Based on analyzing of the evolution processes of ecological environment in the Tarim river basin, the water and land resources development in the human history period, especially since recent 50 years, has led to imbalance of water conditions maintaining ecological environment of upper and lower reaches, vegetation degradation and rapidly developing of desertification, which have threatened the sustainable development of society and economy in the Tarim basin. So far carrying out the comprehensive rehabilitation of environment of the Tarim river basin is urgent and timely. Taking the control engineering measures of "harnessing upper reaches, reforming the middle reaches and rescuing the lower reaches", and adjusting and controlling allocation of water resources in the basin, can ameliorate the desert forests along the rivers and ensure transporting a certain volume of water to lower reaches to renew the ecology of the green corridor. Meanwhile it is necessary to take a set of radical measures of soil and water conservation in the arid region taking a whole watershed as a unit to make water resources in the watershed circulated and reproduced, to protect land resources for forever utilization of human being. The several proposals of making soil and water conservation well in the near future are put forward based on the reality of the Tarim river basin finally.