In order to reveal the response characteristics of surface soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) components to long-term addition of N and aboveground litter treatment in semi-arid sandy grassland ecosystem, a long-term (9-year) N addition and litter treatment sample plot established by the National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station in the southwest of Horqin Sandy Land was taken as the platform. The surface soil environmental factors, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total organic carbon (TOC) and different C and N components were measured and analyzed. The results showed that: (1) There was no interaction between surface soil biochemical factors and different C and N properties during 9 years of N addition and aboveground litter treatment. (2) The N addition treatment significantly reduced soil pH (p<0.01), significantly increased soil nitrate nitrogen content (p<0.05) by 37.57%, and the contents of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and labile organic nitrogen (LON) were significantly increased (p<0.01, p<0.05). (3) The treatment of aboveground litter removal significantly reduced the contents of TOC, intermediate organic carbon (IOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) (p<0.05). (4) After 9 years of N addition and aboveground litter treatment, there was no close correlation between different C and N components and soil environmental factors in semi-arid sandy grassland. The above results showed that long-term addition of N and aboveground litter could change the contents of different C and N components in the surface soil, but did not significantly change the ratio of each C and N component. This study provides a reference for revealing the effects of long-term addition of N and aboveground litter treatment on soil C and N storage and predicting future soil biogeochemical element dynamics in sandy grassland in semi-arid region.