［Objective］Studying the impact of extreme climate change on vegetation in the Red River basin at different time scales is of great significance for the protection and adaptive management of watershed ecosystems in the context of climate change.［Methods］Based on NDVI data from 1982 to 2022 and daily meteorological data from 38 weather stations，16 extreme climate indices were calculated using the RClimDex model. Trend detection and partial correlation analysis were used to investigate the response characteristics of NDVI to extreme climate events at annual，seasonal，and monthly scales.［Results］1）The annual average NDVI in the Red River basin was 0.68，showing a significant upward trend at a rate of 0.035 per decade（p<0.01，R²=0.78）. Spatially，NDVI exhibited a distribution pattern of "high in the south，low in the north，and high in the west，low in the east". 2）Extreme high-temperature events increased in both frequency and intensity， while among the extreme precipitation indices，only the consecutive wet days decreased significantly at a rate of 0.42 day per decade， indicating an overall warming and drying trend in the basin. 3）The increase in extreme warm indices significantly promoted vegetation growth，while the increase in extreme cold indices had a significant inhibitory effect on vegetation. The diurnal temperature range（DTR）showed a positive correlation with NDVI at a short-term scale and a negative inhibiting effect on NDVI at a long-term scale. Most extreme precipitation indices were significantly positively correlated with NDVI at the annual scale，while they mostly exhibited negative correlations at the seasonal and monthly scales.［Conclusion］There are significant differences in the response of vegetation NDVI to extreme climate indices across different time scales. Overall，temperature plays a dominant role in the dynamic changes of vegetation，with extreme temperature contributing more significantly to NDVI changes than extreme precipitation，while vegetation exhibits good adaptability to extreme precipitation events.