compar ing with not covered geojute; and when it is covered for two years, the geojute with ramie can reduce runoff volume 64.35% and sediment volume 96. 01% comparing with the contrast. Under 60mm/h medium intensity artificial rainfall, the runo ff occurs 9min49s later when the land was covered with geojute and ramie than the contrast, and its accumulative runoff was 95.58% and accumulative sediment was 99.98% less than that with only ramie.

Abstract:The paper gives new patterns of harnessing and developing by investig ating and analyzing four typical watersheds on gullied loess plateau, and assess ing and systematically researching existing patterns of harnessing, and developi ng suiting this region, and preliminarily defines the key measure and combinatio n of comprehensive harnessing ways of soil and water conservation in small wate rsheds.

Abstract:The representative area of dry-hot valley of Yuanmom has a temperature conditi on of the northern tropical zone and a long season of more than half a year. The characteristic of the ecosystem is easy to be ruined and difficult to be resume d. By widely researching of resources,choseTamarindus indicaas a superior pioneer species making man-made cultivation to harness degraded slope land. It is showed thatTamarindus indicanot only is a economic tree species, but a lso takes on an obvious function in water resources protection, water and soil c onservation, soil improvement, weather adjustment and so on.

Abstract:The properties of soil and water losses from slope field in red soil in six farm ing systems were conducted in Lanxi soil and water conservation supervision stat ion, Zhejiang province in 2000.The results showed that: Compared with convention al farming system (treatment 5,straight farming system), other farming system re duced water and soil losses significantly .Fallow farming system dec reased runo ff by 42.8% and sediment by (85.02)%,other farming system, contour dam farming sys tem, grass strip farming system, contour ditch farming system ,contou r farming system decreased runoff by 70.20%,by 32.33%,by 45.60%,by 56.33% and sediment by 95.04%,by 45.88%,by 63%,by 87.7% respectively .Contour dam farming system,cont our farming system and fallow farming system were better than grass strip farmin g system and contour ditch farming system on control losses of soil and water .E xcept contour dam farming system and contour farming system, the loss of bed loa d was exceed to loss of suspend material .Runoff and sediment concentrated in Ma y to August accounting for above 80%,the factors that impacted the losses of so il and water were precipitation,rainfall erosion index,plant coverage.

Abstract:An evaluation method of soil integrated fertility was developed and us ed in the Houhu farm enterprise, with soil fertility being considered as a comp lex of the state of soil nutrients and the capacity to regulate and transform th e materials needed by plants. With systematic principle and the soil data of the Houhu farm enterprise, 9 indexes were divided into two groups representing sep arately states of soil nutrients and environments of nutrients supplying, includ ing content of total N, total P 2O 5, total K 2O, available P 2O 5, availab le K 2O, pH, physical clay, silt-clay ratio and thickness of soil surface lay er ( epipedon). Then two types of membership functions of these indexes, S-type and parabola-type, were developed based on their effects on plants. Their valu es of function were also calculated. Through factor analysis of these values wit h the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), weight values of these indexes were decided. Finally, with Analytical Clustering Process (ACP), soils fertility was divided into 5 classes in this area. With GIS software MAPGIS, the map of soil c omprehen sive fertility in the Houhu farm enterprise area was drawn. The soil f ertility in this region was mainly in 1,2 classes, and area of soils in 1,2,3,4 ,5 classes amounts 24.25%,52.34%,11.20%,6.15% and 6.06% respectively.

Abstract:The concentration of various phosphorus forms and the amount of phosphorus loss in runoff from yellow soil of hilly areas by terrace cropping in Guizhou provinc e were studied. The results showed that particulate P concentration was 0.276~2. 516 mg/L, accounting for 90.5%~98.9% of total P, and the concentrations of ortho -P and bio-available P were respectively 0.020~0.065 mg/L and 0.210~0.733 mg/L in the runoff. The contents of particulate P and bio-available P reduced 1 7.09%~57.94% and 16.01%~36.83%,respectively, in surface runoff derived from terr aced lands than from un-terraced lands. In addition, the amount of particulate P loss in runoff decreased 71.64% from plots cultivated terracing slope than fro m plots cultivated up and down slope, while the amount of dissolved P loss had n o difference significantly. Therefore, terrace cropping and balanced application for fertilizers was an effective way to reduce P loss in the upland fields.

Abstract:Momoge wetland was chosen as study area, and spatial distribution of t otal nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus(TP) in wetland soil was studied. T he results show that TN content and TP content in surface soil are obvio usly higher than those in subsoil; TN has the higher horizontal variability than TP; The variant tendency of vertical distributions of TN and TP gradually decre ases from the upper to the lower with 50cm soil layer as the turning point of th eir variations, however, TN varies more sharply than TP; TN content and TP conte nt have significantly positive correlation with soil organic matter and the rati o of nitrogen and phosphorous, but pH values affect weakly.

Abstract:Solutes are assumed to transport from putting boundary(soil surface) to solute front boundary in order to find the solution of solute front ad vance with time for a semi-infinite porous media column or corresponding field soil conditions. Convection-dispersion equation(CDE), subjected to two bounda ry conditions both at soil surface (or inlet boundary) and at solute front i s solved analytically by using Laplace transformation method. The results of com parison between the analytical solution and the exact solution (in semi-infini te domain) show that the analytical solution is in good agreement with the solut ion in the range from putting boundary(soil surface)to the solute front. An im portant application of the advance of solute front is to estimate the transport parameters of solute movement through porous media under both laboratory and fie ld conditions. This leads to a new method for estimating parameters of solute tr ansport in soils. The new method requires observation of the advance of solute f ront with time. This can be done visually by using a tracer solution with dye in it. It can also be easily measured by using time domain reflectometry (TDR). Th e new method is simple, time saving, and is applicable to both laboratory soil co lumn and field soils.

Abstract:晋南黄土旱塬虽土层深厚 ,蓄水、保水性能良好 ,但传统农业的农田“土壤水库”作用有限 ,在年降水量较小且分布不均匀 ,而蒸发量较大的情况下 ,天然降水利用率很低 ,作物产量极不稳定。为寻求解决这一问题的有效途径 ,于 1991～ 1996年进行了 6年的探索 ,研究出在旱地农田实行全程全覆盖的保水措施 ,采用不同覆盖材料 ,配合垄作方式 ,既能较大程度地吸纳天然降水 ,又可做到全程全封闭地抑制土壤水分蒸发 ,形成良好的“土壤水库”,使不均衡的天然降水变为较均匀的供水 ,在整个覆盖周期内其土壤贮水量始终高于半覆盖和不覆盖处理 ,有效地缓解了作物旱情 ,提高了天然降水的利用效率。

Abstract:对环洞庭湖丘岗生态系统水环境要素的定位观测和小流域水平衡监测研究表明 :环洞庭湖丘岗地区水资源总量丰沛 ,可利用的集雨水量为现今农业用地最大灌溉水需求量的 2 .4 1倍 ,可维持生态系统的水量平衡。但由于雨水的季节性配置差异 ,系统水分有季节性富余与亏缺 ,一般年份 3月中旬至 7月上旬水富余 3 11.3 mm ;8月上旬至 9月下旬水亏缺 13 4 .7mm。天然降水大约 76%产生派生资源参与系统水分循环 ,其余部分主要以径流形式溢泄入下游水域。这一过程使该地区每年流失或向洞庭湖水域输送水 1.3 1× 10 1 0 m3、泥沙 1.64× 10 4 m3、养分 ( N,P,K)0 .89× 10 4 t。该地区土类多属红壤 ,持水能力强 ,但有效含水量低 ,凸现出涝渍、湿害和干旱双重农业水问题。本地区水平衡管理应注重两个方面 ,一是加强集雨水利工程建设 ;二是合理构建坡地农林复合生态系统。

Abstract:太湖地区主要水稻土类型的水分参数研究结果表明 ,水稻土 4个土层的土壤水分特征曲线基本一致。土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数和土壤有效水的含量均从土壤上层到下层呈降低的趋势 ;土壤的非饱和导水率与负压水头之间呈负相关的指数曲线变化 ,当负压水头达到 10 k Pa时 ,非饱和导水率降低到最小值 ,且基本趋于稳定 ;非饱和土壤水扩散率变化于 1.1× 10 - 3～ 1.886× 10 - 3cm2 / min之间 ,非饱和土壤水扩散率随含水量也呈指数曲线变化。

Abstract:应用三室根箱装置 ,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌 Glomus mosseae和 Glomus versiform对玉米根分泌物以及菌根真菌外生菌丝对沙土的水稳性大团聚体形成的作用。结果表明 :接种 Glom us mosseae和 Glomus versiform提高了玉米根系分泌物的总量 ,进而增加了根系粘结的土壤重量。菌根菌丝对土壤中 5～ 2 mm水稳性大团聚体形成的贡献为 10 0 % ;在土壤中菌根菌丝的密度分布与 2～ 1mm水稳性团聚体的含量分布是一致的 ,都表现出随着距离根系表面距离的增加而增加的趋势。这些结果说明菌根菌丝直接促进了土壤团聚体的形成 ,对 5～ 2 m m水稳性大团聚体而言 ,没有菌根菌丝的作用就不能形成 ;菌根菌丝对 5～ 2 mm和 2～ 1m m水稳性团聚体的形成主要是通过其分泌物粘结和菌丝网络对土壤的缠绕作用所致 ,菌根菌丝对这两种水稳性团聚体形成的贡献甚至超过了根系的作用。

Abstract:It is one successful method to use suspended sedim ent load in the Yellow River to improve saline and alkali soil,aeolian soil to increase land productivity,but also one most significant human activity to dist urb the landscape ecosystem in the lower reaches. Based on the outdoor investiga tion and sampling,through researching on the amount and distribution of used su spended sediment load,this paper systematically analyzed the impact of suspende d sediment on soil texture,fertility and salinity motion, as well as landscape ecosystem. Meanwhile,we should pay close attention to aggrieving cropland, seco nd-salinization,second-desertification,restarting flood drainage etc caused by using suspended sediment load when we enjoy the great accomplishment of using the Yellow River.

Abstract:Purple soils are featured with high natural fertility and easily weathered par ent materials. It is fairly easy to occur intense erosion on them and to destroy land resource if without reasonable measures have been taken. This paper qualit atively analyzes land potential productivity of several plants on different erosion int ensity, provide scientific evidence for soil and water conservation in the proc ess of purple soil development.

Abstract:The mechanical essence of slope surface scouring is the stability of s oils and the process of hydrodynamic action of slope surface flow on soils. From the viewpoint, the forces acting on soils, flow energy and its balance during t he process of slope surface scouring are studied . Through incipient motion drag force, it obtains the occurring conditions of scouring. And it provides an engi neering illustration.

Abstract:大型露天煤矿土地复垦规划目前尚无明确的规范。根据 14年的土地复垦技术研究和工程实施的实践 ,以平朔安太堡露天煤矿 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 10年的土地复垦规划为例 ,重点探讨了大型露天煤矿土地复垦规划所涉及的关键问题 :( 1)规划编制的法律依据和技术依据 ;( 2 )规划编制的服务年限、范围及深度 ;( 3 )规划区土地破坏状况及其预测 ;( 4 )复垦土地适宜性评价 ;( 5 )土地复垦规划的具体方案 ;( 6)复垦规划方案实施的保证措施。提出的论点可适用于工矿区剧烈扰动地貌待复垦土地规划和已复垦土地利用结构调整。

Abstract:The distribution and formation of water-stable aggregates in karst soils under different land use were studied. The results showed that the contents of >0.25m m water-stable aggregates changed in the following order:shrub grassland > woo dland > old field > orchard > farmland, and the content of >2mm water-stable so il aggregates is more in the surface and subsurface soils of woodland and shrub grassland than in orchard,old field and farmland. Either the water-stability of aggregates or the content of water-stable aggregates was highly correlated with the contents of soil organic matter. Increased decomposition and decreased input of organic matter after reclamation were responsible for the decrease in b oth the water-stability of aggregate and the amount of water-stable aggregates in karst soils. The soil aggregate structure may be rehabilitated after returni ng farmland to woodland or grassland.

Abstract:Based on the characters of newly-built terraces and newly-leveled bottomland i n loess Hilly region are barren soil, low microbes activity, hardened soil and poor physical properties, some integrated techniques were applied such as subso il in autumn, increasing the application of organic compound-fertilizer and fil m plating in the furrows. The results showed that to the newly-built fields the se techniques could enhance the multiplication of the microbe population and the ir activities, promote the substance transforming into energy, markedly improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and boost the formation of the micro-structure of soil, and accelerate the ripeness of immature soil. The qu antity of the microbes and the content of N, P, K in the tested fields nearly re ached to those in the middle-fertile land of that area. Which promoted the crop growth and development, and increased 40% crop yield compared with that in conv entional fertility betterment fields.

Abstract:Chaohu lake is one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China. At present, it is confronted with the problem of water environmental pollution and eutrophi cation. According to studying types of land use and agricultural movement, it shows the relationship between agricultural movement and non-point source poll ution. Some approaches on agric ultural landscape design and agricultural movement for controlling nonpoint sour ce pollution of Chaohu basin are suggested, which will be helpful for providin g necessary scientific basis for the control of non-point source pollution in the Chaohu lake basin.

Abstract:The rainfall-runoff process and soil erosion quanti ty were researched by runoff experimental field in 2000. As a result silver chai n forest land has a better capacity in soil and water conservation than naked l and. It can reduce surface runoff than naked land when rainfall changes around 3 0mm. In 2000, 179.42 g/m~2 soil were lossed in silver chain forest land, 980.1 g/m~2 in naked land on the contrary. Along with the change of rainfall, soil erosion quantity in forest land is about 3~5 times than in naked land. Total soi l erosion quantity in forest land can be reduced 5 times compared with naked lan d.