The ecological buffer zone can effectively intercept and control the migration of non-point source pollutants into the water body. Alfalfa, tall fescue, sweet clover, Kentucky bluegrass and ryegrass were selected to construct a simulated ecological buffer zone. Through an artificial runoff simulation experiment, the effects of ecological buffer zone on the inhibition and control effect of fluoride ion in runoff under the different conditions, including different vegetation types, pollutant inflow concentrations, ecological buffer zone slopes and biochar types were discussed. The results showed that the ecological buffer zone of Kentucky bluegrass had the best effect on the inhibition and control of fluoride in runoff. When the flow was 0.5 L/min, the inflow concentration was 4 mg/L and the slope was 5°, the inhibition and control efficiency of fluoride concentration was 13.1% and the quality inhibition and control efficiency was 92.6%. When the flow rate was 0.5 L/min, the inflow concentration was 8 mg/L and the slope was 5°, the concentration resistance control efficiency was 20.6% and the mass resistance control efficiency was 96.4%. This means the smaller the slope, the better effect of ecological buffer zone on fluoride inhibition and control. When the flow was 0.5 L/min, the inflow concentration was 4 mg/L and the slope was 5°, the runoff inhibition and control efficiency of the ecological buffer zone was improved by adding corn straw biochar, especially the sweet clover buffer zone, whose surface runoff inhibition and control efficiency was increased by 23.8%.