降雨、汇流和坡度对黑土浅沟坡面侵蚀影响的试验研究
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S157.1

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国家自然科学基金面上项目(42177326)


An Experimental Study on Effects of Rainfall, Inflow and Slope Gradient on Ephemeral Gully Slope Erosion in Chinese Mollisol Region
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    摘要:

    [目的] 为研究降雨、汇流和坡度对浅沟侵蚀的影响,实施精确的水土保持措施。[方法] 通过室内模拟降雨和汇流试验,设计2个降雨强度(50,100 mm/h)和2个坡度(3°,7°),并在4种降雨强度和坡度组合下设置5个依次增加的汇流强度(15,30,45,60,75 L/min),分析降雨、汇流和坡度及其交互作用对浅沟坡面侵蚀的影响,明确浅沟侵蚀对坡面侵蚀的贡献。[结果] (1)坡度和汇流强度对浅沟坡面侵蚀的影响均大于降雨强度。当降雨强度由50 mm/h增加到100 mm/h时,3°和7°对应的坡面侵蚀量分别增加52.3%~81.8%和29.4%~88.4%;而当坡度从3°增大到7°,50,100 mm/h降雨强度对应的坡面侵蚀量分别增加114.3%~395.5%和130.0%~320.9%;当汇流强度由15 L/min增加至75 L/min,坡面侵蚀量增加4.6~13.5倍。同时,汇流强度的增加加剧坡度对坡面侵蚀的作用,而减弱降雨强度对坡面侵蚀的影响。(2)降雨、汇流、坡度双因子和三因子交互作用对浅沟坡面侵蚀的影响以汇流强度—坡度交互作用和降雨强度—汇流强度—坡度三者的交互作用的影响最大,其次为降雨强度—汇流强度交互作用,而以降雨强度—坡度的交互作用的影响最小。(3)不同试验条件下,浅沟侵蚀量占坡面侵蚀量的比例平均在85%以上,且其比例随汇流强度和坡度的增加呈增大趋势。(4)坡面侵蚀速率与水流流速、径流剪切力和水流功率之间均表现为极显著正相关,与阻力系数之间呈显著负相关;且坡面侵蚀速率与水流功率相关关系最优。[结论] 研究结果为基于侵蚀动力因子和地形因子及其交互作用的浅沟侵蚀预测模型开发、浅沟侵蚀贡献分离和浅沟侵蚀机理研究提供了科学依据。

    Abstract:

    [Objective] In order to investigate the effects of rainfall intensity, inflow rate and slope gradient on hillslope ephemeral gully erosion and implement precise soil and water conservation measures. [Methods] This research established two rainfall intensities (50 and 100 mm/h) and two slope gradients (3° and 7°), and five inflow rates under four combinations of two rainfall intensities and two slope gradients to assess the influences of rainfall intensity, inflow rate, slope gradient and their interaction on slope soil erosion with ephemeral gully, and to quantify the contribution of ephemeral gully erosion to slope erosion. [Results] (1) The impact of slope gradient and inflow rate on slope soil erosion was greater than that of rainfall intensity. Under the five inflow rates, when the rainfall intensity increased from 50 mm/h to 100 mm/h, the slope erosion on the slopes of 3° and 7° increased by 52.3%~81.8% and 29.4%~88.4%, respectively; when the slope gradient increased from 3° to 7°, the slope erosion increased by 114.3%~395.5% and 130.0%~320.9%, respectively; when the inflow rate increased from 15 L/min to 75 L/min, the slope erosion increased by 4.6~13.5 times. The increase of inflow rate aggravated slope gradient influence on slope erosion while weakened rainfall intensity impacts on slope erosion. (2) The combined effects of rainfall intensity, inflow rate, and slope gradient, and inflow rate-slope gradient interactions on slope erosion were the larger impact, followed by the rainfall intensity-inflow rate interaction, and the interplay between rainfall intensity and slope gradient had the lowest impact. Ephemeral gully erosion accounted for over 85% of total slope erosion under various experimental conditions, which increased with inflow rate and slope gradient. (4) The slope erosion rates a positive correlation existed with the flow velocity, shear stress and stream power. Conversely, a negative correlation was observed with the friction coefficient. Among the parameters, the correlation between slope erosion rate and stream power was best. [Conclusion] The research results provide a scientific basis for the development of ephemeral gully erosion prediction model, the separation of ephemeral gully erosion contribution and the study of ephemeral gully erosion mechanism based on erosion dynamic factors and topographic factors and their interaction.

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耿华杰,郑粉莉,赵录友,王伦,赵婷,秦琪珊,安小兵.降雨、汇流和坡度对黑土浅沟坡面侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2024,38(2):57~67,75

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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-08
  • 最后修改日期:2023-08-10
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  • 在线发布日期: 2024-05-20
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