The implementation of Grain to Green Program (GTGP) significantly affects the physicochemical properties of the soil on the Loess Plateau, which may influence the soil erodibility. However, the response of soil erodibility to GTGP and its regional characteristics across the Loess Plateau were still unclear. Accordingly, with cultivated land as the control, the soil physicochemical properties of three types of reclaimed farmland (forest, shrub land and grassland) in four rainfall zones (200~300, 300~400, 400~500, >500 mm) on the Loess Plateau were studied through field investigation and laboratory analysis. The EPIC model was used to estimate soil erodibility and analyze the effects of different conversion types on soil erodibility in different areas of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that in the whole Loess Plateau, the soil organic carbon content of 0—20 cm of GTGP increased by 1.22~2.83 g/kg, and the soil organic carbon content of forest, shrub, and grassland increased by 1.70, 1.72 and 2.72 g/kg, respectively. In the Loess Plateau, there were significant differences in the clay particles between grassland and farmland within the rainfall zone of 200~300 mm, but there were no significant differences in the clay particles, silt particles and sand particles among different types of converted farmland in the rainfall zone of 300~400, 400~500 and >500 mm. Soil erodibility before and after GTGP on the Loess Plateau showed a decreasing trend from 0.012 4 to 0.011 5 (t·hm²·h)/(hm²·MJ·mm), respectively, but the difference was not significant, and there was no significant difference in soil erodibility among forest, shrub, grassland and cultivated land. Overall, the GTGP greatly enhanced the soil organic carbon content, but had no effect on soil particle composition and soil erodibility. The results can provide a scientific basis for predicting soil erosion on the Loess Plateau after GTGP.