[Objective] Aggregates serve as crucial indicators of soil fertility, and their stability directly influences the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil. Under salinization and alkalization conditions, aggregates are impacted by the high salinity and strong alkalinity of the soil, which readily give rise to soil structure degradation and functional deterioration, severely constraining agricultural production. [Methods] This article aims to summarize the disparities in aggregates between saline - alkali soil and non - saline - alkali soil, analyze the factors influencing the formation and stability of aggregates under salinization and alkalization circumstances, and explore the methods and strategies for enhancing the aggregate structure in saline - alkali soil, as well as how research on non - saline - alkali soil aggregates can enlighten that of saline - alkali soil. [Results] Comprehensive analysis indicates that the saline - alkali environment undermines the soil structure, reduces microbial diversity and activity, resulting in a decrease in the quantity of large aggregates, an increase in the proportion of micro - aggregates, and poor stability of aggregates. In non - saline - alkali soil, both the number of large aggregates and micro - aggregates are relatively high, with a distinct distribution hierarchy, rich biodiversity, and high stability of aggregates, mainly attributed to the abundant organic matter content and vigorous microbial activities. [Conclusion] To improve the aggregate structure of saline - alkali soil, it is necessary to comprehensively employ hydraulic, physical, chemical, and biological measures to lower the soil salinity and alkalinity content, regulate the pH value, ameliorate the soil structure, enhance the water retention capacity, and increase the nutrient availability. Future research should focus on developing new technical approaches for assessing the aggregate structure, optimizing the improvement techniques, integrating multi - scale data, etc., to facilitate the gradual improvement of the characteristics of saline - alkali soil and the sustainable development of agriculture.