[Objective] This study aims to monitor the fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) in the Chaohu Basin and analyze the spatial heterogeneity of its influencing factors, providing scientific support for environmental protection and water resource management in the region. [Methods] The FVC from 2000 to 2023 in the Chaohu Basin was calculated using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The Theil-Sen Median slope estimator, Mann-Kendall trend test, coefficient of variation, and Hurst index were applied to analyze the variation characteristics and trends. The geographic detector and Multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) were used to explore the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation temporal and spatial changes and their influencing factors, with results visualized. [Results] (1) The area proportion of FVC > 0.4 in the Chaohu Basin is 60.96%. Over the 24 years, FVC showed an upward trend, with 58.21% of the area improving overall. However, there is a potential risk of FVC degradation in the future. (2) The geographic detector analysis indicated that all influencing factors were significantly related to FVC. Interaction detection revealed that the interaction of two factors significantly enhanced the explanatory power for FVC. (3) MGWR results showed that different influencing factors had significant spatial variations in their effects on vegetation in the Chaohu Basin. (4) Different influencing factors showed varying scales of impact on FVC in the Chaohu Basin, with GDP, sunlight duration, and elevation as global variables, and other factors as local variables. [Conclusions] This study effectively reveals the spatial heterogeneity of different influencing factors, providing quantitative and theoretical support for ecological protection in the Chaohu Basin and promoting sustainable development in the region.