The effects of different phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the dynamics and distribution of soil P availability and the maize P uptake and yield were studied by the simulation experiments and field experiments. Both experiments included 4 P fertilizers application treatments respectively, which were control (no phosphate fertilizer), MAP (monoammonium phosphate), UP (urea phosphate), and AAP (water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate). In the simulation experiments, the available P contents in soil were increased by different P fertilizers, and the highest P content was observed in the APP applied soil of 10-15 cm. Under the general nutrient input and management level, soil acidification was found in all three P fertilizers treatments, of which UP gave the most significance. In the field experiment, the available P content in soil treated by APP was higher in deep soil at the late growing period of maize, and the pH value of soil treated by UP was lower, both of which were conducive to improving soil P supply capacity and improving soil available P content. The APP application had a significant promoting effect on root development, resulting in the highest P content and P absorption in maize tissues and the highest yield (14.40 t/hm²). Among the three P fertilizers, APP mobility was relatively better, resulting in the increased contents of available P in the deep soil, which could be conducive to root growth and nutrient absorption, and improving maize yield. Therefore, APP is a kind of P fertilizer suitable for maize water and fertilizer management.