To analyze runoff and sediment change of flood event in the Chabagou watershed under the condition of large-scale vegetation restoration plays an important role in revealing the evolution law of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau and the regulation of runoff and sediment in the Yellow River. Based on 101 flood events, combined with NDVI and rainfall data, the paper analyzed runoff and sediment characteristics of flood event in Chabagou watershed during different ecological construction periods, and selected two typical flood events for comparison to reveal the relationship between sediment transport and runoff erosion energy. The results showed that the average runoff amount of flood event in Period Ⅱ was 1.86 times that of Period I, but the average sediment yield was only 0.52 times. In the four peak discharge classifications, the average sediment transport modulus of flood event in Period I was significantly higher than that in Period Ⅱ. Compared with the flood event NO.2, the runoff and sediment transport process of NO.100 in Period Ⅱ showed good synchronization, and the flood duration was longer. In addition, the peak flow and peak sediment transport were significantly lower. The sediment transport modulus of flood event in both periods I and Ⅱ increased with the increase of runoff erosion power, but the sediment transport modulus in Period Ⅱ was lower than that in Period I. The results showed that large-scale vegetation restoration played a more significant role in regulating sediment transport of flood event than runoff in typical watershed on the Loess Plateau.