Glyphosate herbicides are essential materials in agricultural production, but excessive use can lead to a large amount of glyphosate and its derivatives remaining in soil, posing a threat to the ecological environment. By systematically elaborating the migration and transformation process of glyphosate in the environment, as well as its effects on soil organisms and environmental quality, the toxic effects of glyphosate on soil earthworms and microbial communities, the synergistic effects of glyphosate with other soil pollutants, and the changes in soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus biogeochemical cycles driven by glyphosate were emphatically analyzed. At the same time, the deficiencies of the current research were pointed out, and the focus of the next research was put forward: (1) Strengthen the study on the degradation mechanisms and influencing factors of glyphosate, and screen for more efficient degrading microbial strains to improve the degradation efficiency of glyphosate and the ability to remediate glyphosate-contaminated environments. (2) To carry out regular monitoring and risk assessment of glyphosate in agricultural environments, map out the migration pathways of glyphosate in karst areas, explore the adsorption and removal ability of glyphosate in karst geology, so as to better evaluate the carbon sequestration stability of karst geology and the safety of aquatic ecosystems. (3) By using enzyme stoichiometry and other research methods, the conversion rate, flux, and coupling relationship between glyphosate and microbial metabolism, nutritional requirements, and environmental effects in the soil can be explored.