Taking the chestnut forest in Miyun District of Beijing as the research object, plant measures, engineering measures, and plant + engineering measures were set up to analyze the impact of different single and combined soil and water conservation measures on the runoff and sediment yield and the relationship between runoff and sediment on the slope, with the aim of providing scientific basis for the formulation of soil and water conservation measures in chestnut forests in Miyun District. The results showed that in terms of plant measures, the runoff and sediment reduction rate of Selaginella tamariscina treatment was 62.8% and 88.3%, respectively. The reduction effect of runoff and sediment of S. tamariscina treatment was better than that of coconut silk blanket, Cynodon dactylon and Zoysia japonica treatment. In terms of engineering measures, the runoff and sediment reduction rate of level terrace treatment was 83.2% and 92.9%, respectively, which was higher than that of fish-scale pits treatment. In terms of the combined measures, the runoff and sediment reduction rate of level terrace + S. tamariscina treatment was 86.7% and 96.1%, respectively, indicating the best effect of soil erosion prevention and control. The impact of different measures on runoff and sediment also depended on rainfall amount and intensity. In summary, the combined measures plant + engineering measures had slightly stronger control effects of runoff and sediment than engineering measures, but the difference was not significant. Therefore, on the basis of comprehensive consideration of economic and ecological benefits, it was recommended that engineering measures should be adopted to prevent and control soil and water loss in chestnut forests in this study area. Specifically, level terrace should be taken as the main soil and water conservation measures in the study area.