The Yellow River Basin Economic Belt is an important economic corridor in the north of China. Scientific assessment of the performance level of the ecological environment of the Yellow River Basin Economic belt and improvement of the ecological and environmental quality of the nine provinces along the Yellow River Basin were one of the important measures to achieve the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin economic belt. In this paper, ecological environment quality assessment, ecological efficiency assessment and other research methods were used to evaluate the assessment of ecological environment quality, ecological efficiency and green total factor productivity from 2012 to 2017. The results showed that the ecological environment performance level of the Yellow River Basin economic belt presented a trend of increasing from a low level. The nine provinces along the Yellow River had obvious differences in eco-environmental quality and eco-efficiency system layer, and the upstream region was the best. In the ecological efficiency system layer, the ecological efficiency in the middle and lower reaches was the best and stable. The research results proposed to accelerate the implementation of the Yellow River Strategy from the three aspects of ecosystem restoration function, industrial green development and the improvement of the top-level system design of ecological environment, so as to improve the ecological and environmental performance of the Yellow River Basin economic belt.