In order to explore the eco-environmental effects and formation mechanism of land spatial transformation, taking Harbin section of Songhua River Basin as an example, the grid element method was used to analyze the temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics of eco-environmental effects of land spatial transformation by combining eco-environmental quality index, global autocorrelation model and kernel density function, The driving mechanism of spatial differentiation of eco-environmental quality was revealed with the geographic detector model from 1986 to 2016. The results showed that: (1) Ecological-production-living space was mainly production space, in which agricultural production space and forestry ecological space accounted for the largest proportion. The production space and ecological space decreased, and the living space increased in study area from 1986 to 2016; (2) During the study period, the eco-environmental quality was basically stable and showed a slight downward trend as a whole, indicating that the eco-environmental quality had deteriorated. In terms of spatial distribution, the eco-environmental quality index had significant and positive spatial autocorrelation, showing a spatial pattern of "dense in the South and sparse in the north", "dense in the edge and sparse in the middle", and there was a phenomenon of agglomeration in space; (3) The main controlling factors of spatial differentiation of eco-environmental quality were the distance to water area and the distance to roads above township level. The interaction between various factors was mainly nonlinear enhancement, and the interaction within socio-economic factors was obviously stronger than that between natural factors and socio-economic factors. The combined action of multiple factors leaded to the spatial differentiation of eco-environmental quality in the study area.