Microaggregates are the basic unit of soil aggregate structure and have stronger stability than large aggregates. Their formation and stability play a decisive role in the long-term sequestration of soil organic carbon. Current studies on the formation and stability of microaggregates mainly focus on agricultural soils. Studies on soil aggregate stability, organic carbon distribution and microbial community characteristics after vegetation restoration in red eroded soil are also mainly concentrated on macroaggregates. However, the dynamic changes and their main influencing factors of soil microaggregates remain unclear, and the internal mechanism is still lack of understanding. In this paper, the formation process and stability of soil microaggregates were summarized, and the effects of litter, roots and mycorrhizal on the formation and stability of soil microaggregates were reviewed. It was expounded that microbial community, chemical combined organic carbon and organic carbon structure in soil microaggregates were important mechanisms for soil organic carbon stability, and the research direction of microaggregates in the later stage was put forward, in order to reveal the biochemical mechanism of the formation and stability of microaggregate in the forest restoration process of red eroded soil, and to provide a reference for further clarifying the coupling effect of organic matter, soil aggregate structure microbe and chemistry, and the mechanism of forest soil carbon sequestration.