Vegetation is an important factor affected soil organic carbon content and soil aggregate stability. In this study, the soil of runoff plots in four vegetation types, which were wasteland, Eucalyptus forestland, Slash pine forestland and Schima superba forestland in the typical granite erosion region of south China, was selected as the research objects. The characteristics of soil organic carbon and aggregate stability in different slope positions and soil depths were analyzed, and the effects of different vegetation types on the distribution characteristics of soil nutrients and the soil aggregates stability were evaluated. The ideal ecological restoration measures for granite erosion and degradation region was identified, so as to provide a scientific basis for the rational use of soil, reconstruction of slope vegetation and the maintenance of soil structure stability. The results showed that the content of soil total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) gradually decreased with the increasing of soil depth, while the soil C/N ratio in the forestland plots was opposite, and the slope coefficient of variation (CV) of carbon and nitrogen elements in the wasteland plot was significantly higher than those in the other three kinds of forestland, among them, the CV in slope distribution of TOC, TN, DOC and C/N in Eucalyptus forest land was 40%, 56.18%, 68.5% and 25.81% lower than those in wasteland; the CV of the slope distribution of TOC, TN, DOC and C/N in Slash pine forestland decreased by 62.73%, 33.71%, 46.46% and 58.06%, respectively, compared to the wasteland; the CV in slope distribution of TOC, TN, DOC and C/N of S. superba decreased by 41.82%, 38.2%, 51.18% and 48.39%, respectively, compared to the wasteland, indicating that the forestland was more conducive to the accumulation of soil carbon and homogenization of nitrogen and carbon on the slope. The mass fraction of aggregates above 0.25 mm grain size on the upper and middle slopes in the grassland and S. superba forestland were significantly higher than that in other vegetation types, while the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the S. superba forestland with high biomass of understory vegetation were significantly higher than those of other vegetation types. The MWD of S. superba forest was 20.10%, 19.58% and 23.20% higher than that of wasteland, Eucalyptus and Slash pine forest, respectively; the GMD of S. superba forest was 20.00%, 19.54% and 22.23% higher than that of wasteland, Eucalyptus forest and Slash pine forest, respectively, which indicated that the forest grass model with better spatial structure of forest and grass in the granite erosion region was more conducive to accumulation of soil organic carbon and the stability of soil structure.