Abstract:[Objective] Soil structural stability is important for soil quality, fertility, crop productivity, and ecological integrity. To evaluate the dynamic evolution of soil microstructure stability during vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau, soil samples from four stages of vegetation succession in the Ziwuling forest region were examined. [Methods] Utilizing the amplitude scanning test method, soil shear strength and viscoelastic parameters were assessed under various matrix potentials (0, -3, -10kPa). Correlation analyses between these parameters and soil physicochemical properties were conducted. [Results] Soil shear strength and viscoelasticity exhibited an increasing trend with advancing vegetation succession stages, attributed primarily to soil organic carbon, exchangeable Ca2+, and sand content, along with reduced Na+ during vegetation recovery. This augmentation contributed to enhanced interparticle adhesion and frictional forces. Soil shear strength parameters exhibited a positive correlation with exchangeable Ca2+ and sand content, particularly under high matrix potential conditions, whereas no significant correlations were observed under low matrix potential conditions. Notably, soil shear strength parameters showed a significant positive correlation with exchangeable Ca2+ (P < 0.05), while τmax, G'LVE, τYP, and G'YP exhibited significant positive correlations with sand content. Soil viscoelastic parameters (γYP and Iz) showed a decreasing trend with declining matrix potential. Particularly, under high matrix potential conditions, these parameters exhibited a positive correlation with organic carbon content, which gradually attenuated with decreasing matrix potential. Viscoelastic parameters were negatively correlated with clay content under different matrix potential. The overall mechanical stability of soil was positively correlated with soil Ca2+ at 0 kPa, negatively correlated with soil silt and K+ content at -3 kPa, and positively correlated with clay content at -10 kPa. [Conclusion] The changes of soil mechanical stability under different vegetation types and different matrix potential and the influencing mechanism were revealed , which provided an important basis for understanding the evolution of soil characteristics in the process of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau, and also provided theoretical support for soil protection and ecological restoration in the future.