As a direct reflection of human activities, land use cover deeply influences the surface vegetation and surface runoff, which leads to the change of soil conservation. Taking Chongqing as a case study, the soil conservation change trend was studied by the trend analysis method and the sensitivity of soil conservation to land use transition was analyzed by the cross-sensitivity coefficient method. The results showed that: (1) The land types in Chongqing were mainly forest land and dry land. From 2000 to 2015, the area of forest land, bare land, construction land, and water increased, while the area of dry land, grassland, and paddy field decreased. The construction land had the largest increase, mainly from dry land and paddy fields. The dry land had the largest decline, mainly converted into construction land and forest land. (2) From 2000 to 2015, the amount of soil conservation in Chongqing increased, but the growth trend was not linear. The soil conservation with extremely significant and significant increase accounted for 21.85% of the total increase area, respectively, while those with extremely significant and significant decrease were 0.10%, and the rest was not changed basically. The increased and significantly increased areas were mainly concentrated in the dry land and forest land with an altitude of 500~1 000 m, while the decrease and significant decrease areas were mainly in the dry land below 500 m above sea level. (3) The transitions of dry land to grassland and paddy fields to forest land were the most sensitive land conversion types with sensitivity coefficients of 11.01 and 6.73. The transitions of dry land to bare land, paddy fields, and water, forest land to water and bare land, and grassland to water, bare land, and forest land was sensitive, and their sensitivity coefficients were higher than 1.