In order to understand the temporal and spatial changes of extreme climate in Guizhou Province and its impact on NDVI of vegetation, the extreme climate index of Guizhou Province from 1961 to 2020 was analyzed by combining box chart, correlation analysis, Sen+MK and other methods. The results show that: (1) The change range of night index is larger than that of day index, the extreme high temperature index is increasing, the extreme low temperature index is decreasing, and the climate is warming as a whole. Except that the SU25 (summer days) in Chishui River Basin decreased significantly by -0.08 d/a, the high temperature index increased significantly in other basins, while the low temperature index decreased significantly. (2) The change range of magnitude index is larger than that of intensity index. The annual total precipitation is decreasing, but the heavy precipitation and extremely heavy precipitation events are increasing; The intensity index in the central and southern Panjiang River Basin failed to pass the significance test, and the magnitude index had the largest change rate in the Yuanjiang River Basin. (3) The low values of temperature and precipitation persistence index are concentrated in Niulan River and Hengjiang River Basin; CSDI (cold duration index), WSDI (heat duration index) and CDD (continuous drying index) failed to pass the significance test; GSL (crop growth period) increased significantly at 0.26 d/a. (4) In recent 21 years, extreme high temperature index mainly promoted vegetation growth and was most affected by TN90P (warm night days); The extreme low temperature index was mainly inhibited and was most affected by TN10P (cold night days); The temperature persistence index is mainly promoted and is most affected by WSDI. Among the extreme precipitation indexes, the precipitation intensity and magnitude indexes are mainly promoted and are most affected by R25 mm (days above heavy rain) and R99P (extremely strong precipitation). The precipitation persistence index is mainly inhibited and is greatly affected by CDD (continuous drying index).