［Objective］From the perspective of soil phosphorus（P）bioavailability in dryland soils，this study evaluated the effects of different P application rates and methods on soil P bioavailability and winter wheat P uptake and utilization ，aiming to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing P fertilization modes to enhance yield and P-use efficiency on the Loess Plateau.［Methods］Using the wheat variety "Changhan 58" as the test material， a two-factor experiment was implemented. The experiment included three P（P₂O₅）application rates，0（P0），60 （P60）and 120 kg/hm²（P120），and two application methods，broadcast application（S）and strip application （T）. The study investigated the effects of P application rate and method on soil P fractions，winter wheat yield， biomass，P uptake，and P-use efficiency. The impact of changes in soil P bioavailability on yield formation and P-fertilizer efficiency was analyzed.［Results］Under both application methods，winter wheat yield，biomass，and P uptake significantly increased with increasing P application rate. Under the broadcast method，the P120 treatment significantly increased the yield，biomass，and P uptake by 22.69%，29.57% and 157.06%，respectively， compared to P0；these increases were 15.56%，14.92% and 31.84%，respectively，compared to the P60 treatment. Similarly，under the strip application method，P120 significantly increased the yield，biomass，and P uptake by 38.77%，43.57% and 133.54%，respectively，compared to P0；these increases were 17.98%，23.67% and 34.26%，respectively，compared to P60. At different P application rates，strip application improved the yield， P-fertilizer partial productivity and agronomic efficiency，compared to the broadcast application method；under P120， these increases were 13.11%， 13.24% and 128.71%， respectively， with significant differences. Phosphorus application significantly increased soil total P（TP），available P（AP），hydrochloric acid-extractable P（HCl-P），enzyme-extractable P（Enzyme-P），calcium chloride-extractable P（CaCl₂-P），and microbial biomass P（MBP）contents；compared to the broadcast application，the strip application significantly increased Enzyme-P and MBP contents，which were the highest under P120. The distribution of AP in the soil under strip application better matched the root growth pattern of winter wheat. Correlation analysis revealed that winter wheat yield was significantly positively correlated with AP and strongly positively correlated with TP，MBP，HCl-P， and Enzyme-P.［Conclusion］Phosphorus fertilization significantly increases soil P content and availability. Strip application improves the distribution of available P，facilitating nutrient uptake by winter wheat and increasing yield，P uptake，and P-use efficiency. The application of 120 kg/hm² via strip application is a more effective mode for achieving high yield and agronomic P efficiency.