A study on the spatial and temporal patterns of water erosion dynamic factors and their responses to atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns in the Chinese Mollisol region is crucial for preventing and controlling soil erosion in the context of frequent extreme precipitation events. Four water erosion dynamic factors, rainfall erosivity (R), heavy rainfall (R50p), very wet day precipitation (R95p), and the maximum five-day rainfall (R5d), were selected to address the spatial and temporal patterns of the water erosion dynamic factors in the Chinese Mollisol region over the past 61 years and to elucidate the impacts of atmospheric and ocean circulation patterns on these factors based on daily rainfall data from 1960 to 2020. The research methods included the moving average, wavelet analysis, Sen"s method and Mann-Kendall test. The results showed that the annual rainfall erosivity R varied from 1145.36 to 3575.94 MJ.mm /(hm2^{.h.a), heavy rainfall amount} R50p from 73.17 to 197.86 mm, very wet day precipitation R95p from 265.81 to 566.35 mm, and maximum five-day rainfall R5d from 69.67 to 124.95 mm in the Chinese Mollisol region from 1960 to 2000. These water erosion dynamic factors in the study region did not show a significantly increasing trends over the past 61 years, but a noticeable upward trend was observed after 2015, which hinted that potential risk of water erosion could rise in the near future. Moreover, the water erosion dynamic factors displayed with a main cycle of approximately 44 years and a secondary cycle of 29 years, and they went through two oscillatory processes with high and low levels without abrupt changes. The spatial distributions of these water erosion dynamic factor showed high values in the south and central parts, and low values in the north, east, and west parts; the highest values occurred in the Changbai-Wanda hilly area; while the lowest values were in the Hulunbeier hilly plain area. In addition, the East Asian Summer Monsoon Index (EASMI) was the most important circulation pattern influencing the water erosion dynamic factors, while the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) could indirectly affect the water erosion dynamic factors in the Chinese Mollisol region by influencing the East Asian summer monsoon. The superposition of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Index and the South China Sea Monsoon Index (EASMI-SCSSMI) had the most significant impact on water erosion dynamic factors (DPSAC>5%); while three circulation patterns of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Index, the South China Sea Monsoon Index, and the Multivariate ENSO Index only significantly affected rainfall erosivity R (DPSAC>5%). The factors that influence the spatial and temporal patterns of water erosion dynamics in the Chinese Mollisol region include topography, East Asian summer monsoon, and South Asian summer monsoon, etc. Additionally, it is essential to be aware of the potential water erosion that may occur due to the rebound of water erosion dynamics after 2014.