In view of the problems of large fertilizer application rate, low fertilizer utilization rate, poor fruit quality soil environment in facility vegetable fields, a field experiment was conducted to study the yield, quality, nutrient utilization, and soil of facility cucumber under different soil conditioning measures. The impact of the improvement would provide a scientific basis for the realization of safe vegetable production and protection of soil environmental quality. The results showed that compared with the conventional fertilization of local farmers, the recommended inorganic fertilizer combined with biological bacterial fertilizer, medium and micronutrients, and zeolite-treated N, P and K inorganic fertilizers were all reduced by about 40%, but cucumber yield was increased from 6.3% to 8.7%, and net income increase from 18 663 to 19 958 yuan/hm². The nitrogen and potassium accumulation in the whole plant treated by inorganic fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer were increased by 13.3% and 22.7%, respectively. And the population of soil bacteria and actinomycetes and the ratio of bacteria/fungi were increased by 3.2, 1.7 and 7.7 times. The phosphorus accumulation in the whole plant treated by inorganic fertilizer and zeolite was increased by 31.7%. The surface soil NH₄⁺—N content was increased by 31.6%. The contents of VC, soluble protein and soluble sugar under the application of biological bacterial fertilizer and medium and micronutrient treatment increased from 14.0% to 18.6%, 22.2% to 34.6%, 7.8% to 10.0%, and nitrate decreased by 15.8% to 21.7%. Compared with the recommended fertilization, the three soil conditioning measures increased the production efficiency of N, P and K fertilizers by 6.2% to 8.5%, and increased the agronomic efficiency of N, P and K fertilizers by 26.1% to 35.9%. All the three soil conditioners promoted cucumber nutrient absorption, increased yield, improved the fruit quality, reduced soil nitrogen residues, and increased the population of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. Among them, the recommended inorganic fertilizer combined with biological bacterial fertilizer were used to stabilize production and improve the quality of organisms and soil. With the better environmental benefit, it was recommended in facility cucumber production.