Abstract:The results of the field experiments indicated that runoff from earth catchments (undisturbed loess slope, clearing loess slope and compacted catchments) occurred as infiltration excess process, and it was mainly depended upon rainfall intensity. Annual runoff mainly produced from a few high intensity rainfall events and the annual runoff efficiency ranged from 7.4% to 35.5%, therefore, more water would be collected from earth catchments by the increase of natural catchment area. The rainfall amount and intensity had little effect on the water yield from asphalt felt, asphalt spraying and concrete treated catchments with a mean annual runoff efficiency of 50%~80% and a high cost. The trend of high efficient use of harvested water for such catchments is to combine the water harvesting system with installation agriculture. The plastic catchment had low cost and higher annual runoff efficiency, but it could not resist radiation and lasted only 4~5 months. So temporarily moveable plastic film catchment can be recommended to use in rainy period in the field or yard for storing rainwater in the cistern for supplementary irrigation.

Abstract:野外降雨径流观测实验研究表明：土质集水面（自然黄土皮面、清除草草自然黄土坡面和夯实集水面）的降雨产流方式为超渗产流，受降雨强度的影响大，径流的产生主要是由几次高强度的暴雨引起。此类集水面的年平均集水效率在7．4％－35．5％之间，因此，增大集水区面积是保证土质集水面收集到更多雨水的基本途径。油毡、沥青和混凝土处理集水面的产流过程受降雨量和降雨强度的影响小，年平均集水效率在50％－80％之间，但投资成本较高，其雨水利用方向是和设施农业相结合，修建固定集水面，发展高投入高产出农业。塑料膜集水面一次性投入低且平均集水效率较高，但寿命较短，建议利用简单临时性的移动塑料集水面收集雨水以供大田作物缺水期补灌。

Abstract:含有大孔隙的土体 ,如花岗岩风化壳及其上形成的土层水分运动规律并不遵从达西定律 (Darcy L aw) ,大孔隙中运动的水流称为管流 (pipe flow)。在花岗岩地区 ,由于管流的普遍存在 ,从土壤剖面流出的水量远远超出在达西法则定义下流出的水量。为研究土壤水分渗透中非遵从达西定律的土管 (大孔隙 )管流运动规律 ,在位于长江三峡的湖北省秭归县花岗岩坡面进行了管流流量、坡面渗流、地表径流和降雨过程等项目的观测和研究。发现管流在该地区是一种普遍存在的现象 ,管流过程中的水分运动不遵从达西定律 ,其流量在坡面渗流中占的比重约为 10 %～ 30 % ,土管在土壤剖面中所占面积虽然很小 ,但其水分通量远大于相同降雨条件下的土壤剖面水分渗透通量。

Abstract:Soil nutrients loss is the main way of non point pollution from farmland. Taking a typical small watershed of three gorges area as an example, this paper considered the soil nutrients loss character and the predicted amount of soil loss of a pixel, and introduced a nutrient prediction equation.Integrated GIS and the equation, amount of nutrients loss were predicted. The results showed that organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium average annual loss are respectively 30.5, 2.8, 0.9, 68.1 t/km 2. Using average amount of fertilizer application and organic matter accumulate rate to judge nutrients loss risk degree, we found that most nutrients losses are serious in the watershed. The its amount is over half of fertilizer application.

Abstract:The 26 soil samples in a small watershed of Yangtse delta region have been collected and its contents of 137 Cs have been determined. The results showed that the relationship between amounts of 137 Cs and depth of sampled soils is near linear (0.98>R 2>0.69). Based on the value of 137 Cs on the top of hill, we considered that 2 400 Bq/m 2 137 Cs is probably the background value in the region. Eventually, soil erosion and deposition was calculated,the amount of soil erosion on middle hill accounts for 38.23% of total erosion, and the value of vegatable soil occupy its 32.89%. Therefore, we should take some measures to provent the soil loss in this region.

Abstract:塔里木盆地的荒漠面积达到 5 2 .1× 10 6 hm2 ,按物质组成、地表景观和形成 ,荒漠可划分为盐漠、泥漠、砾漠和沙漠 4种类型。从不同荒漠类型剖面结构特点看 ,盐漠表层有盐结皮或盐结壳 ,泥漠则板结而坚硬 ,砾漠在地表有砾幕 ,它们都有一定抗风蚀的能力。沙漠中的沙丘组成物质以细沙为主 ,无特殊抗风蚀层次。尽管塔里木盆地的一些荒漠类型有一定抗风蚀的结构特点 ,加强荒漠区域的生态保护仍是非常重要。

Abstract:塔里木流域“四源一干”气候干旱 ,降水量少 ,蒸发强烈 ,生态环境十分脆弱 ,春旱、夏洪、盐碱、风沙是流域普遍存在的自然灾害。塔里木流域的水资源利用与生态环境问题引起了国内外的广泛关注 ,根据对地下水、土壤水、植物生长与生态环境状况之间的定量关系研究 ,界定合理的生态水位 ,并应用植被耗水及定额法估算塔河流域、叶尔羌河流域、和田河流域及开都河—孔雀河流域 4源流区的生态需水量分别为 16 .18× 10 8m3,14.796×10 8m3,7.985 3× 10 8m3及 10 .4998× 10 8m3,干流区在 2 0 0 5年、2 0 10年及 2 0 30年 3个目标年的生态需水量分别为 31.85 9× 10 8m3,36 .2 72 3× 10 8m3及 41.0 35 5× 10 8m3。在国家实施西部大开发战略的进程中 ,探讨塔里木流域生态可持续的需水理论与模式 ,在目前及未来的区域社会经济发展中具有重大意义。

Abstract:Based on the principle of salt equilibrium in irrigation districts, the salt equilibrium of Weigan river irrigation district is analyzed by using measured data. The factors of affecting critical ratio of irrigation to drainage and the method of determining critical ratio of irrigation to drainage are also discussed profoundly. The results show that: (1) The conception of the ratio of irrigation to drainage is brief, embodies the characteristics of water conservation construction and irrigation agriculture, which can be used as the criterion of estimating the dynamics of moisture salt movement in plain oasis irrigation distract in arid area,and can also used as the scientific basis of management of irrigation and drainage ,planning and designing.(2)Critical ratio of irrigation to drainage is related to the irrigation water volume, drainage water volume ,salt content of irrigation water and drainage water and so on. The critical ratio of irrigation to drainage for Weigan river, Kuche county , Xinhe county, Shaya county are 10.8,6.55,20.99,21.48, respectively. If there is no special topography, the critical ratio of irrigation to drainage in oasis irrigation distract in arid area is about 21. (3) The seepage is necessary to leach salt, carrying out calculating of water balance, making irrigation schedule and managing the irrigation and drainage .At the same time, the drainage systems need improving to have the irrigation district operated under the condition that actual ratio of irrigation to drainage is less then critical ratio of irrigation to drainage.

Abstract:What type vegetation should be chosen in the process of vegetation construction in arid and semi arid regions is an inevitable and often disputable topic. Five kinds of plant and two kinds of artificial windproof materials were used to observe on the difference of capacity of reducing wind velocity in windy days in the spring. Result shows that the order of these materials on reducing wind velocity is Artemisia ordosica>Achnatherum splendens>Hedysarum mongolicum andPycnostelma lateriflorm>grid sand obstacle>split rail>Salix matsudana. The ratio of wind velocity reduced by Artemisia ordosica is the biggest which reaches almost 50% and Salix matsudana is the smallest almost equal zero. As regard to the three life form type of windproof materials tree, shrub and grass, the order is shrub>grass>tree. By this, the conclusion that shrub and grass vegetation should take a preferential place in vegetation construction of arid and semi arid regions.

Abstract:This study employs both natural and social sciences methods. Based on a series of data collected by the field investigation, analysis in laboratory and social economic data, the environmental problems and its main influencing factors along the coast of Guangdong province was discussed. The results indicate that red soil environment in the coast had 3 important problems,which were soil degradation and pollution, soil erosion and soil hazard,the main influencing factors were the physical and chemical properties and mineral composition of red soil, climate and meteorologic changes and man made activities. The human activity was result in deterioration in red soil environment today.

Abstract:Urban landscape in Shenzhen was affected by numerous exposed hill pits. Applying the methods of expert estimation and comprehensive assessment, by the support of the Geographic Information System (GIS), landscape impact degree of the pit was analysed. The results showed that the major facts notably influencing landscape impact degree are traffic (T), visual area (A) and distance of vision (D). Among the factors, traffic is dominating. LID based on the combinations of different factor values provided the scientific basis for the soil and water conservation and ecological environment construction of the pit.

Abstract:The soil permeability characteristics of shelter forest in silting coastal area is studied. The results are as follows:Soil permeability rate changed very much even in the same stand and in different plots. The primary permeability rate of forest land was very high, which can absorb a lot of precipitation. Whereas the stable permeability rate might be less than that of bare land. Soil permeability process of forest land followed logarithm curve and the correlation coefficient reached significant level. In addition, the permeability rate was mainly determined by content of organic matter and non capillary porosity in soil.

Abstract:By different diameter rairdrops splashing loess soil experiment, effects of kinetic energy of different raindrops, shope gradient, soil moisture on starting time and amont of splashing were discussed. The selecting roles of single raindrop or soil particles splashed was analysed.

Abstract:The ecological water demand by the river system is the least water which maintains the natural ecological structure and the function of the river, having the characteristics of spatially and the timely evolution. It includes the water demand by the watercourse system (including the water transferring sand and the evaporation from water surface) and by the floodplain land. The ecological water demand by the water course system is 44.43 % of average yearly runoff and the ecological water demand by the floodplain land is 1.687 billion being 28.02 % of the total precipitation. The effective countermeasures must be planed to control the exploitation of the water in east Liaohe river basin.

Abstract:利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对我国不同降雨量等级下的土壤侵蚀情况进行了分析 ,结果表明 ,轻度以上水蚀的百分比和水蚀综合指数的最高值都出现在降雨量为 2 5 0～ 40 0 m m的半干旱、农牧交错区的带上 ,分别为 5 5 .7%和 182。风蚀综合指数、冻融侵蚀综合指数和土壤侵蚀综合指数的最高值分别为 6 40 ,192和 44 7,均出现在降雨量小于 2 0 0 mm的干旱地带上。在降雨量大于 16 0 0 mm的带上不存在冻融侵蚀。在湿润、潮湿和过湿的地带上主要以水蚀为主 ,均占 96 %以上。在半湿润地带上 ,水蚀也占优势 ,占 76 .1%。在半干旱地带上 ,水蚀、风蚀和冻融侵蚀接近于各占 30 %。在干旱地带上 ,以风蚀为主 ,占 5 8.6 %。

Abstract:A dual box system, consisting of a 2 m long feeder box and a 5 m long test box with 150 gradient was used to quantify effects of run on water and sediment on rill erosion process at down slope section and rill flow hydraulics parameters, as well as relationship of rill flow hydraulics parameters and sediment delivery by rill erosion. The results showed that detachment transport was dominated in rill erosion processes, runoff from up slope always caused additional sediment delivery in the rill box, the additional sediment delivery increased with a decrease of sediment concentration in runoff from the feeder box and an increase of rainfall intensity. Up slope runoff discharging into rill channel at down slope section or an increase of rainfall intensity resulted in that rill flow shifted from stratum flow into turbulent flow. Runoff from up slope had an important effect on rill flow hydraulics parameters, such as rill flow velocity, Reynolds number and Daycy weisbach coefficient. The relation between rill flow hydraulics parameters and additional sediment in rill channel caused by up slope runoff was analyzed. And a statistic model among the additional sediment in rill channel and relative increment of rill flow velocity and Reynolds number, as well as relative decrement of rill flow Daycy weisbach coefficient was established.

Abstract:The relationship for hydro dynamic parameters (flow regime, flow velocity, depth and friction factor) as a function of flow discharge and slope gradient was simulated by means of flume experiments. The results demonstrate that when flow depth is less than 0.316 cm, the flow is transitional flow. The flow change to turbulent when flow depth is large than 0.316cm. The flow velocity and depth are mainly controlled by flow discharge, simple linear function can be used for mean velocity and flow depth predicting. Slope gradient has no significant impact on both flow velocity and depth and has influence on friction factor at low flow discharge. However, as discharge increasing, the friction factor will be controlled by discharge again. All these results reveal that there is larger difference exiting in hydrodynamic properties between overland flow and open channel flow, and should be full considered in water erosion mechanism analyzing and model building.

Abstract:在分析南亚热带丘陵赤红壤降雨入渗和产流过程基础上 ,依据田间实测资料 ,建立了丘陵赤红壤降雨入渗产流数学模型 ,分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤地表径流的动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明 ,丘陵赤红壤区 ,4～ 9月每次降雨产生的径流量变化范围为 0 .2～ 5 1.0 4m m,径流率变化范围为 0 .5 6 %～ 47.5 8% ,10月至次年 3月一般不产生地表径流 ;地表径流量与降雨量拟合关系式为 R0 =0 .0 2 5 9.Pn1 .40 34 ,径流率与土壤表层初始含水量拟合关系式为 R′0 =9.8788W7.770 2 ,而降雨强度对径流量的影响要比降雨量、土壤表层初始含水量小得多。

Abstract:Based on 3-year continuous observations, the runoff characteristics of Pinus armandii man made plant community are researched, and the results are listed as follows: The season distribution of precipitation in the area is uneven, the rainfall of wet season (from Jun. to Oct.) accounts for 80% of yearly gross, the precipitation is mainly brought by rainfall with more than 10mm, and most of the rainfall intensities are less than 5.0mm/h. Monthly change tendency of runoff is similar to precipitation, and the relativity is preferable. The single rainfall obviously affect surface runoff (R=0.91), the critical single rainfall yielding surface runoff is 22.3mm. The surface runoff and subsurface runoff respectively account for 0.58% and 99.42% of total runoff, and the forest has obvious function of protecting water resources.

Abstract:在对延安市宝塔区人为松散堆积物来源及侵蚀状况调查的基础上 ,探讨了城市化建设开发造成的松散堆积物侵蚀与输移过程 ,指出松散堆积物由点源扩散—→线状输移—→集中汇聚 ,是延安市人为松散堆积物输移的主要过程。针对人为松散堆积物的这种侵蚀输移规律 ,借助图论的基本原理 ,提出了利用网络解析法对人为松散堆积物的侵蚀与输移进行评价和分析 ,以期对城市开发建设引发的人为松散堆积物的侵蚀评价有一定的理论依据和实际操作性。

Abstract:The impact of wind barrier of natural landform and wind barrier of artificial Hippophae rhamnoides on the plants restoration in flat of dumping site of opencast coal mine in the semi arid was investigated through the observations on the plants in the different sectors of dumping site, field experiment and laboratory analysis. The Huolinhe opencast coal mine was taken as an example in this research. The results showed that wind barrier of natural landform and wind barrier of artificial Hippophae rhamnoides not only play a role of wind proofing, but also improve physical and chemical characters of the soil,accelerate the growth of other plants,reduce water erosion, speed up the processes of plant restoration and ecological rehabilitation in the dumping site.

Abstract:The influence of different forage planting model in red soil hills on soil and water conservation and environments was studied. The results with three years research showed that planting forage could reduce significantly runoff and soil loss, intercept rain water, enhance soil moisture content, decrease soil surface temperature in hot period, enhance soil organic matter content thus improve soil fertility. However, planting warm season grass in terraced orchard will affect fruit growth in hot and dry season. Forages in orchard should be legume species with shallow root system such as Lotononis or cool season species that is dormant in summer. Planting forage on terrace ridge of crop plot had little effect on controlling soil and water loss, contrarily it resulted in competition with crop and reduced area planted crop thus reduced yield, so it is not befitting.

Abstract:总结了作者近 10多年来在水土保持和作物栽培中所做的研究工作 ,在分析研究川中丘陵坡耕地水土流失状况基础上 ,提出了一套既有益于水土保持 ,又能提高作物产量 ,提高农户经济收益的工程措施和农耕措施 ,对今后如何协调川中丘陵坡耕地水土保持与农业生产的发展有重要指导意义。

Abstract:根据长武试区 1986～ 1995年的统计资料并结合田间试验 ,对黄土旱塬麦田生态系统的主要物质 (氮、磷、钾 )循环及平衡特征进行了较为系统的分析。结果表明 ,农田中养分的流动量大 ,流通途径少 ,养分循环的开放性大 ,外循环规模大 ,内循环率小 ;系统养分平衡中 N基本保持收支平衡 ,K2 O入不敷出 ,P2 O5 输入大于输出 ;养分输入中 ,人工投入的化肥与有机肥是养分的主要来源 ,输出中 N主要集中于籽粒 ,K2 O主要集中于秸秆 ,P2 O5 主要残留于土壤中。指出在农业生产中 ,应采用秸秆还田以增加钾的投入 ,同时要增加氮肥投入尤其是有机肥的投入 ,而磷应以提高其有效性为主。

Abstract:趋势分析结果显示 ,河源涧区、风沙区、丘陵区各代表流域年径流量均在 1970年前后发生一致性改变 ,即从 1970年以来开始有明显的减少趋势 ,平均减流幅度 (与 195 9～ 196 9年径流相比 )以河源涧区 (大理河 )和丘陵区 (小理河 )最大 ,分别为 36 .33%和 36 .2 1% ,风沙区 (海流兔河 )最小 (2 0 .6 1% )。减流幅度的大小是各类型区下垫面状况、水土保持措施和治理程度、降雨量变化等多种因素综合作用的结果。借助适合于黄土高原降雨 -产流特性的月水量平衡改进模型 ,计算天然状态下降雨应有的产流量与同期实测径流量求得减水效果。结果表明 ,3个地貌类型区 70年代的减水效益没有明显差异 ,而在 80年代减水效果差异显著 ,丘陵区 (小理河 ,2 4.99% ) >风沙区 (海流兔河 ,17.2 8% ) >河源涧区 (大理河 ,13.13% )。上述结论为定量评价黄土高原生态环境建设对黄河水资源及水环境演变的影响提供了数据基础。

Abstract:The nitrate nitroge horizontal transport of mainly paddy soil(Wushan soil) in Tai Lake area was studied. The results were as follows: The concentration of nitrate nitroge in horizontal transport decreased with the increasing distance of the tracer source and changed with logarithm function. The transport concentration of the nitrate nitroge was in a sharp positive relation with the soil moisture content and changed with exponential function. The horizontal transport velocity of nitrate nitroge was significant relation with the distance of the tracer source in power function. Therefore, the velocity of nitrate nitroge horizontal transport was controlled both by the concentration gradient and soil water potential gradient from begin to 20 cm in horizontal soil column. It was stable after 20 cm, which was controlled by soil matric potential.

Abstract:Different inorganic phosphorus forms (Ads-P,Al-P,Fe-P,Obs-P and Ca-P) of soil taken from Xianghai wetland were analyzed. Ca-P was found to be the major component of the total inorganic phosphorus and found that its content in each soil layer was highest. Except Ads-P, the content of all the other forms of inorganic phosphorus decreased with the depth of soil increasing. The results also show that Al-P,Fe-P and Obs-P were influenced significantly by pH, and pH and them had significant negative correlation, however, Ads-P and Ca-P were not almost affected by pH.

Abstract:The results showed that coal gangue obstruction can greatly improve the soil properties of sandy land,such as the silt content and soil moisture can be sharply increased, the soil structure can be improved. The soil organic matter,total N,available P,K can be increased by 2.65,2.66,1.30 and 1.24 times of the control respectively. In addition,the size of the coal gangue has notable effects on the soil fertility and moisture.

Abstract:The effectively controlling soil and water loss and expediting eco environment build is an urgent strategic task, which is closely related with soil and water conservation and west China exploitation. By systematic researches, the concept of soil and water conservation validity involving into definition, effective factors, appraising indexes and implementing way, was firstly put forward.

Abstract:利用航天飞机 SIR- A,SIR- B,SIR- C/ X- SAR以及雷达卫星 Radarsat Scan SAR和陆地资源卫星L andsat TM等多源遥感数据对吉兰泰盐湖沙侵的物源地、来向、流沙通道与受害情况进行动态监测与分析 ,结果表明 :吉兰泰盐湖沙害是外来沙而非自生沙 ,吉兰泰盐湖从干盐湖中期直接向沙下湖阶段发展 ,是西北自然干旱环境背景与当地人为因素对环境影响共同促成的 ;通过多源遥感分析 ,首次明确揭示了吉兰泰盐湖沙害物质来源于雅玛雷克沙条带 ,其流沙通道为切割巴音乌拉山的干 (古 )河道 ;通过 TM两个时相对比分析表明 ,1988～1997年植树种草和向盐湖注水提高卤水水位的“盐湖补水与沙害治理一体化工程”取得了明显效果 ,沙害面积减少了 5 / 6 ,从原来受害面积 30 km2 减少为不足 5 km2 ,表明了人为因素在脆弱的环境动态变化中的重要作用

Abstract:通过特殊泥石流试验装置 ,对泥石流梁式格栅坝拦砂性能进行研究 ,初步得到 :梁式格栅坝有全部闭塞、临时闭塞、半闭塞、未闭塞 4种闭塞类型。当梁间距 b与泥石流体中最大颗粒粒径 dm ax之比 b/ dmax≤ 1.0时 ,格栅坝基本闭塞 ;b/ dmax≥ 1.5时 ,格栅坝未闭塞 ;1.0