In order to quantitatively study the relationship between vegetation cover and soil conservation, as well as the impact of vegetation cover on soil conservation, this study selected the top ten tributaries as the research area, and used trend analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, InVEST model to focus on analyzing the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation cover and soil conservation and the effect of vegetation cover change on soil conservation in the top ten tributaries area from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that:(1) During the study period, the vegetation coverage in the top ten tributaries area showed an increasing trend. (2) From 2000 to 2020, the soil conservation capacity increased with the increasing of vegetation cover, which indicated that the increase of vegetation cover had a significant inhibitory effect on soil erosion and had a significant promoting effect on soil conservation service function. (3) Vegetation coverage and soil conservation had local spatial autocorrelation, with Moran's I<0, but the correlation coefficient gradually increased from 2000 to 2020. In terms of the spatial distribution, there were significant differences in correlation distribution. 'High-high' and 'low-low' were sporadically distributed in the middle Kubuqi windy desert area and the upstream hilly and gully area. 'High-low' and 'low-high' distributed in the upstream hilly and gully area and the downstream alluvial plain area. It was mainly because in the upstream hilly and gully area, there was higher altitude and stronger soil conservation ability but lower vegetation coverage. The downstream alluvial plain area was mainly farmland ecosystem, with a high NDVI in the growing season, but poor soil erosion resistance and weak soil conservation ability. Through the analysis of the vegetation cover change and soil conservation evolution, as well as their spatial heterogeneity and correlation in the ten tributaries areas, it indicated that the increase of vegetation cover had a promoting effect on soil conservation to a certain extent, and the results also could provide a certain reference for the soil erosion control work in the study area.