To investigate the availability of soil phosphorus under different vegetation types in red soil erosion area, in this paper, four planting cover types of bare land (CK), coniferous forest (CF), coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (CB) and broadleaved forest (BF) were selected from the National Positioning Observation and Research Station of red soil Hilly Ecosystem in Changting, Fujian Province. The forms of iron oxides and phosphorus (P) were determined, and the P solubilizing bacteria (PSM) were determined by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that with the change of vegetation type, the content of moderately active P increased, the content of low active P decreased, and the content of free iron oxide (Fe_d) decreased gradually. The richness and diversity of P solubilizing bacteria increased with the change of vegetation type. At the level of phylum classification, the dominant groups were mainly Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus and so on. The contents of Proteobacteria and acid P increased with the change of vegetation type, and there was a extremely significant positive correlation between Proteobacteria and ACP. In conclusion, with the change of vegetation type, stable P gradually transforms to available P, and soil potential P sources increase. The reduction of free iron oxide content is beneficial to the desorption and mineralization of organophosphorus, which increases the availability of P. The changes in the community structure type and diversity of P solubilizing bacteria are affected by the physical and chemical properties of soil. Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms can hydrolyze organic compounds and degrade inorganic P fixed in soil by secreting acid P, thus improving the availability of P.