Abstract:Artificial physiognomy formed by engineering measures had characters of completely bare surface and being disturbed by human activity obviously. On the bases of simulated rainfall, the rule of soil erosion, sediment and runoff yield, and influence factors of artificial physiognomy formed in construction period of railway and natural ground,were researched. The results showed that rainfall duration had a close relation to accumulated runoff, accumulated sediment yield, rate of sediment yield; at the same time, vegetative coverage,density of soil, and pre moisture in soil are main factors affecting yield sediment and runoff.

Abstract:通过采用示踪法对四川丘陵区坡耕地的耕作试验研究 ,获得了土壤耕作位移和土壤耕作侵蚀的直接证据 ,确定了耕作侵蚀是四川丘陵区土壤流失的原因之一。试验结果指出 ,四川丘陵区单次耕作的土壤位移量为 43.70～ 6 4.47kg/ m;平均土壤耕作侵蚀速率为 6 5 .0 5～ 97.0 5 t/ hm2 .a。土壤耕作位移受地面坡度的影响十分明显 ,平均位移距离与坡度间呈显著正相关关系。耕作侵蚀速率主要取决于坡体长度 ,只有在坡体长度相同的条件下 ,耕作侵蚀速率才随坡度的增大而增加

Abstract:工程措施所形成的各类人工地貌具有地表完全裸露，人为因素影响大等特征，在人工模拟降雨的基础上，对铁路施工期形成的各类人为地貌和原地面的土壤侵蚀产沙，产流规律以及影响因素进行了研究，表明，降雨历时和累积径流量，累积产沙量以及含沙率的关系非常密切，同时植被覆盖度以及土壤质地是影响土壤侵蚀产流产沙的主要因素。

Abstract:The artificial rainfall experiment has been designed for analysing erosion of typical slopes during the railway construction, to quantify the runoff and soil loss.The results prove that the sediment yield of the dumped soil plot is much larger than any other plot, and aliable to develop rill erosion. The another is the surface erosion yield of the uncovered slope plot is much larger than that of nature slope,the constructing road and rentation.

Abstract:In order to investigate the behavior of soil erosion on the slope of railway embankment during construction,the experiment comparing artificial rainfall with natural rainfall on Qinhuangdao Shenyang special line of passenger trains was conducted.The results show that the main type of soil erosion is gully erosion, the amount of soil erosion caused by gully erosion is higher than that by surface erosion. The principal factor causing soil erosion on the slope is individual amount of precipitation and the width of the embankment. An empirical equation to predict soil erosion on the slope was given.

Abstract:The rules of soil erosion processes influenced by slope length were studied using the simulated artificial rainfall experiments. The results show that slope length is an important factor that influences runoff and soil erosion. There is significant linear relationship between runoff and slope length, and there is a exponential relationship between soil erosion and slope length. The accumulation of both runoff amount and soil erosion increases linearly with rainfall duration and the increment increases with rainfall intensity. The slope length is also important for the evolvement of erosion configuration. Under the experimental condition, when the rainfall intensity is 0.72 mm/min, rill erosion cannot occur on 2.5m long plot, 5m long plot, 7.5m long plot and 10m long plot; when the rainfall intensity is increased to 1.14mm/min, rill erosion occurs on the 10m long plot; when the rainfall intensity exceed 1.14mm/min, rill erosion occurs on the plot longer than 7.5m. Once the rill develops, the runoff, soil erosion and sediment concentration will increase rapidly.

Abstract:水土保持措施的实施可有效地控制土壤侵蚀 ,不同的水土保持措施存在不同的水土保持效益值。利用北京密云石匣共 2 0个坡面径流试验小区的野外观测资料 ,分析得出了北京石匣小流域不同水土保持措施下的水土保持效益值 ,其中免耕 (玉米 )为 0 .2 80 ,梯田 (玉米 )为 0 .142 ,人工草地为 0 .0 6 3,荒草地为 0 .0 45 ,水平条林地为0 .0 2 5 ,鱼鳞坑林地为 0 .0 19。人工草地、荒草地、水平条林地和鱼鳞坑林地有显著的水土保持效益 ,但它们之间的水土保持效益并无显著差别。坡耕地 (16 .8°)的年均侵蚀模数为 145 3.8t/ km2 ,远大于土壤自然形成速度和北方石质山区的允许土壤流失量。其研究结果可为土壤侵蚀模型预报、水土保持规划、环境治理和评估提供依据

Abstract:The region of sediment rock in Inner Mongolia is the main source of the coarse sediment for the Yellow River, which has the character of the interaction of wind erosion, hydraulic erosion and gravity erosion.Using the natural observation data, we analyzed and got the rules of spatial and temporal distribution of the interaction of wind erosion, hydraulic erosion and gravity erosion. According to the study on the chemical and physical features and the rules of soil erosion and sediment yield for the sediment rock, we got the result: the capabilities of runoff yield and sediment yield are higher than the loess soil and aeolian sandy soil. We built up the hydraulic erosion model and simulated the erosion process of the study region.

Abstract:The two dike protection plants rational disposition models were determined on analyzing main factors affecting the sand dike protection in Yangtze River hilly region,the results showed that the biological measures for dike protection were available methods to protect dike slopes,it can significantly improves the soil chemical and physical properties,reduces the erosion of flood,increases the soil anti scouring ability and enhances sediment deposition, has good ecological economic and social effects.

Abstract:在 8～ 15°的红壤坡地上 ,对水土流失作了 14年的定位观察。结果表明 :水土流失与土壤坡度和植被覆盖度密切相关。红壤坡地一经开发利用 ,径流量就成倍地减少 ;而侵蚀量在开始的头 2年成倍增加 ,第 3年后趋于稳定。土壤侵蚀量与坡度呈极显著的对数正相关 ,坡度每增加 1°,土壤侵蚀量递增约 12 0 t/ (km2·a) ;土壤侵蚀量与植被覆盖度呈显著的负指数相关 ,当植被覆盖度 >6 0 %时 ,土壤侵蚀量在 2 0 0 t/ (km2 · a)以下 ;土壤侵蚀量与耕种方式密切相关 ,等高耕种的侵蚀量仅为顺坡耕种的 1/ 6。应用土壤肥力平衡观点 ,提出了 Q2 红色粘土母质发育的红壤侵蚀允许指标为 <30 0 t/ (km2· a) ,为红壤坡地水土流失的防治和农业可持续发展提供了理论依据

Abstract:Phosphorus loss by runoff and its affect factors were studied in various upland fields form yellow soil of Guizhou province.The results showed that with a rainfall simulation experiment particulate P and ortho P losses with surface runoff in various upland fields were different, which the phosphorus losses in the upland field with high fertility were obvious. The important factors affecting particulate P loss were the contents of available P and <0.001mm clay of the soil. The other, the main factor affecting ortho P loss was the soil available P content. In addition, higher rainfall intensity increased particulate P loss so as seriously to enhance the soil P loss, while lower rainfall intensity increased ortho P loss.

Abstract:坡地的水土流失及磷素在泥沙中的富集不仅导致土地生产力下降、环境恶化 ,也对下游水体的环境造成严重危害。以不同施磷时间的黄绵土为试验材料 ,通过人工模拟降雨试验观察了坡地侵蚀土壤水分含量 (SM)与有效磷含量 (APC)的空间变化特征。结果表明 :自坡顶向下侵蚀土壤表层 0～ 5 cm与 5～ 10 cm的土壤水分 (SM)呈现出完全一致的波浪状递增趋势。有效磷含量 (APC)的空间变化虽然也为波浪状 ,但其节奏要较水分变化快一倍 ,而且 0～ 5 cm与 5～ 10 cm两层间并不同步 ,下层略有滞后。磷向 2 0 cm以下土层的迁移量极少 ,不同坡位间差别不大。施磷 2 4d以前从坡顶向下有效磷含量 (APC)呈降低趋势 ,而施磷 2 4d以后在坡下则略有富集 ;施磷 6 d以前坡地 0～ 5 cm土层有效磷含量 (APC)较 6 d以后低 8%左右

Abstract:The west area of China including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Tibet, Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Neimenggu and Guilin provide ecosystem deference for upper reaches of Changjiang River and Huanghe River, they are most important bases of agricultural products. Now, fertilizing the degenerated soils is one of the most important tasks for these areas to rebuild the ecosystem. Making full use of composts of stalks, putting organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers to rational use, decreasing the pollution of soils by utilization of new agricultural materials extendedly, and improving productivity of soils by combining new techniques properly are the main details of this plan.

Abstract:Grassland degradation is one of the most series problems of environment and resources in North China. Based on discussion of concepts, causes, indices and grades of grassland degradation,the state of grassland degradation and its control strategies were analysed in Shanxi province.

Abstract:Based on the analysis of characteristics of phaeozem degradation in northeastern China, including soil erosion, soil impoverishment, deterioration of soil physical properties and soil pollution,the nature and artificial factors influencing degradation are pointed out, and the prevention and control of phaeozem degradation and sustainable agriculture are discussed, which is significant to improve production capacity of phaeozem and to promote the development of sustainable agriculture.

Abstract:Agricultural non point source pollution is arising more and more attentions as one of the major causes leading to deterioration of water quality. Agricultural non point source pollution assessment is the basis of field management and water pollution control, which is significant when carrying out best management practices to farm ecosystems. An approach for assessing spatial distribution of agricultural non point source pollution in farm ecosystems, taking P as an example, is introduced. An index system is suggested and a sensibility index is introduced to identify the critical source areas in the agriculture regions. The approach needs to be modified based on different conditions to which it is applied.

Abstract:应用磁测方法并结合土壤理化指标 ,对相同母质发育但利用方式和熟化程度不同的浙西红壤磁性特征进行研究。结果表明 ,6种利用方式的红壤中 ,耕植年限长、熟化程度高的红壤由于土壤结构、p H值和有机质含量的改善 ,磁性特征有明显变化 ,磁性矿物由亚铁磁性矿物向不完整反铁磁性矿物方向发展 ,且超顺磁性矿物和单畴磁性矿物含量减少。此外 ,耕植年限相同的红壤磁性相近 ,裸地红壤的磁性低值反映了裸地表土强烈侵蚀状况。

Abstract:With improvement of soil structure, soil aeration, soil nutrient status in eroded red soil, amounts of annual runoff, land loss and erosion module decreased sharply, soil microbe, soil biomass, soil respiration and soil enzymatic activities had been increased greatly, also their distribution was similar to that of soil nutrient content and soil water stable aggregates in these observed district. The results indicated that with reclamation of eroded red soil, the process of soil organic remnant decomposition and humus compound had been strengthened, soil fertility had continually been recovered. Effects of different utilization patterns on soil microbe and enzymatic activities were compared. Woodlands were better than grasslands, broadleaf forest was better than conifer forest. With the time of reclamation prolonged, effects of reclamation were much more obvious.

Abstract:Studies on soil water holding capacity and soil water supplying capacity of three soils originated from different parent materials, which are called Hongnianni ,Huangjinni,and hongshatu in Chinese, under different utilization styles showed that the general characters of soil water holding and soil water supplying are mainly governed by soil parent material. There are obviously differences of the plant effective soil water content among three soils, and the differences among soils were much more than that among utilization styles. The differences of soil utilization styles change the soil water characters in the low suction stage, and then improved the soil air conditions.

Abstract:The soil physical, chemical, and biological properties on red soil of six different erosion degree experimental plots were conducted by using the Main Component Analysis Method to evaluate red soil degradation. The results gained from the comparison between the arranged order of four indexes and the order of sixteen indexes show that these four indexes basically reflect comprehensive conditions of the soils. Eventually the index equation was set up according to the first main component. Therefor, the evaluation work can be simplized.

Abstract:1998～ 1999年实测了河南境内长江中游栓皮栎林的林外降水、林内降水、树干径流以及下层植被和枯落物对降水的影响 ,并建立了相关的计算模型。结果表明 :观测期内栓皮栎林冠层能截留降水 2 0 .77% ,并将 4.85 %的降水转化为树干径流 ,枯落物的最大持水量为 13.40 t/ hm2 ,林外降水和林内降水、树干径流之间为线性关系 ,而林冠截留符合灰色模型

Abstract:对板桥河小流域 12年的定位观测表明 :(1)由于防护林体系的初步建成 ,与“七五”相比 ,“九五”期间小流域平均径流量增加了 11.3% ,输沙模数下降了 6 9.6 % ,最大洪峰径流量减少了 3.7% ;(2 )防护林主要林分“九五”的土壤侵蚀模数比“七五”均有明显的减小 ,其中幼林地的土壤侵蚀量减少了 2 3.8%～ 45 .5 % ;(3)针阔混交林在 10年中 ,树干径流增加了 0 .19% ,林冠截留率增加了 4.8% ,地表径流率减少了 1.15 %。11～ 3月的地下径流量有所增加 ;(4 ) 10年来 ,防护林各林分的土壤肥力和物理性状都得到较好的发展 ,养分元素含量普遍提高 ,物理性质明显改善

Abstract:依据 1992年以来在贵州省罗甸县边阳镇的长期水保试验基地 9年的定位观测 ,证明植物篱 (绿篱 )逐步梯化技术有显著的水土保持效果 ,能使土壤侵蚀由传统的年均 43.2 t/ hm2迅速下降到 4t/ hm2 ,能增加水分年均保蓄量 36 0 m3/ hm2 ,使作物产量逐年增加。试验还表明 ,自然翻耕使坡度年均下降 1.1°,形成 17.1～ 2 0 .0 cm 高的梯埂。此项技术省时省资省劳 ,易操作易管理 ,因此易于在适宜山区普及推广

Abstract:Based on the observed data, the characteristics of rainstorm, flood and sediment in the Tuwei River watershed was systematically analyzed. The results indicated that,the high sediment concentration flow of the Tuwei River was caused by the integrated action of freeze thaw,wind and water erosion,and the sediment delivery ratio of single rainstorm flood was less than 1. The sediment source in the watershed was also clarified. It provided scientific basis for watershed control in sandy and coarse sand areas in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

Abstract:土壤剥蚀是指由侵蚀动力引起的土壤颗粒从土壤母质移动的过程。细沟剥蚀土粒随着细沟股流中含沙量的增加而减少 ,已有的一些侵蚀模型 (如 WEPP)均提到了这一点。用黄土高原一种典型的粉壤土 ,在 5种坡度、3种流量下进行了细沟侵蚀模拟试验。对试验结果进行了回归 ,分析了黄土高原斜坡及陡坡地、细沟股流剥蚀率随含沙量以及沟长变化的函数关系。这对细沟侵蚀动力过程的研究深入 ,以及对侵蚀过程的预测预报提供了有力的参考依据

Abstract:土壤退化的主要原因之一是水土流失 ,即富含营养的土壤由地表向江河湖海迁移。水库的建设截获了部分流失的土壤。目前全国水库已累计淤积了 2 0 6 1亿 t土壤 ,相当于储备了 16 .488亿 t的氮 -磷 -钾资源。对内蒙古留宝窑水库淤积物的调查分析表明 ,水库淤积物中营养成分高出当地土壤数倍 ,因此认为将淤积物就地用作改良土壤的添加剂很有前景

Abstract:通过径流冲刷试验 ,运用能量守恒原理 ,分析了坡面土壤侵蚀率 (Dr)与径流能耗 (ΔE )之间的关系 ,建立了给定土壤条件下坡面土壤侵蚀率估算模型。结果表明 :坡面土壤侵蚀的发生具有一定的临界能量条件 ,以径流能耗作为土壤侵蚀形成的临界参数具有明确的物理意义 ,当径流能耗大于 7.387J时坡面开始有侵蚀发生

Abstract:Soil and water losses on red soil orchard slopes treated by eight different conservation treatments were assessed. There were significant different effects among these methods. Planting Bahia grass on level bench terrace ridge was the most effective method to preserve soil and water. Compared with bare soil (check), the average runoff ratio is reduced by 97.14% and the dry soil losses decreased by 100% on the grassing surface. Other methods also resulted in some positive effects. It is suggested that growing Bahia grass on orchard slope will improve vegetation coverage and soil conservation.

Abstract:TDR (Time Domain Reflectory) is a type of equipment for measurement of soil water content. The travel velocity of electromagnetic wave is determined by the dielectric constant, and the dielectric constant of soil is determined by the soil water content. TDR can measure the soil water content by measure the travel velocity of electromagnetic wave. A set of TDR system and its measurement are introduced. Calibration for TDR measurement was done in the laboratory and the field. The result shows that the calibration has to be done and the field calibration is practicable, and the prediction equation can be used in other area of the Loess Plateau. Because TDR can measure soil water content automatically and continuously, this method is recommendable.

Abstract:通过荒溪调查与分类 ,在分析北京山区山洪及泥石流灾害发生的历史、影响因子、灾害特点的基础上 ,建立了北京山洪及泥石流灾害空间预报信息系统 ,并对北京山区山洪及泥石流灾害空间分布进行了预报。建立的空间预报信息系统能查询、更新、管理各类荒溪危险区分布及基本情况 ,能准确预报山洪及泥石流灾害发生的位置及分布范围。其成果已用于危险区内居民的迁移工作

Abstract:For solving the problems of dust pollution and water resource scarcity, the paper suggested the model and method of green environment system of collecting rain water and cleaning out dust for Beijing according to the principle of urban ecology. This is a effective way to construct a urban ecosystem which will be health orderly, steady sustainable , strong self cleaning, and to produce great ecological and economic benefit; For example, the important water resources for developing urban forestry is great much saved.

Abstract:通过对近年来黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀研究成果的综合分析 ,详细论述了这类地区土壤水力侵蚀的类型与机理、土壤侵蚀的营力机制、主要影响因素及流域产沙的预报与防治 ;指出了土壤形成与流失、输运与沉积、“利”与“害”、侵蚀和保持的动态平衡 ,是土壤水力侵蚀研究的主要方向

Abstract:Through the testing and investigating for rain gathered funnily pit,swallow tailed rain gathered pit and filming side,the results showed, based on the site condition,it is important to select suitable engineering measurement complied with high benefit trees for conserving soil moisture and improving eco environment in the loess hilly and gully area of center Gansu,this is benefis for countryside economic growth and development of western China.