[Objective] To gain a deeper understanding of the pattern of groundwater changes in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in sandy areas, as well as the driving mechanisms of climate change and anthropogenic activities. [Methods] The groundwater depth of P. sylvestris plantation in the sandy land from 2018 to 2023 was studied, and the groundwater depth of sandy grassland was used as the control. The groundwater depth of P. sylvestris plantation on the southern edge of the Horqin Sandy Land and its response to climate change and anthropogenic activities were analyzed by using methods including double cumulative curve method, grey correlation method, sensitivity analysis, relative contribution rate method, and cumulative anomaly method.[Results] During the 6-year period, groundwater depth in P. sylvestris plantation on the southern edge of the sandy land showed a decreasing trend（0.385 m/a）. The influence of various meteorological factors on groundwater depth was ranked as: precipitation＜relative humidity＜evaporation＜average temperature. The sensitivity of groundwater depth to these factors was ranked as relative humidity＜evaporation＜average temperature＜precipitation. The contribution rate of various factors to groundwater depth was ranked as average temperature＜evaporation＜precipitation＜relative humidity. According to the cumulative anomaly method, 2020 was identified as a year of abrupt changes in meteorological factors. Climate change reduced groundwater depth and variability in the study area. P. sylvestris plantation increased groundwater depth during dry years and decreased it during wet years. [Conclusion] Both climatic factors and anthropogenic activities collectively influence groundwater depth in the study area. There are significant differences in the impact of different meteorological factors on groundwater depth. Abrupt climate changes and P. sylvestris plantation can alter the hydrological regime of groundwater.