Abstract:在单雨滴和次降雨溅蚀实验的基础上 ,讨论了结皮土壤的溅蚀规律。通过与无结皮土壤的对比分析得知 ,两者的变化特征完全相同 ,但溅蚀量差异明显 ,即有结皮土壤的溅蚀量总是小于无结皮土壤 ,且两者溅蚀量的大小与坡度、前期含水率、雨滴直径、结皮厚度和降雨强度的因素有关 ,可用式 W =1.6915 S0 .1 777θ0 .4 6 6 7D0 .76 32 H- 0 .4 92 5和 W =0 .4 5 2 3 ( PI) 0 .7538S0 .1 450进行估算。

Abstract:第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤在我国南方地区分布较广 ,不合理的开发和利用导致植被覆盖破坏严重 ,致使该地区长期以来遭受强烈的土壤侵蚀作用。1 37Cs作为一种有效的示踪剂 ,在国内外越来越多地用于中长期 ( 4 0余年 )以来的土壤侵蚀模数的估算。采用 1 37Cs技术 ,研究第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤典型小流域的土壤侵蚀作用。结果表明 ,该流域的1 37Cs基准值为 2 10 7Bq/m2 ;对于表土质地较为粘重的非耕作红壤而言 ,1 37Cs在土壤剖面中呈指数型分布 ;该流域内山坡和山顶非耕作土的 1 37Cs分布深度通常在 15 cm以内 ,而耕作土中则达 3 0 cm ;对于坡度相对较大 ( 5 .5～ 11°) ,植被条件较差的迎风坡非耕作红壤而言 ,其土壤侵蚀模数达 11.2～ 14 .5 t/hm2 · a;对于坡度较小 ( 1.5～ 4 .5°) ,植被条件较好的背风坡非耕作红壤而言 ,土壤侵蚀模数为 0 .3～ 10 .8t/hm2·a;坡上部水作梯田的侵蚀作用比坡下部的水作梯田小 ,且水作梯田比旱作梯田更有利于水土保持。

Abstract:第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤在我国南方地区分布较广,不合理的开发和利用导致植被覆盖破坏严重,致使该地区长期以来遭受强烈的土壤侵蚀作用.137Cs作为一种有效的示踪剂,在国内外越来越多地用于中长期(40余年)以来的土壤侵蚀模数的估算.采用137Cs技术,研究第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤典型小流域的土壤侵蚀作用.结果表明,该流域的137Cs基准值为2107Bq/m2;对于表土质地较为粘重的非耕作红壤而言,137Cs在土壤剖面中呈指数型分布;该流域内山坡和山顶非耕作土的137Cs分布深度通常在15cm以内,而耕作土中则达30cm;对于坡度相对较大(5.5～11°),植被条件较差的迎风坡非耕作红壤而言,其土壤侵蚀模数达11.2～14.5t/hm2*a;对于坡度较小(1.5～4.5°),植被条件较好的背风坡非耕作红壤而言,土壤侵蚀模数为0.3～10.8t/hm2*a;坡上部水作梯田的侵蚀作用比坡下部的水作梯田小,且水作梯田比旱作梯田更有利于水土保持.

Abstract:The basic benefit of eco economic forest with soil and water conservation function is very obvious in loess hilly gully area of Liangcheng county. It shows: postponing time of emerging runoff, decreasing runoff volume, conserving water, cushioning rain strength, decreasing surface soil erosion, increasing the effectives of rainfall and so on. It has improved local eco environment and got better ecological, social and economic benefits. The basic benefit of eco economic forest with soil and water conservation function is discussed. Its aim is to provide the scientific bases for further rational utilization of suitable forest land in the county, and also to provide useful reference for loess area with soil and water loss.

Abstract:以北庄小流域各观测站的实测水文资料为依据 ,对小流域综合治理的产流产沙及防洪减沙效应进行了系统分析和研究。就单场降雨而言 ,在产流方式上 ,未治理流域以蓄满产流为主 ,治理流域以超渗产流为主 ;小流域暴雨径流量 W与降雨量 P和前期影响雨量 Pa 相关 ,即 W =0 .0 0 0 4 7P1 .794 P0 .786 a ,小流域洪峰流量 Qm=0 .3 797A0 .6 86 7W0 .584 2 ,用此二式计算综合治理的防洪效益为 16.7%～ 3 7.5 % ,削减洪峰效益为 9.1%～ 2 8.6%。就单场降雨产沙分析而言 ,综合治理后日平均含沙量随降雨时间的延后而减小 ,日平均含沙量 Qs与日平均流量 Q呈正相关 ,即 QS=- 0 .0 4 3 6 19.2 97Q ,由此式计算治理 10年后减沙效益达 90 %以上。就一般年份即汛期雨量 <90 0 mm的年份而言 ,减水减沙效益明显。

Abstract:福建长汀河田采取了多种治理模式对严重侵蚀红壤进行治理 ,为探讨不同治理模式的植物群落养分循环功能的恢复效果 ,对其中的以草促林、乔灌混交和乔木混交 3种治理模式及对照未治理的马尾松群落的 N、P养分循环进行了研究。结果表明 ,3种治理模式马尾松各组分的 N、P养分含量均比对照的高 ,群落养分的分布更加合理 ,群落 N、P养分总累积量、年存留量、归还量、吸收量均远大于对照的 ,养分循环功能有了一定程度的恢复。

Abstract:以子午岭土壤侵蚀与生态环境演变观测站长年观测的径流泥沙资料为基础 ,分析了林地及其开垦地不同侵蚀年限土壤的颗粒组成、>0 .2 5 mm水稳性团粒含量、抗剪强度和容重等土壤物理力学性质与土壤侵蚀强度的关系。研究结果表明 ,>0 .2 5 mm水稳性团粒含量对土壤侵蚀强度影响最大 ,其偏相关系数为 0 .972 8,其次为土壤的粗粉粒含量和抗剪强度。最后对 >0 .2 5 mm水稳性团粒含量和抗剪强度与土壤侵蚀强度的关系进行了分析 ,表明林地开垦后侵蚀第 1年和第 7年为土壤侵蚀强度加剧的转折点 ,说明了森林植被在防治黄土高原土壤侵蚀方面的作用。

Abstract:选用黄土高原地区的安塞黄绵土、绥德黄绵土、杨陵粘黄土、杨陵农地耕层土进行人工降雨溅蚀试验 ,研究了降雨特性和土壤结构对雨滴溅蚀的影响。结果表明 :土壤溅蚀量与降雨强度相关关系的最佳函数为指数函数 ;将降雨动能与雨滴中数直径的乘积 ( Ed50 )定义为降雨溅蚀力 ,降雨溅蚀力与溅蚀量呈线性相关关系。降雨溅蚀力是降雨潜在溅蚀能力的反映 ,对溅蚀降雨侵蚀力因子的研究有一定参考价值 ;溅蚀总量随降雨历时的增加而增加 ,而溅蚀率则随降雨历时的增加而减小 ,其变化过程可用幂函数描述 ;原状土的溅蚀量仅为其扰动土溅蚀量的2 2 %～ 3 0 % ,随降雨强度增大 ,雨滴打击力对土壤结构的破坏作用增强 ,使原状土与扰动土溅蚀量间的差异缩小。

Abstract:More than 50 basins with areas ranging from 500 to 2 500 km 2 were chosen for an analysis on relationships between sediment yield and climatic characteristics in the middle Yellow River. They can be categorized into 6 types of basins with different physiagraphical backgrounds. A set of data on sediment yield and rainfall characteristics of these basins as well as their surface material, vegetation cover and basin morphological features were collected by using remote sensing combined with field check and indoor analysis. Based on this a correlative analysis was made between sediment yield and seasonal and annual variation of rainfall and annual average rainfall. It was shown that good positive relationships exist between sediment yield and seasonal and annual variation of rainfall, but different slope and positions of lines were obtained for different types of physiagraphical backgrounds. It can be clearly seen that the slope of lines decreases and the positions moves down subsequently from the basins of sandy loess and heavily weathered siltstone and mudstone to those of hard rock. It is obvious that variation of sediment yield with annual average rainfall follows Langbein-Schumm law, but indicate different peaks of sediment yield and different thresholds of rainfall associated for different types of river basins. A decrease of peak sediment yield and an increase of rainfall threshold were observed due to joint effect of rainfall, surface material, vegetation coverage and basin morphology when it transits from the basins of sandy loess and heavily weathered siltstone and mudstone to those of hard rock.

Abstract:降雨是引起土壤侵蚀的主要动力 ,用 EI30 指标度量。计算 EI30 时 ,需要降雨过程资料 ,而且计算繁琐和费时 ,为此 ,很多学者采用常规降雨资料计算降雨侵蚀力的简易算法。它们往往利用区域资料经验拟合求得 ,如要推广使用 ,需要进行验证。利用我国 10个气象站降雨过程和常规降雨资料 ,通过对国内外 9种比较有代表性的多年平均年降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法的比较 ,建议采用年雨量的指数函数形式作为估算我国多年平均年降雨侵蚀力的简易计算方法。为保证计算结果的区域稳定性 ,应分不同区域进行拟合。

Abstract:利用兰溪水保站的自记与常规雨量资料对降雨侵蚀力 R的季节分布进行了分析 ,并建立了一个降雨侵蚀力的日降雨量模型。结果表明 ,该地区降雨侵蚀力呈明显的单峰型季节分布 ,主要集中在 3～ 9月 ,其 R值占全年R值的累计百分比为 94 .5 % ,高峰期在 6月份 ,其 R值占全年 R值的 2 8.2 %。降雨侵蚀力的日雨量模型为 :Rj=0 .0 0 4 3 [1 4 8.13 sin(π/12 ( j- 1) ) ]ΣNk=1 P1 .0 9k 。本模型利用日降雨量计算降雨侵蚀力 ,有效系数为 0 .89,R值季节分布的预测值与实际值的平均偏差为 1.2 %。与国内现有模型相比 ,本模型能够较好地描述 R值的季节分布。

Abstract:The land cover and landform in a watershed is in fact a mosaic, in order to quantify the hydrological responses of complex regions to storm events, a distributed model has been developed for the purpose. The model utilizes a distributed approach by dividing the entire simulation domain into regular cells. It has the capacity to simulate the hydrograph of each cell, namely the space-time distributions in a watershed. And Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies can be used effectively to visualize, analyze and model the large-scale spatial data. The model has been utilized in the Heicaohe watershed in Zhenba county, Shaanxi province and the simulated result agrees well with the measured data.

Abstract:Classified TM images of the research area in different time (1987 and 1996) by supervised classification, we obtain the spatial distribution and dynamic change of the vegetation. In Huangfuchuan watershed, the dominant vegetation is shrub and steppe, amount to 27.40% and 23.88% of the total watershed area with woodland being a little distribution, 4.24% in 1996. Compared the vegetation condition in Huangfuchuan watershed in different time, area of draft sandy land has decreased distinctly, and the area of shrub and woodland has increased, so condition of the vegetation has improved. Effect of comprehensive management on the conservation of water and soil is very remarkable.

Abstract:Land resource is the foundation for human being to live. The soil erosion results in land degeneration, environment depravation, and influences weather change. China is a developing country, how the country use land resource will definitely affect environmental change. This paper sets the type of land resource as a unit based on defining soil erosion index. Under the GIS and RS supporting, we put these coverages into GRID which square is 100m, and overlay these two coverages. Then we get what we need datum. By analysis these datum, we analysis the type and intension of soil erosion, set forth the soil erosion background of land resource. Therefore, we can explore the relationship between soil erosion and land resource. Finally, we make analysis in region. The result is that we should mainly plant tree in south of China and plant grass in north of China.

Abstract:The research of soil erosion is significantly important for better understanding land use,land cover change and environmental management for sustainable development. In order to study soil erosion in China, the technologies of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System were used to analyze the spatial distribution of spatial-temporal feature of soil erosion under the different land use and land cover. It is shown that the main types of soil erosion are water erosion, wind erosion and frozen erosion in China. The maximum of percentage of types of water erosion and frozen erosion are slight water erosion and slight frozen erosion, the area of water erosion and frozen erosion is decreasing with increase of erosion intensity. The maximum of percentage of types of wind erosion is fierce wind erosion, the area of fierce wind erosion is about 5.5% of total area of soil erosion. So, the wind erosion is the most serious environment and socioeconomic problems in China, especially in the north China where sandy desertification is developing rapidly over large areas and receiving widespread attention. Meantime, sandy desertification processes aggravate wind erosion, deteriorate soil physical and chemical properties, reduced land productivity. So, at present how to keep dry soil from wind erosion and keep soil away desert is the most pressing task for us to study.

Abstract:Soil erosion is a global environment problem. It reduces the production ability of soil and the quality of water, then leads to the soil sediment and increases the occurrence possibility of flood. With the worse condition of the worldwide soil erosion, and the prominence of the problem of soil and water lost,the research of soil erosion becomes more embedded. However, at the present time, almost all the jobs in this field are limited to such an aspect as the model amendment and the selection of its correlative factors and lacks for a good interface to complete the analysis and the visualization of model factors. Utilizing the GIS technique adequately, this experiment has established a network model based on USLE and devised a friendly interface to solve this problem. The experiment indicates that this model not only represents the research results adequately by a good interface, but also gives a good indication to improve the soil erode model by utilizing the correlative tools of GIS.

Abstract:ANSWERS2000, a watershed scale, physically-based, and distributed model was applied to simulate sediment and runoff from two small watersheds located in the Three Gorges area. Based on the comparison of simulated results between two different watersheds, the model was evaluated by three various ways including percent error, linearity regression, and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency. The study showed that the model performed well when using it for the simulation and the simulated results caught the observed highly. However, the model performed with high percentage error when it was used on forest lands simulation and the model efficiency needed to be improved later.

Abstract:Desertification is one of the most serious environment problems in the world today, the generation, development and reversion of desertification are caused by the results of comprehensive influences from the climatic and environmental change, and human activities. Fuxin area is located in the northwest of Liaoning province. The area is a composite zone of agriculture and animal husbandry .The types and the structures of desertification in this area are different, complex and typical. RS and GIS techniques are used for monitoring the dynamic changes and data processing in desertification research . The remote sensing image data of three different temporal phases during 21 years are used . The result of analysis shows that the evolved pattern of desertification in this area has two different stages. The situation of desertification was improved during the first 11 years, but intensified during the next 10 years. According to the environmental feature and the condition of the land-use in the research area, the spatio-temporal evolution pattern of desertification was systematically analyzed. The factors that have influenced on desertification were quantitatively evaluated using a series of environmental and socio-economic data. As a result the land-use pattern and landscape restoration tactics for the different types of desertification areas had been proposed following the principles of restoration ecology.

Abstract:The vegetation coverage was interpreted by using remote sensing information in northern region of China. The water and soil conservation effect coefficient was also calculated through vegetation coverage. The correlation between water and soil conservation effect coefficient and the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration was negative. The correlation between water and soil conservation effect coefficient and the primary vegetation potentiality was positive. The significance was more than 0.01 level. So, the water and soil conservation effect coefficient may possible become a comprehensive index to evaluate regional ecological function in northern region of China.

Abstract:Distinct causes of formation for different graded bedding in debris flow deposits have been analyzed using the ratio of flow plug. If the ratios of flow plug are from 12 to 50, the gravel in squirm condition would tend to up words vertical motion. It is the analysis that they would form the bedding texture of the gravel accumulated at surface.

Abstract:The runoff and sediment of debris flow catchment are different with other catchment. The experiments on slope with artificial rainfall, the observations on the slope in natural rainfall, the observations on the output of catchment and the observations on the output of debris flow had been analyzed. From the data of measurement in these experiments and observations, the different formulas of runoff and sediment were obtained. They are in different style and agree with the different data by measurement reasonable.

Abstract:Polongzangbu Basin, located in southeastern Tibet, is known by the world for its debris flow hazards, especially the debris flow, taking place in Zamulongba gully on 9th April, 2000, which blocked Yigong Lake 62 days and the following breaking flood cursed severely losses. Presently, the debris flow activities occur frequently. Based on the historical data, remote sensing conveying and field investigation, authors have determined that there are 104 debris flow gullies in Polongzangbu Basin, 87 of which have clear channel. The debris flow gullies locate the altitude between 2 500 m and 4 000 m, and their basin areas are between 0.8 km 2 and 185 km 2, especially 80 percent of which are between 1.0 km 2 and 30 km 2. According to the cause of formation, debris flow gullies in this area could be divided into 3 types: glacial, glacial lake burst and rainfall debris flow. At last, this paper discusses the impact of debris flow on the local economic development and environment.

Abstract:Based on the theory of soil hydrological interface process, studies the transport of matter between soil and other environmental medium, especially the agricultural non-point sources pollution (ANPS) phenomenon caused by the transport of agricultural chemical in soil among different medium. Take the small typical watershed for example, with mathematical models, analyses the forming law of ANPS in Liaoxi arid area, and puts the emphasis on the interaction among raining-surface runoff-soil, and the interaction between soil water and ground water. The research result is helpful for preventing non-point sources pollution.

Abstract:Adopting optimum control and scientific management of eco-environment is very important to protecting eco-environment against disruption and promoting the coordinated growth of soc-economy system and eco-environment system and building a harmonious relationship between human behavior and natural world, especially in the arid region, western China. According to the characteristics eco-environment of small basin in arid region, from the point of overall development of small basin, introduces the theory framework of eco-environmental control, and puts forward a new control model, and gives a case study: Bosten Lake Basin in Xinjiang China. The a good example for eco-environmental control in arid region had been provided.

Abstract:根据渭河的水沙特点 ,通过对这条高含沙河流的多因素分析计算 ,说明了河流含沙量对宝鸡峡灌区水资源利用所产生的影响 ,这些结果为进一步有效利用和管理高含沙河流的水资源提供了参考依据。

Abstract:Ecotone is zones of transition between adjacent ecological systems, having a set of characteristics uniquely defined by space and time scales and by the strength of the interactions between adjacent ecological systems. It situated where the rate and the dimension of ecological transfers (solar energy, nutrient exchange) have an abrupt change. Ecotonal ecosystems are characterizes by (1) permeability and vector diffusion;(2) semi-permeable membranes function and modification;(3) relative high instability and volatility;(4) a wider amplitude of fluctuating physical and biological processes in arid zone ecosystems;(5) critical threshold. Ecotones of desert-oasis exist at every scale. The structural variables important to ecotones are size, shape, biological structure, structural constraint, internal heterogeneity, ecotone density, fractal dimension, patch diversity and mean patch size. The function of ecotones among desert and oasis are stated, such as passive diffusion, active diffusion, probability of edge encounter and probability of crossing a boundary. The important functional variables are stability, resilience, energetic, functional contrast and porosity. Finally, the future directions for the research of ecotone among desert and oasis are also presented.

Abstract:景观格局是地貌格局、土壤格局、水资源格局、植物分布格局及生产力格局等的综合。从景观生态学的角度分析了三工河流域景观格局的形成、分布及其环境分异特征 ,讨论了景观格局与环境分异的相互关系 ,最后阐明了三工河流域山地、绿洲和荒漠景观格局的形成及所处的环境特征。

Abstract:Modern soil science possesses the clear landscape ecology features because of its research background, attribute and practice. Therefore the studies on soil science need the guidance of landscape ecology. For the reasons of soil research scales, the spatial and temporal variability of soil prosperities and the dynamics of soil process, the landscape ecology principles should be applied to the large-scale soil research and the combination of them is a trend of soil science. Soil research scope will be further expanded by the applications of landscape ecology theories besides many others science progresses. By the presentation of some research trends related with landscape ecology and soil science and the landscape ecology nature of soil research such as land use, soil erosion, soil non-point source pollution, the paper gives the theoretical and practical significance of landscape ecology principles application in the soil science.

Abstract:Our territory was loss every year because of the collapse of boundary riverbanks. The collapse of boundary riverbanks not only originated in the influence of bank ystems and hydropower function but also in the water and soil loss in the basin. This paper has put out the model of Comprehensive Control and the main construction models after studying the courses of collapse of boundary river banks. Based on that, the countermeasures of Comprehensive Control were also discussed.

Abstract:The fractal theory,as a new study tool, is popular in recent years. Analysis indicated the fractal dimensions of soil particle distribution could objectively reflect the structure state and degradation degree of the degraded soil,so they can be used as a comprehensive quantitive index to evaluate the structure of the degraded soil. There are the significance and correlation between fractal dimensions of the degraded soil and the mechanical composition and microaggregate composition of the soil. Higher the content of <0.001 mm clay and lower that of >0.25 mm microaggregate,higher the fractal dimensions and worse the structure property of soil. To the same soil degradation series, higher the fractal dimension, more serious the soil degradation.

Abstract:反映地表粗糙状况特征量的地表粗糙度是非线性的 ,可以用分形去刻划。雷达遥感具有对地表粗糙度敏感的特性 ,故利用美国航天飞机 3号 ( SIR- C/ X- SAR)雷达遥感数据 ,选择干燥的内蒙古额济纳旗东北区作为雷达回波与地表粗糙度分形测量研究实验区。实测的计算结果表明 ,在 2～ 10 cm无标度区间 ,此处的戈壁面为具有分形特征的粗糙地形面 ,从雷达遥感的后向散射系数分析表明 ,该区对 C波段 (λ =5 .3 cm) HH极化回波贡献非常强烈 ,其原因是 2～ 10 cm区间尺度正好含盖航天飞机雷达波 C波段长度 ,而小于 L波段 (λ=2 3 .5 cm )长度 ,此结论实证了戈壁地貌表面在一定区间具有分形的特征 ,并可以为雷达遥感某一波段所强烈表现出来 ,这将为借助分数维对图像处理、地物分类以及表面侵蚀定量刻划提供重要的科学依据。

Abstract:Studies on runoff-rainfall relationship are important to understand the hydrological processes and the water balance in a small catchment. By the pressure sensor, H-type weir and rainfall collector, the investigation of runoff and precipitation in a small catchment of Taihang mountains were carried out. The relationship between runoff and rainfall are analyzed. The results indicated that the rainfall in the catchment mainly occurred from June to September, in which the volume makes up 86.5%, 389.2 mm of the total precipitation, and only 60.75 mm from November to May. If the rainfall per event is lower than 50mm, the runoff will not be produced and the discharge keeps decreasing. From November 1999 to the end of May, water level of runoff decreased around 15mm, discharge 0.002 3 m 3/s. Saturated soil and heavy rain are the important conditions for runoff-generating, too. Rainfall in raining season usually is too heavy to infiltrate into soil. The surplus water will become surface runoff and discharge out of the catchment. It is heavy precipitation on 4 July,2000, and it causes the soil to saturate, the following heavy event on 5 July, which has a heavy rate of rainfall by 28.91 mm/h, causes a peak flow discharge 0.905 m 3/s after 4 hours. In this period, the linear relationship between discharge and precipitation was given as the following:Q=0.0454P-0.3556,r 2=0.858, p<0.01.However, the peak flow discharge had continued only for 1 or 2 hours. There was not any peak flow although it had a following 57.3 mm of precipitation. It is significant to be used for agriculture and forestry in the lower valley.

Abstract:The progresses of sloping field erosion, study methods and of preventive measures are summarized. The mechanism and affect factors of sediment, runoff and nutrient loss on the slopeland surface are analyzed respectively. The sloping fields were the main source of sediment, runoff and nutrient loss. Most of the research works focused on the prevention soil and water loss on the slopeland surface and improvement of soil fertility. Most of the study methods were qualitative and statistics analysis. However, studies on the mechanism of soil and water loss and nutrient loss, the model of quantitative analysis were scarce yet, the further studies should pay more attention to the processes of runoff and sediment yield, so as to study the mechanism of slope erosion and build the process-based model of water erosion prediction.