[Objective]This study investigates the variation characteristics of soil organic carbon components and their stability in arid river valley regions, identifies the factors influencing these components and their stability, and provides a foundation for the systematic management of carbon sequestration and emission reduction in ecologically fragile areas.[Methods]Soils from the 0-30 cm depth of different slope aspects (shady slope, sunny slope, semi-shady slope, semi-sunny slope) and different slope positions (lower slope, middle slope, upper slope) in the arid river valley of Bomi, Tibet, were selected as the research subjects. The physicochemical properties, soil organic carbon, and its component contents were measured.[Results](1) The SOC content in north-facing slopes ranged from 11.37 to 34.74 g/kg, which was 55%, 138%, and 292% higher than that in semi-shady, semi-sunny, and south-facing slopes, respectively. The SOC content decreased along the slope positions, with the distribution order being lower slope (17.29 g/kg) > middle slope (13.42 g/kg) > upper slope (9.73 g/kg).(2) SOC components, including particulate organic carbon, easily oxidized organic carbon, mineral-associated organic carbon, and soluble organic carbon, all showed an increasing trend from south-facing to north-facing slopes. In contrast, SOC components exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing slope position.(3) The stability of SOC in north-facing slopes ranged from 54.3% to 62.1%, which was 6%, 12%, and 30% higher than that in semi-shady, semi-sunny, and south-facing slopes, respectively. The stability of SOC varied among slope positions in the order of lower slope (38.1%–62.1%) > middle slope (36.9%–59.9%) > upper slope (37.6%–58.7%).(4) Correlation analysis indicated that total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and particle size distribution significantly influenced SOC components. Total nitrogen, mineral-associated organic carbon, and soluble organic carbon significantly affected SOC stability. Redundancy analysis revealed that soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, carbon-nitrogen ratio, and clay content were the main factors influencing SOC components and their stability under different slope aspects and positions.[Conclusion]The results indicate that both slope aspect and slope position have a significant impact on soil organic carbon components and their stability, with soil nitrogen content and particle size composition being the primary influencing factors. These findings provide a scientific basis for the scientific management of arid river valleys and the implementation of regional carbon neutrality strategies.